商務英語入門第一章-外教社修訂版公開課一等獎市賽課獲獎課件

Chapter1FormsofBusinessOwnershipFormsofBusinessOwnershipLectureOutlineSoleProprietorships個人企業(yè)Partnerships合作制企業(yè)Corporations企業(yè)JointVentures合資企業(yè)LimitedLiabilityCompanies有限責任企業(yè)Mergers&Acquisitions企業(yè)兼并與收購Franchises特許經營FormsofBusinessOwnershipLead-inactivitiesHowmanyChineseandforeigncompaniescanyouname?Doyouknowwhatformsofbusinessownershiptheyare?Whatisyourmostadmiredcorporation?Whatcompanydoyouwishtoworkfor?Why?FormsofBusinessOwnershipLead-inactivitiesSample:FormsofBusinessOwnershipLead-inactivitiesSample:FormsofBusinessOwnershipAdditionalactivitiesDoyouknowthesymbolsofthefollowingcompaniesandtheirformsofbusinessownership?FormsofBusinessOwnershipSoleProprietorshipAnorganizationthatisowned,andusuallymanaged,byonepersoniscalledasoleproprietorship.Asoleproprietorshipistheoldestandmostcommontypeofbusiness.Examples:avirtualassistantworkingfromher/hishome,awoodworkersellingatcraftfairsandafreelanceconsultantofferinghisservicestolocalbusinesses.FormsofBusinessOwnershipSoleProprietorshipAdvantages—

Ownerindirectcontrol(youareyourownboss).—

Keepingtheprofitsfromthebusiness—

Theeasiestformofbusinesstostart

—

NodoubletaxationDOUBLETAXATIONTheimpositionoftwoormoretaxesonthesameincome(inthecaseofincometaxes),asset(inthecaseofcapitaltaxes),orfinancialtransaction(inthecaseofsalestaxes)FormsofBusinessOwnershipSoleProprietorshipDisadvantages—

Total(unlimited)personalliability.

—

Limitedfinancialresources(capital).—

Lackofcontinuityasaresultofdisabilityor

deathofowner.

—

Ownermayhavelimitedmanagerialexpertise.FormsofBusinessOwnership1—Whyisthesoleproprietorshiponeofthe

mostpopularformsofbusinessownership?—Whywouldunlimitedliabilitybeconsideredas

oneofthebiggestdrawbackstosole

proprietorshipsSoleProprietorshipQuestionsfordiscussionFormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnershipsApartnershipisalegalrelationshipbetweenpersonscarryingonaprofit-motivatedbusinessEachpersoncontributesmoney,property,labororskill,andexpectstoshareintheprofitsandlossesofthebusiness.FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnershipsThreekeyelements—

commonownership—

sharedprofitsandlosses—

therighttoparticipateinmanagingthe

operationsofbusiness

FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnershipsTwotypesofpartnerships—

Generalpartnership—

LimitedpartnershipFormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnerships:GeneralPartnershipAdvantages—

Simpleorganization.—

Additionalpersonalresources(financialandmanagerial).—

Therighttoselectpartners.—

Lowstart-up(organizational)costs.—

Limitedoutsideregulation.—

Nodoubletaxation.FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnerships:GeneralPartnershipDisadvantages—

Unlimitedliabilityforpartnershipobligations.—

Lackofcontinuityineventofdeathordisability

ofonepartner.—

Sharingofprofits.—

Allprofitsaretaxedaspersonalincome.—

Difficulttoraiseadditionalcapital.—

Hardtofindsuitablepartners.—

Dividedauthority(limiteddecisionmaking).FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnerships:LimitedPartnershipAdvantages—

Generalpartnermaintainscontrolofthebusiness.—

Limitedpartnercaninvestwithalimiton

personalliability.—

Easywaytosecurecapital.—

Businessnottaxeddirectly.FormsofBusinessOwnership1Partnerships:LimitedPartnershipDisadvantages—

Morecomplextoorganize.—

Limitedpartnerhasnocontroloverthebusiness.—

Generalpartnerhasunlimitedpersonalliability

fortheobligationsofthebusiness.—

Lackofcontinuityineventofdeathordisability

ofthegeneralpartner.FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnerships:LimitedPartnershipDisadvantages—

Morecomplextoorganize.—

Limitedpartnerhasnocontroloverthebusiness.—

Generalpartnerhasunlimitedpersonalliability

fortheobligationsofthebusiness.—

Lackofcontinuityineventofdeathordisability

ofthegeneralpartner.FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnershipsQuestionsfordiscussion—

