四級寫作基礎(chǔ)知識與高級技巧課件

大學(xué)英語四級考試

寫作知識與技巧

2021/8/171（一）四級作文的考試要求1.考生應(yīng)在30分鐘內(nèi)，根據(jù)題目要求及寫作提綱或規(guī)定情節(jié)，圖表等寫出120字以上，語言比較規(guī)范的短文。2.要求“內(nèi)容切題，包括提綱的全部要點，表達清楚，文字連貫。句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確?！?021/8/172（二）

四級作文的評分標準

作文滿分為15分，閱卷標準共分為五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標準，對照樣卷評分，若認為與某一分數(shù)（8分）相似，即定為該分（8分）；若認為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分，則可以加一分，即為9分，或減一分，即為7分，但不得加或減半分。具體標準如下：2分—條理不清，思路混亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤，且多為嚴重錯誤。5分—基本切題。表達思想不清楚，連貫性差，有較多嚴重的語言錯誤。2021/8/1738分—基本切題。有些地方表達思想不夠清楚，文字勉強連貫，語言錯誤相當多，其中有一些是嚴重錯誤。11分—切題。表達思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤。14分—切題。表達思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好。基本上無語言錯誤，僅有個別小錯，文字運用較好。2021/8/174注：①白卷、作文與題目毫不相干，或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達思想，則給零分。

②字數(shù)不夠應(yīng)酌情扣分。如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結(jié)束句均不得計入所寫字數(shù)。

③只寫一段者，0-4分；兩段者，0-9分（指規(guī)定三段的作文）。2021/8/175（三）四級作文通病分析通過對歷年英語短文寫作考生答卷的分析，考生寫作時已具有較大的主動性和創(chuàng)造性。絕大多數(shù)考生都有一定的英語基礎(chǔ)，也已經(jīng)基本上掌握了表達自己觀點和想法的詞匯和語法知識。但從整體得分來看，多數(shù)考生短文寫作成績卻不盡人意。分數(shù)主要集中在5-9分。2021/8/176考生普遍存在著普遍的問題是思維單調(diào)，例證堆切，簡單羅例數(shù)據(jù)，片面描繪畫面，缺乏主題提升等方面的通病。究其原因，一方面存在著教學(xué)過程中忽略了對學(xué)生書面表達能力的培養(yǎng)，學(xué)生缺乏適量的作文訓(xùn)練；另一方面，還有些考生對英語短文寫作的考試要求不十分明確，靠背幾篇范文，壓幾道題，抱著碰運氣的態(tài)度，就倉促上陣。

2021/8/177（四）四級作文常見的十大癥結(jié)1.大小寫，標點符號，拼寫錯誤;2.卷面不潔，字跡潦草，用鉛筆寫作；3.語法和結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤，造成文章結(jié)構(gòu)松散，脫節(jié)；4.代詞，連接詞或邏輯順序詞錯用，而造成文章的邏輯混亂；5.用中文思維加英文翻譯所造成的語句生硬，錯誤；2021/8/178

5.文不對題，部分跑題或主題不突出所造成的文章不切題現(xiàn)象。6.詞匯量匱乏，文章中難見高分詞匯；7.語法不通，復(fù)合句使用錯誤多且表達不清；8.句型單一、句子無變化，表達方式單調(diào);9.不會正確使用常用套語，文章缺少層次感；10.作文普遍缺乏文采，打動人的杰作奇缺。

2021/8/179（五）考試作文類型及命題1.短文寫作大致分為五種類型：A.記敘文(Narration)B.描寫文（Description）C.說明文（Exposition）D.論說文（Argumentation）E.應(yīng)用文（PracticalWriting）2021/8/17102.命題形式（主要有三種形式）A.

命題類作文：包括命題提綱式，命題提綱式附首段起始句，命題式附各段主題句等分支。B.

