tpo134閱讀解析小馬

TPO27-1-1原文：CraftsintheAncientNearSomeoftheearliesthumancivilizationsaroseinsouthernMesopotamia,inwhatisnowsouthernIraq,inthe millenniumB.C.E.Inthesecondhalfofthemillennium,inthesoutharoundthecityofUruk,therewasanenormousescalationintheareaoccupiedbypermanentsettlements.AlargepartofthatincreasetookceinUrukitself,whichbecamearealurbancentersurroundedbyasetofsecondarysettlements.Whilepopulationestimatesarenotoriouslyunreliable,scholarsassumethatUrukinhabitantswereabletosupportthemselvesfromtheagriculturalproductionofthefieldsurroundingthecity,whichcouldbereachedwithadailycommute.ButUruk’sdominantsizeintheentireregion,farsurpassingthatofothersettlements,indicatesthatitwasaregionalcenterandatruecity.Indeed,itwasthefirstcityinhumanhistory.Thevastmajorityofitspopulationremainedactiveinagriculture,eventhosepeoplelivingwithinthecityitself.Butasmallsegmentoftheurbansocietystartedtospecializeinnonagriculturaltasksasaresultofthecity’sroleasaregionalcenter.Withintheproductivesector,therewasagrowthofavarietyofspecialistcraftspeople.EarlyintheUrukperiod,theuseofundecoratedutilitarianpotterywasprobablytheresultofspecializedmassproduction.Inanearly-millenniumleveloftheEannaarchaeologicalsiteatUruk,apotterystyleappearsthatismostcharacteristicofthisprocess,theso-calledbeveled-rimbowl.Itisarathershallowbowlthatwascrudelymadeinamold;hence,inonlyalimitednumberofstandardsizes.Forsomeunknownreason,manywerediscarded,oftenstillintact,andthousandshavebeenfoundallovertheNearEast.Thebeveled-rimbowlisoneofthemostlingdiagnosticfindsforidentifyinganUruk-periodsite.Ofimportanceisthefactthatitwasproducedrapidlyinlargeamounts,mostlikelybyspecialistsinacentralAvarietyofationindicatesthatcertaingoods,oncemadebyafamilymemberasoneofmanyduties,werelatermadebyskilledartisans.Certainimagesdepictgroupsofpeople,mostlikelywomen,involvedinweavingtextiles,anactivityweknowfromlaterthird-millenniumtextstohavebeenvitalintheeconomyandtohavebeencentrallyadministered.Also,aspecializedmetal-producingworkshopmayhavebeenexcavatedinasmallareaatUruk.Itcontainedanumberofchannelslinedbyasequenceofholes,about50centimetersdeep,allshowingburnmarksandfilledwithashes.Thishasbeeninterpretedastheremainsofaworkshopwheremoltenmetalwasscoopedupfromthechannelandpouredintomoldsintheholes.Sometypeofmassproductionbyspecialistswereinvolvedhere.Objectsthemselvessuggestthattheyweretheworkofskilledprofessionals.InthelateUrukperiod(3500-3100B.C.E.),therefirstappearedatypeofobjectthatremainedcharacteristicforMesopotamiathroughoutitsentirehistory:thecylinderseal.Thiswasasmallcylinder,usuallynomorethan3centimetershighand2centimetersindiameter,ofs,bone,faience(aglassytypeofstoneware),orvarioustypesofstones,onwhichascenewascarvedintothesurface.Whenrolledoverasoftmaterial primarilytheclayofbullae(roundseals),tablets,orclaylumpsattachedtoboxes,jars,ordoorbolts thescenewouldappearinrelief,easilylegible.Thetechnologicalknowledgeneededtocarveditwasfarsuperiortothatforstampseals,whichhadhappenedintheearlyNeolithicperiod(approximay10,000-5000B.C.E.).Fromthefirstappearanceofcylinderseals,thecarvedscenescouldbehighlyelaborateandrefined,indicatingtheworkofspecialiststone-cutters.Similarly,thelateUrukperiodshowsthefirstmonumentalart,relief,andstatuaryintheround,madewithadegreeofmasterythatonlyaprofessionalcouldhaveproduced.Paragraph1:SomeoftheearliesthumancivilizationsaroseinsouthernMesopotamia,inwhatisnowsouthernIraq,inthemillenniumB.C.E.Inthesecondhalfofthemillennium,inthesoutharoundthecityofUruk,therewasanenormousescalationintheareaoccupiedbypermanentsettlements.AlargepartofthatincreasetookceinUrukitself,whichbecamearealurbancentersurroundedbyasetofsecondarysettlements.Whilepopulationestimatesarenotoriouslyunreliable,scholarsassumethatUrukinhabitantswereabletosupportthemselvesfromtheagriculturalproductionofthefieldsurroundingthecity,whichcouldbereachedwithadailycommute.ButUruk’sdominantsizeintheentireregion,farsurpassingthatofothersettlements,indicatesthatitwasaregionalcenterandatruecity.Indeed,itwasthefirstcityinhumanhistory.whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpresstheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.OAlthoughscholarscannotaccuraydeterminethesizeoftheUrukpopulation,theyknowthecitizenswerenotdependentonagriculture.OscholarsdonothaveenoughevidencetodeterminewhethertheagricultureareasjustoutsideofUrukwerelargeenoughtofeedthecity’spopulation.OBecausecitypopulationscannotfeedthemselves,scholarsthinkthesurroundingfarmsprovidedfoodtothepeopleinUruk.OScholarsbelievethattheinhabitantsofUrukwereabletosupportthemselvesfromproductgrowninfieldsurroundingthecity.Theword“surpassing”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingaretrueoftheancientsettlementatUruk Itwasapermanentsettlement. Itwasself-sufficient. Itwasoneofagroupofotherlarger IthadeasyaccesstothelandwhereitscropswereParagraph2:Thevastmajorityofitspopulationremainedactiveinagriculture,eventhosepeoplelivingwithinthecityitself.Butasmallsegmentoftheurbansocietystartedtospecializeinnonagriculturaltasksasaresultofthecity’sroleasaregionalcenter.Withintheproductivesector,therewasagrowthofavarietyofspecialistcraftspeople.EarlyintheUrukperiod,theuseofundecoratedutilitarianpotterywasprobablytheresultofspecializedmassproduction.Inanearly -millenniumleveloftheEannaarchaeologicalsiteatUruk,apotterystyleappearsthatismostcharacteristicofthisprocess,theso-calledbeveled-rimbowl.Itisarathershallowbowlthatwascrudelymadeinamold;hence,inonlyalimitednumberofstandardsizes.Forsomeunknownreason,manywerediscarded,oftenstillintact,andthousandshavebeenfoundallovertheNearEast.Thebeveled-rimbowlisoneofthemostlingdiagnosticfindsforidentifyinganUruk-periodsite.Ofimportanceisthefactthatitwasproducedrapidlyinlargeamounts,mostlikelybyspecialistsinacentrallocation.Theword“intact”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOunsold Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebeveled-rimbowlsfromtheEannaArchaeologicalsiteatUruk. Theywerediscardedbecausetheybecameunpopular. Theyvariedgreatlyinshapeanddecoration. Theywereeachindividuallystyled. TheyweremadeinonlyafewWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph2aboutcraftproductionintheUruk Specialistsinnonagriculturaltasksobtainedahigherstatusthanthoseengagedinagriculturalproduction. Peoplenotneededforframingcouldperformothermorespecialized Ancientcraftswerebeginningtobeproducedforbothutilitariananddecorative PotterymakingwastheonlyknownduringtheParagraph3:Avarietyofationindicatesthatcertaingoods,oncemadebyafamilymemberasoneofmanyduties,werelatermadebyskilledartisans.Certainimagesdepictgroupsofpeople,mostlikelywomen,involvedinweavingtextiles,anactivityweknowfromlaterthird-millenniumtextstohavebeenvitalintheeconomyandtohavebeencentrallyadministered.Also,aspecializedmetal-producingworkshopmayhavebeenexcavatedinasmallareaatUruk.Itcontainedanumberofchannelslinedbyasequenceofholes,about50centimetersdeep,allshowingburnmarksandfilledwithashes.Thishasbeeninterpretedastheremainsofaworkshopwheremoltenmetalwasscoopedupfromthechannelandpouredintomoldsintheholes.Sometypeofmassproductionbyspecialistswereinvolvedhere.