Whatarethedifferencesbetweenalimited

partnerandageneralpartner?—

Howwouldyoudecidewhethertoteamupwith

someoneinapartnershipformofbusiness?CorporationsItisempoweredwithlegalrightswhichareusuallyonlyreservedforindividuals,suchastosueandbesued,ownproperty,hireemployeesorloanandborrowmoney.Thecorporationisalegalentity,allowedbylegislation,whichpermitsagroupofpeople,asshareholders(for-profitcompanies)ormembers(non-profitcompanies),tocreateanorganization,whichcanthenfocusonpursuingsetobjectives.CorporationsTypesofCorporationTypeDescriptionPrivateAttemptstoearnasatisfactoryprofit.PublicOwnedandrunbythegovernment.ClosedStockheldbyonlyafewownersandnotactivelysoldonthestockmarket.OpenStockheldbynumerouspeopleandactivelysoldonthestockmarket.MunicipalCitiesandtownshipsthatcarryoutbusiness.DomesticIncorporatedinoneprovinceorcountryanddoingbusinesswithinthatprovinceorcountry.CorporationsTypesofCorporationTypeDescriptionForeignIncorporatedinoneprovinceorcountryanddoingbusinessinanotherprovinceorcountry.AlienIncorporatedinonenationandoperationinanothernation.NonprofitServiceorganizationincorporatedforlimited-liabilitystatus.CorporationsAdvantages—Limitedpersonalliability:meansthattheownersofabusinessareresponsibleforlossesonlyuptotheamounttheyinvest—Skilledmanagementteam:Professionalmanagersaretrainedandexperiencedcareerexecutives.CorporationsAdvantages—Transferownership:Shareholdershavetherighttoselltheirsharesofacorporation’sstocktowhomevertheyplease—Greatercapitalbase:Thecorporateformofbusinessmakesiteasierforabusinesstogrowandexpand.Throughtheissuance

ofshares,corporationsmaybeabletoaccessthemoneytheywillneedforexpansion.—Stability:ACorporationhasanunlimitedlife.Corporations—asoleproprietorshiporpartnership:ifanownershoulddie,allofhisbusinessassetsmayrequire"probate"inordertobepassedontohisorherheirsordevisees.—corporationorLimitedLiabilityCompanies(LLC):sharesofstock(ormembershipinterestsintheLLC)canbeissuedtofamilymembersorotherownerstoclearlydelineatetheirownershipinterestsinthebusiness.AdditionalInfoTransferofbusinessintereststosucceedinggenerations:CorporationsDisadvantages—Doubletaxation:Thecorporationhastopaytaxesonitsprofits.Theshareholdersmustalsopayincometaxonthedividendstheyreceivethroughownership.—theimpositionoftwoormoretaxesonthesameincome(inthecaseofincometaxes),asset(inthecaseofcapitaltaxes),orfinancialtransaction(inthecaseofsalestaxes).AdditionalInfoDoubletaxationCorporationsDisadvantages—Governmentinvolvement:ProvincialandstateGovernmentshavetherightbylawtoexercisecertaincontrolson,andtorequirecorporationstomaintainpropercorporaterecords.—Lackofsecrecy:Acorporationmustprovideeachshareholderwithanannualreport.Thereportspresentdataonsalesvolume,profit,totalassets,andotherfinancialmatters.CorporationsDisadvantages—Lackofpersonalinterest:Inmostcorporations,managementandownershipareseparate.Thisseparationcanresultinalackofpersonalinterestinthesuccessofthecorporation.—Creditlimitations:Ifacorporationfails,itscreditorscanlookonlytotheassetsofthebusinesstosatisfyclaims.CorporationsDisadvantages—Lackofpersonalinterest:Inmostcorporations,managementandownershipareseparate.Thisseparationcanresultinalackofpersonalinterestinthesuccessofthecorporation.—Creditlimitations:Ifacorporationfails,itscreditorscanlookonlytotheassetsofthebusinesstosatisfyclaims.Corporations—Corporations:haveaneasiertimeobtainingfinancingthanasoleproprietorship;haveseveralpeoplemakingmanagementdecisions,andtheentitycontinuesintheeventofillnessorthedeathofoneofthepartners;canraisemoneythroughstockofferings.AdditionalInfoDifferencesWithSoleProprietorships:Corporations—Soleproprietorship:alenderisentirelydependentonthebusinessowner'sabilitytorepaytheloanwithhisownlabor.can’tsellstocktoraisefundsforequipmentorexpansion.AdditionalInfoDifferencesWithSoleProprietorships:Corporations—What’sthedifferencebetweenanopenandaclosedcorporation?—Whydomostyoungpeopleprefertoworkforalargecorporation?QuestionsforDiscussion:JointVenturesAjointventure(JV)isthepoolingofresourcesandexpertisebytwoormorebusinesses,typicallyfromdifferentareasorcountriestoachieveaparticulargoal.Therisksandrewardsoftheenterprisearealsoshared.Partnershipsoccurwhentwoormoreentitiesdecidetoworktogetherinabusiness.JointVentures—businessexpansion—developmentofnewproducts—movingintonewmarkets,particularlyoverseas.Reasonsbehindtheformationofajointventure:JointVentures—accesstonewmarketsanddistributionnetworks;—increasedcapacity;—thesharingofriskswithapartner;—accesstospecializedstaffandtechnology.Advantages:JointVentures—Iftheobjectivesoftheventurearenot100percentclear,ornotcommunicatedtoallthestaffinvolved,problemsarelikelytoarise.—Thereisanimbalanceinlevelsofexpertise,investment,orassetsbroughtintotheventurebythedifferentpartners.Disadvantages:JointVentures—Differentculturesandmanagementstylesresultinpoorintegrationandcooperationbetweenthepartners.—Theparentbusinessesdon’tprovidesufficientleadershipandsupportintheearlystages.Disadvantages:JointVenturesAdditionalInfoJointVenturesAdditionalInfoJointVenturesAdditionalInfoJointVentures—Whatownershipisajointventuresimilarto?Why?—Whataretheadvantagesofajointventure?QuestionsforDiscussion:LimitedLiabilityCompaniesALimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)

isatypeofbusinessownershipcombiningseveralfeaturesofcorporationandpartnershipstructures.Itisdesignedtoprovidethelimitedliabilityfeaturesofacorporationandthetaxefficienciesandoperationalflexibilityofapartnership.Itsformationismorecomplexandformalthanthatofageneralpartnership.LimitedLiabilityCompaniesLikeacorporation,theowners(called"members")oftheLLCarenotpersonallyresponsibleforthedebtsoftheLLC.Likeapartnership,thereisnodualtaxationandtheearningsofthebusinessaretaxeddirectlytothemembers.LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdvantages—Limitedliability:Memberscannotbeheldpersonallyliablefordebtsunlesstheyhavesignedapersonalguarantee.—Flexibleprofitdistribution:Limitedliabilitycompaniescanselectvaryingformsofdistributionofprofits.LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdvantages—Nominutes:TheLLCbusinessstructurerequiresnocorporateminutesorresolutionsandiseasiertooperate.—Nodoubletaxation:Allyourbusinesslosses,profits,andexpensesflowthroughthecompanytotheindividualmembers.Youavoidthedoubletaxationofpayingcorporatetaxandindividualtax.LimitedLiabilityCompaniesDisadvantages—Limitedliability:aLLCisdissolvedwhenamemberdiesorundergoesbankruptcy.—Goingpublic:itishardtogopublic.—Addedcomplexity:ALLCmaybeclassifiedasasole-proprietorship,partnership,orcorporationfortaxpurposes.Classificationcanbeselectedoradefault(違約)mayapply.LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdditionalInfo有限責任企業(yè)是根據(jù)美國五十個州中某一州旳法律而設置旳非法人商業(yè)實體。一般必須有兩個或兩個以上旳全部者，稱為“組員”；但在某些州，如加利福尼亞州、特拉華州和紐約州，也允許一人設置有限責任企業(yè)。有限責任企業(yè)旳組員能夠是個人或實體，美國人或外國人皆可。有限責任企業(yè)組員人數(shù)并無上限要求。

LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdditionalInfo有限責任企業(yè)是美國各州法律要求旳一種比較新旳企業(yè)模式，在很短時間內就成為了一種大受歡迎旳全部權形式。它旳產生滿足了商人們旳需要、即提供了一種具有（1）有限責任（企業(yè)也具有有限責任旳特征，但合作并不具有條件）和（2）合作型運營旳靈活性旳法律實體。有限責任企業(yè)旳價值還體目前：不論組員對管理旳參加程度怎樣，全部組員只以其出資額為限承擔責任。實際上，有限責任企業(yè)是企業(yè)和合作旳嫁接產物。LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdditionalInfo—現(xiàn)行中國企業(yè)法要求旳企業(yè)分為有限責任企業(yè)和股份有限企業(yè)。從西方企業(yè)理論看，企業(yè)根據(jù)不同條件可做多種分類。例如根據(jù)是否合用有限責任分為有限責任企業(yè)和無限責任企業(yè)?！邢挢熑纹髽I(yè)最明顯旳特征是，股東以其出資額為限對企業(yè)承擔責任，企業(yè)以其全部資產對企業(yè)旳債務承擔全部責任，不能公開募股?！煞萦邢奁髽I(yè)區(qū)別于有限責任企業(yè)旳最為主要旳特征是：其全部資本分為等額股份，股東以其所持有旳股份對企業(yè)承擔責任，企業(yè)以其全部資本對企業(yè)旳債務承擔責任，例如上市企業(yè)。LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdditionalInfo—Alimitedliabilitycompanycouldbeconvertedintoacompanylimitedbyshares.

LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdditionalInfo—Note:中美企業(yè)旳名稱有時沒法一一相應翻譯，因為兩國之間企業(yè)法對企業(yè)旳定義不同，例如中國旳“股份有限企業(yè)”就無法相應英文?！绹髽I(yè)名稱一般為：

XxxcompanyXxxCo,Ltd(corporationlimited)XxxInc.(Incorporated)Mergers&AcquisitionsThephrasemergersandacquisitions(abbreviatedM&A)referstotheaspectofcorporatestrategy,corporatefinanceandmanagementdealingwiththebuying,sellingandcombiningofdifferentcompaniesthatcanaid,finance,orhelpagrowingcompanyinagivenindustrygrowrapidlywithouthavingtocreateanotherbusinessentity.Mergers&AcquisitionsAMergeristheresultofthecombinationoftwocompanies(orcorporations)toformanewcompany.AnAcquisitionisonecompanybuyingthepropertyandobligationsofanothercompany.Mergers&AcquisitionsWhenonecompanytakesoveranotherandclearlyestablisheditselfasthenewowner,thepurchaseiscalledanacquisition.Fromalegalpointofview,thetargetcompanyceasestoexist,thebuyer"swallows"thebusinessandthebuyer'sstockcontinuestobetraded.Mergers&AcquisitionsInthepuresenseoftheterm,amergerhappenswhentwofirms,oftenofaboutthesamesize,agreetogoforwardasasinglenewcompanyratherthanremainseparatelyownedandoperated.Thiskindofactionismorepreciselyreferredtoasa"mergerofequals".Bothcompanies'stocksaresurrenderedandnewcompanystockisissuedinitsplace.—E.gBothDaimler-BenzandChryslerceasedtoexistwhenthetwofirmsmerged,andanewcompany,DaimlerChrysler,wascreated.TypesofcorporatemergersAhorizontalmergerjoinsfirmsinthesameindustryandallowsthemtodiversifyorexpandtheirproducts.Inahorizontalmerger,theacquisitionofacompetitorcouldincreasemarketshare.TypesofcorporatemergersAverticalmerger

isthejoiningoftwofirmsinvolvedindifferentstagesofrelatedbusinesses—amanufacturermergingwithasupplierofcomponentproducts,oramanufacturermergingwithadistributorofitsproducts.TypesofcorporatemergersAconglomerate

mergerunitesfirmsincompletelyunrelatedindustries.Theprimarypurposeofaconglomeratemergeristodiversifybusinessoperationsandinvestments.TypesofcorporatemergersAdditionalInfoProcess:TypesofcorporatemergersAdditionalInfoTypesofcorporatemergersAdditionalInfoTypesofcorporatemergersQuestionsforDiscussion:—Whatisthedifferencebetweenmergersandacquisitions?—Givemoreexamplestoexplainhorizontalmergers,verticalmergersandconglomeratemergers.FranchisingAfranchise

istherighttouseabusinessnameandsellproductsorservices,usuallyinaspecificgeographicalterritory.Franchisingisthepracticeofusinganotherfirm'ssuccessfulbusinessmodel.Theword'franchise'isofAnglo-Frenchderivation-fromfranc-meaningfree,andisusedbothasanounandasa(transitive)verb..FranchisingForthefranchisor,thefranchiseisanalternativetobuilding'chainstores'todistributegoodsthatavoidstheinvestmentsandliabilityofachain.Thefranchisor'ssuccessdependsonthesuccessofthefranchisees.Thefranchiseeissaidtohaveagreaterincentivethanadirectemployeebecauseheorshehasadirectstakeinthebusiness.FranchisingThefollowingU.S.listingtabulatestheearly2023rankingofmajorfranchisesalongwiththenumberofsub-franchisees(orpartners)fromdataavailablefor2023.Ascanbeseenfromthenamesofthefranchises,theUSAisaleaderinfranchising,apositionithasheldsincethe1930swhenitusedtheapproachforfast-foodrestaurants,foodinnsand,slightlylater,motelsatthetimeoftheGreatDepression.AdditionalInfoFranchisingAsof2023,therewere909,253establishedfranchisedbusinesses,generating$880.9billionofoutputandaccountingfor8.1percentofallprivate,non-farmjobs.Thisamountsto11millionjobs,and4.4percentofallprivatesectoroutput.AdditionalInfoFranchising1.McDonald'sstartupcostsin2023,$995,900–$1,842,700(37,300partnersin2023)2.7-ElevenInc.(conveniencestores)|startupcostsin2023$40,500-$775,300,(28,200partnersin2023)3.HamptonInns&Suites(midpricehotels)|startupcostsin2023$3,716,000–$15,148,8005.4.GreatClips(hairsalons)|startupcostsin2023$109,000-$203,000AdditionalInfoFranchising5.Jani-King(commercialcleaning)|startupcosts$11,400-$35,050,(11,000partnersworldwidein2023)6.Servpro(insuranceanddisasterrestorationandcleaning)|