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingistrueoftextileproductionafterthe Ithadanimportantcommercialvalue. Itexistedbutwasnotwell Itis edinthearchaeological ItwascarriedonbyindividualsintheirownTheword“interpreted”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOed Whatisthepurposeofparagraph Tocontrasttheproductivityofcraftsworkersinthethirdand Toprovideadditionalevidenceofmassproductionbycraftsworkers TosuggestthatanearlyformofurbansettlementmayhaveexistbeforeUruk TocontrastthedevelopmentofweavingandpotteryinUrukParagraph4:Objectsthemselvessuggestthattheyweretheworkofskilledprofessionals.InthelateUrukperiod(3500-3100B.C.E.),therefirstappearedatypeofobjectthatremainedcharacteristicforMesopotamiathroughoutitsentirehistory:thecylinderseal.■Thiswasasmallcylinder,usuallynomorethan3centimetershighand2centimetersindiameter,ofs,bone,faience(aglassytypeofstoneware),orvarioustypesofstones,onwhichascenewascarvedintothesurface.■Whenrolledoverasoftmaterial----primarilytheclayofbullae(roundseals),tablets,orclaylumpsattachedtoboxes,jars,ordoorbolts thescenewouldappearinrelief,easilylegible.■Thetechnologicalknowledgeneededtocarveditwasfarsuperiortothatforstampseals,whichhadhappenedintheearlyNeolithicperiod(approximay10,000-5000B.C.E.).■Fromthefirstappearanceofcylinderseals,thecarvedscenescouldbehighlyelaborateandrefined,indicatingtheworkofspecialiststone-cutters.Similarly,thelateUrukperiodshowsthefirstmonumentalart,relief,andstatuaryintheround,madewithadegreeofmasterythatonlyaprofessionalcouldhaveTheword“l(fā)egible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOprintable Paragraph4suggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthesignificancesofMesopotamiancylinderseals? Theyweredesignedmoreforhomethanforlegal Theydemonstratethattheircreatorswere Theywerethefirstexampleofsealsmadefrommaterialsotherthanstone. Theywerethefirstexampleofcarvedseals.Accordingtoparagraph4,oneofthe icachievementsofthelateUrukculturewasOItssophisticatedsculptureandreliefcarving Itsarchitecturallycomplex Itsinventionofstampsealscarvedfromstone ItsuseofhighlyrefinedglassystonewareLookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Whenviewedonthecurvedsurfaceofthecylinder,theimagelookeddistorted,butthecarvedimageservedonlyasamold.Wherewouldthesentencebest14Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Uruk,locatedinancientMesopotamia,flourishedinthemillenniumB.C.E.andwasthefirstcityinhumanhistory.AnswerOAvarietyofevidenceindicatesthatUruk,whileitsupporteditselfprimarilybyagriculture,alsohadspecializedcraftworkers.OThemonumentalsculpturesofUrukweremadebythespecialiststonecutterswhoalsoproducedsmall-scalereliefscenesons,boneandfaience.OThelargenumber,standardizedsizes,andsimplemoldedconstructionofatypeofpotteryproducedinUrukdemonstratespecialized,centrallyorganizedmassproduction.OCylindersealsfromthelateUrukperiodarefarsuperiortothestampearlierNeolithicOArchaeologicalevidencefromacrosstheNearEastindicatesthatUrukwasacenterfortheproductionandexportofhighlydecoratedpotterymadebycraftspecialistsinprivateOThecarveddesignsoncylindersealsproducedinUrukareofsuchtechnicalandicexcellencethattheycouldonlyhavebeenproducedbyprofessionalartisans.14.Avarietyofevidenceindicates…Thecarveddesignsoncylinder…scholarsassumethatUrukinhabitantswereabletosupportthemselvesfromtheagriculturalproductionofthefieldssurroundingthecity，D是正確答案第二題，B，詞匯題。surpass超過、，所以B是正確答案。原句說：Uruk的整體地區(qū)的大小，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)surpassing其他地的大小，表明Uruk是一個(gè)地區(qū)性的中心和一個(gè)大城市。所以，一定是Uruk比其他地都要大，才能彰顯出中心的位置aroundthecityofUruk,therewasanenormousescalationintheareaoccupiedbypermanentsettlements.在那個(gè)一千年的后半段，在南部Uruk城市附近，被永久性地所占據(jù)的區(qū)域的大量增加。B選項(xiàng)與原文相符：scholarsassumethatUrukinhabitantswereabletosupportthemselves學(xué)者假設(shè)Uruk者能夠自給自足。C選項(xiàng)與原文不符：ButUruk’sdominantsizeintheentireregion,farsurpassingthatofothersettlementsUruk的整體地區(qū)的大小，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)estimatesarenotoriouslyunreliable,scholarsassumethatUrukinhabitantswereabletosupportthemselvesfromtheagriculturalproductionofthefieldssurroundingthecity,whichcouldbereachedwithadailycommute.雖然人口評估是出了名的不可靠，但是學(xué)者假設(shè)Uruk者第五題，D，細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)定位詞定位到：Inanearly-millenniumleveloftheEannaarchaeologicalsiteatUruk,apotterystyleappearsthatismostcharacteristicofthisprocess,theso-calledbeveled-rimbowl.這句話并沒有答案對應(yīng)，所以繼續(xù)往下看。Itisarathershallowbowlthatwascrudelymadeinamold;hence,inonlyalimitednumberofstandardsizes.這句話表明這些碗非常淺、很粗糙的被制作出來，并且標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的型號(hào)非常有限。直接對應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)沒有講述誰的社會(huì)地位更高。C選項(xiàng)原問提到：EarlyintheUrukperiod,theuseofundecoratedutilitarianpotterywasprobablytheresultofspecializedmassproduction.這句話表明這些陶器是segmentoftheurbansocietystartedtospecializeinnonagriculturaltasksasaresultofthecity’sroleasaregionalcenter.但是，城市的一小部分人口開始專業(yè)化的從事一些非農(nóng)業(yè)的工作，因?yàn)槌鞘惺堑貐^(qū)的中心。對應(yīng)的就是B選項(xiàng)。ofpeople,mostlikelywomen,involvedinweavingtextiles,anactivityweknowfromlaterthird-millenniumtextstohavebeenvitalintheeconomyandtohavebeencentrallyadministered.選項(xiàng)中的importantcommercialvalue，所以A是答案。第八題，D，詞匯題。interpretinterpreted成工廠的遺址。帶入四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有這個(gè)地方被解釋、被認(rèn)為，才能夠理解。答案就是D選項(xiàng)第九題，B，段落目的題。這段段首提到：Avarietyofationindicatesthatcertaingoods,oncemadebyafamilymemberasoneofmanyduties,werelatermadebyskilledartisans.熱這些記錄都能夠表明skilledartisan在生產(chǎn)東西。所以答案就是Btheworkofskilledprofessionals.InthelateUrukperiod3500–3100B.C.E.),therefirstappearedatypeofobjectthatremainedcharacteristicforMesopotamiathroughoutitsentirehistorythecylinderseal.Uruk晚期，圓柱重要的原因就是，它作為一個(gè)例子，來證明某些objects確實(shí)能夠suggest它們的制造者是專家。所以答案就是B。第十二題，ASimilarly,thelateUrukperiodshowsthefirstmonumentalart,relief,andstatuaryintheround,madewithadegreeofmasterythatonlyaprofessionalcouldhaveproduced.同樣，Uruk晚期展示了第一個(gè)有紀(jì)念意義的藝術(shù)A，statuarysculpture為同義改寫。第十三題，Btheimage，所以前面也會(huì)在講圖像。其次句子中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折，可能包含承前啟后的作用，后面可能會(huì)講述作為mold的作用。第二個(gè)位置那么這句話就是在具體的講述，這個(gè)圓柱作為mold是如何工作的。所以B就是答案。第十四題，AEF，文章小結(jié)題。A選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第一二段和第五六題。A選項(xiàng)的前半部分對應(yīng)第一段：Whilepopulationestimatesarenotoriouslyunreliable,scholarsassumethatUrukinhabitantswereabletosupportthemselvesfromtheagriculturalproductionofthefieldssurroundingthecity,whichcouldbereachedwithadailycommute.A選項(xiàng)的后半部分和第二段第一二句對應(yīng)：Thevastmajorityofitspopulationremainedactiveinagriculture,eventhosepeoplelivingwithinthecityitself.Butasmallsegmentoftheurbansocietystartedtospecializeinnonagriculturaltasksasaresultofthecity’sroleasaregionalcenter.A是正確的。B選項(xiàng)根cylinderseal找到最后一段：Thetechnologicalknowledgeneededtocarveitwasfarsuperiortothatforstampseals,whichhadhappenedintheearlyNeolithicperiod(approximay10,000–5000B.C.E.).it指代的就是cylinderseal。該段中只有這一句話提到兩個(gè)seal誰更好，所以B選項(xiàng)為細(xì)節(jié)信息，不選。C選項(xiàng)根據(jù)monumentalsculpture和reliefscene定位，全部在最后一段：Thiswasasmallcylinder,usuallynomorethan3centimetershighand2centimetersindiameter,ofs ,bone,faience(aglassytypeofstoneware),orvarioustypesofstones,onwhichascenewascarvedintothesurface.Similarly,thelateUrukperiodshowsthefirstmonumentalart,relief,andstatuaryintheround,madewithadegreeofmasterythatonlyaprofessionalcouldhaveproduced.兩句話都沒有講述這兩種藝術(shù)品是否由同一個(gè)人所制造，所以C是原文沒有提及的，不選。D選項(xiàng)在做第六題的時(shí)候，也就是在第二段中明確提到：EarlyintheUrukperiod,theuseofundecoratedutilitarianpotterywasprobablytheresultofspecializedmassproduction.這些pottery是undecorated的，所以D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。E選項(xiàng)第二段最后在講碗的時(shí)候，提到了相關(guān)信息：Itisarathershallowbowlthatwascrudelymadeinamold;hence,inonlyalimitednumberofstandardsizes.Forsomeunknownreason,manywerediscarded,oftenstillintact,andthousandshavebeenfoundallovertheNearEast.Thebeveled-rimbowlisoneofthemostlingdiagnosticfindsforidentifyinganUruk-periodsite.Ofimportanceisthefactthatitwasproducedrapidlyinlargeamounts,mostlikelybyspecialistsinacentrallocation.crudelymadeinamold對應(yīng)simplemoldedconstructiononlyalimitednumberofstandardsizes對應(yīng)standardsizesproducedrapidlyinlargeamounts對應(yīng)largenumber第二段前面提到：EarlyintheUrukperiod,theuseofundecoratedutilitarianpotterywasprobablytheresultofspecializedmassproduction.后面緊跟碗的例子，那么例子就證明了specializedmassproductionF選項(xiàng)提到cylinder能很高超。同樣后面提到：Fromthefirstappearanceofcylinderseals,thecarvedscenescouldbehighlyelaborateandrefined,indicatingtheworkofspecialiststone-cutters.所以F的增長都發(fā)生在城內(nèi)，使其成為了一個(gè)真正的中心誠區(qū)，并被一些后續(xù)的點(diǎn)環(huán)繞著。雖然人口估計(jì)數(shù)通常是不可靠的，但學(xué)者們認(rèn)為居民可以通過日常與周圍地區(qū)的通勤，得到周圍地區(qū)產(chǎn)的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品以自給自足。但在整個(gè)地區(qū)最大，遠(yuǎn)時(shí)期早期，對未裝飾的實(shí)用陶器的使用可能就是專業(yè)化大量生產(chǎn)的結(jié)果。在50厘米深的洞，它們都有燃燒的痕跡，也盛滿了灰燼。這被認(rèn)定是工廠的遺址，在整個(gè)歷史中象征美索不達(dá)米亞的物品：圓柱章。它是一個(gè)小的圓柱體，一般不高于碑，泥土塊---這個(gè)場景就會(huì)清晰簡單的出現(xiàn)在上面了。相對于新石器時(shí)期（大約是公TPO27-1-2原文：TheFormationofVolcanicEarth’ssurfaceisnotmadeupofasinglesheetofrockthatformsacrustbutratheranumberof“tectonictes”thatfitclosely,likethepiecesofagiantjigsawpuzzle.Sometescarryislandsorcontinentsothersformtheseafloor.Allareslowlymovingbecausethetesfloatonadensersemi-liquidmantle,thelayerbetweenthecrustandEarth’score.Theteshaveedgesthatarespreadingridges(wheretwotesaremovingapartandnewseafloorisbeingcreated),subductionzones(wheretwotescollideandoneplungesbeneaththeother),ortransformfaults(wheretwotesneitherconvergenordivergebutmerelymovepastoneanother).ItisattheboundariesbetweentesthatmostofEarth’svolcanismandearthquakeactivityoccur.Generallyspeaking,theinteriorsoftesaregeologicallyuneventful.However,thereareexceptions.AglanceatamapofthePacificOceanrevealsthattherearemanyislandsfaroutatseathatareactuallyvolcanoes----manynolongeractive,someovergrownwithcoral----thatoriginatedfromactivityatpointsintheinteriorofthePacifictethatformsthePacificseafloor.Howcanvolcanicactivityoccursofarfromateboundary?TheHawaiianIslandsprovideaveryinstructiveanswer.Likemanyotherislandgroups,theyformachain.TheHawaiianIslandsChainextendsnorthwestfromtheislandofHawaii.Inthe1840sAmericangeologistJamesDalyobservedthatthedifferentHawaiiislandsseemtoshareasimilargeologicevolutionbutareprogressivelymoreeroded,andthereforeprobableolder,towardthenorthwest.Thenin1963,intheearlydaysofthedevelopmentofthetheoryoftetectonics.CanadiangeophysicistTuzoWilsonrealizedthatthisageprogressioncouldresultiftheislandswereformedonasurfacetemovingoverafixedvolcanicsourceintheinterior.WilsonsuggestedthatthelongchainofvolcanoesstretchingnorthwestfromHawaiiissimplythesurfaceexpressionofalong-livedvolcanicsourcelocatedbeneaththetectonicteinthemantle.Today’smostnorthwestislandwouldhavebeenthefirsttoform.Theyasthetemovedslowlynorthwest,newvolcanicislandswouldhaveformsasthetemovedoverthevolcanicsource.Themostrecentisland,Hawaii,wouldbeattheendoftheandisnowoverthevolcanicAlthoughthisideawasnotimmediayaccepted,thedatingoflavasintheHawaii(andother)chainsshowedthattheiragesincreaseawayfromthepresentlyactivevolcano,justasDalyhadsuggested.Wilson’sysisofthesedataisnowacentralpartoftetectonics.Mostvolcanoesthatoccurintheinteriorsoftesarebelievedtobeproducedbymantleplumes,columnsofmoltenrockthatrisefromdeepwithinthemantle.Avolcanoremainsanactive“hotspot”aslongasitisovertheplume.Theplumesapparentlyoriginateatgreatdepths,perhapsasdeepastheboundarybetweenthecoreandthemantle,andmanyhavebeenactiveforaverylongtime.TheoldestvolcanoesintheHawaiihot-spottrailhaveagescloseto80millionyears.Otherislands,includingTahitiandEasterIslandsinthepacific,ReunionandMauritiusinthe Ocean,andindeedmostofthelargeislandsintheworld’soceans,owetheirexistencetomantleplumes.Theoceanicvolcanicislandsandtheirhot-spottrailsarethusespeciallyusefulforgeologistbecausetheyrecordthepastlocationsoftheteoverafixedsource.Theythereforepermitthereconstructionoftheprocessofseafloorspreading,andconsequentlyofthegeographyofcontinentsandofoceanbasinsinthepast.Forexample,giventhecurrentpositionofthePacificte,HawaiiisabovethePacificOceanhotspot.SothepositionofThePacificte50millionyearsagocanbedeterminedbymovingitsuchthata50-million-year-oilvolcanointhehot-spottrailsitsatthelocationofHawaiitoday.Howeverbecausetheoceanbasinsreallyareshort-livedfeaturesongeologictimesscale,reconstructiontheworld’sgeographybybacktrackingalongthehot-spottrailworksonlyforthelast5percentorsoofgeologicParagraph1:Earth’ssurfaceisnotmadeupofasinglesheetofrockthatformsacrustbutratheranumberof“tectonictes”thatfitclosely,likethepiecesofagainjigsawpuzzle.Sometescarryislandsorcontinents,othersformtheseafloor.Allareslowlymovingbecausethetesfloatonadensersem-iliquidmantle,thelayerbetweenthecrustandEarth’score.Theteshaveedgesthatarespreadingridges(wheretwotesaremovingapartandnewseafloorisbeingcreated),subductionzones(wheretwotescollideandoneplungesbeneaththeother),ortransformfaults(wheretwotesneitherconvergenordivergebutmerelymovepastoneanother).ItisattheboundariesbetweentesthatmostofEarth’svolcanismandearthquakeactivityoccur.Theauthormentions“spreadingridges”,“subductionzones”,and“transformfaults”inorderto illustratethattheboundariesoftectonictesareneat,thin exinwhysometectonictescarryislandsorcontinentswhileothersformthe exinthecomplexnatureoftheedgesoftectonic provideexamplesofareasoftectonicteswherelittlegeologicactionTheword“converge”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOexpand moveParagraph2:Generallyspeaking,theinteriorsoftesaregeologicallyuneventful.However,thereareexceptions.AglanceatamaofthePacificOceanrevealsthattherearemanyislandsfaroutatseathatareactuallyvolcanoes----manynolongeractive,someovergrownwithcoral----thatoriginatedfromactivityatpointsintheinteriorofthePacifictethatformsthePacificseafloor.whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?IncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformationOVolcanicactivityisresponsiblefortheformationofthePacificseafloorintheinteriorofthePacificte.OManyvolcanoesinthePacificOceanarenolongeractiveandhave eislandsthatsupportcoral. TherearemanyislandsinthePacificOceanthatoriginatedasvolcanoesintheofthe OThemapofthePacificOceanrevealsfewervolcanicislandsthantheretrulyarebecausemanyarenolongeractiveandsomearecomple yovergrownwithcoral.Paragraph3:Howcanvolcanicactivityoccursofarfromateboundary?TheHawaiianislandsprovideaveryinstructiveanswer.Likemanyotherislandgroups,theyformachain.TheHawaiianIslandsChainextendsnorthwestfromtheislandofHawaii.Inthe1840sAmericangeologistJamesDalyobservedthatthedifferentHawaiiislandsseemtoshareasimilargeologicevolutionbutareprogressivelymoreeroded,andthereforeprobableolder,towardthenorthwest.Thenin1963,intheearlydaysofthedevelopmentofthetheoryoftetectonics.CanadiangeophysicistTuzoWilsonrealizedthatthisageprogressioncouldresultiftheislandswereformedonasurfacetemovingoverafixedvolcanicsourceintheinterior.WilsonsuggestedthatthelongchainofvolcanoesstretchingnorthwestfromHawaiiissimplythesurfaceexpressionofalong-livedvolcanicsourcelocatedbeneaththetectonicteinthemantle.Today’smostnorthwestislandwouldhavebeenthefirsttoform.Theyasthetemovedslowlynorthwest,newvolcanicislandswouldhaveformsasthetemovedoverthevolcanicsource.Themostrecentisland,Hawaii,wouldbeattheendoftheandisnowoverthevolcanicTheword“instructive”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOclear Theword“eroded”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoOwormdown Inparagraph3,whatistherelationshipbetweenthescientificcontributionofJamesDalyandTuzoWilson? WilsonprovidedanexnationfortheobservationsmadebyDaly. WilsonchallengedthetheoryproposedbyDaly. WilsonfoundnumerousexamplesofislandchainsthatsupportedDaly’s WilsonpopularizedtheexnationofvolcanicislandformationformulatedbyParagraph4:Althoughthisideawasnotimmediayaccepted,thedatingoflavasintheHawaii(andother)chainsshowedthattheiragesincreaseawayfromthepresentlyactivevolcano,justasDalyhadsuggested.Wilson’sysisofthesedataisnowacentralpartoftetectonics.Mostvolcanoesthatoccurintheinteriorsoftesarebelievedtobeproducedbymantleplumes,columnsofmoltenrockthatrisefromdeepwithinthemantle.volcanoremainsanactive“hotspot”aslongasitisovertheplume.Theplumesoriginateatgreatdepths,perhapsasdeepastheboundarybetweenthecoreandthemantle,andmanyhavebeenactiveforaverylongtime.TheoldestvolcanoesintheHawaiihot-spottrailhaveagescloseto80millionyears.Otherislands,includingTahitiandEasterIslandsinthepacific,ReunionandMauritiusintheOcean,andindeedmostofthelargeislandsintheworld’soceans,owetheirexistencetomantleplumes.Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat“thedatingoflavasintheHawaii(andother)chainsshowedthattheiragesincreaseawayfromthepresentlyactivevolcano”? TopointoutdifferencesbetweentheHawaiiislandchainandothervolcanicisland Toquestiontheideathatalltheislandsinanislandchainhavebeenformedbyvolcanic ToexinwhyWilsonhypothesiswasinitiallydifficultto ToprovideevidenceinsupportofDaly’sandWilson’sideasabouthowt