規(guī)定情景類：包括情景式給定標題的論說文和情景式給定標題的記敘文等。C.圖表，圖畫類作文：包括無題提綱式圖表類作文，無題提綱式漫畫或圖片類作文；命題提綱式圖表類作文和命題提綱式漫畫或圖片類作文。2021/8/1711

英語好句子的標準和要求

句子構(gòu)建是寫作的關(guān)鍵。字詞組合看似簡單其實奧妙無窮。不同文化、不同風格的作者肯定會寫出不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。句子有簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句之分。僅僅簡單句可分為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓+賓結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂補結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓補結(jié)構(gòu)、主（系）動表結(jié)構(gòu)等等。而復(fù)合句有不同的組合關(guān)系如條件關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系、遞進關(guān)系。條件句又細分真實條件和非真實條件（虛擬）。2021/8/1712根據(jù)句子語態(tài)，句子有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)之分。根據(jù)排列順序，句子可分為正常語序句和倒裝句。一般說來，好的文章包含復(fù)合句、非真實條件句、被動語態(tài)、倒裝句更多，因為它們是受教育程度高低的主要衡量指標。它們的語法規(guī)則嚴格而復(fù)雜，受教育少的人是無法正確駕馭這種句子的構(gòu)建。同時它們也是正式語體和書面語體的集中表現(xiàn)。

2021/8/1713外語習得者要消滅寫句子時的錯誤通常是不可能的，但是朝少犯錯誤、不犯嚴重錯誤的方向而努力奮斗，這應(yīng)該是受到鼓勵和勞有所報的過程。正確無誤的句子的標準如下：2021/8/1714正確無誤的句子標準

1.

保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整。2.

首字母要大寫。3.

結(jié)尾要有句號或問號或感嘆號或省略號。4.

句子應(yīng)表達一個完整的意思。5.

句子前后要符合邏輯推理。6.

主語為代詞時要指代明晰。

7.句子時態(tài)要正確，主要指前后一致或符合上下文場景。2021/8/1715Forexample:1.

FromShanghai,heatlastbecameahighofficialinBeijing.

Note:Thissentenceiscorrectingrammarbutnoteffectiveorlogicalinmeaning,becausehisbirthplaceorformerworksitedoesnotensurehispromotioninBeijing.Sothissentencelacksunity.

2021/8/17162.

Mr.Bushsaidtohisbrotherthathehaddoneagoodjob.

Note:Thereaderisnotsurewhom“he”shouldbereferredto.Sothissentencelackscoherence.2021/8/17171.

InthemonthofMaypeopleofdifferentprofessionsfromallcirclesineachcityholdvotingmeetingtoelecttheirrepresentatives,andtheserepresentativeswillgotoBeijing,theChinesecapital,inthemonthofOctobertoattendanotionalcongressofmodelworkersfromallcornersofChina.

2021/8/1718Note:Therearetoomanyrepetitionsandunnecessarywordsinthesentence,suchas“inthemonthofMay”,“inthemonthofOctober”,“differentprofessionsfromallcircles”,“votingmeetingtoelect”,“theirrepresentatives,andtheserepresentatives”,“Beijing,theChinesecapital”,“national…fromallcornersofChina”.Sothisisawordysentence.2021/8/17191.

Whatiscommontoallheroesisthattheydonotfeardeath,dangerandhardships.

Note:TheyemphasizethelastmeaningorthingwheneverthereareseveraladditionalwordsandphrasesintheEnglishculture.WestressthefirstwordorphrasewhilethereisparallelisminChineseculture.NowthatwearewritinginEnglish,wehavetofollowtheirsuit.

2021/8/17201.

XiaoLiwasborninasmallvillage.Thevillagewasnotprintedonanymap.Hisfatherwasateacherinthevillageschool.Heneverleftthevillage.Laterhegraduatedfromthatschoolandenteredajuniormiddleschoolinatown.Onweekdayshehadtoliveatschool.Withoutparentsthere,helearnedtolookafterhimself—buyingfoodandwashingclothes.

Note:Thisisachildishcomposition,justasadiaryfromapupil.Asanadult,weareadviseduponmoresophisticatedwritingatleastnotthatmonotonic.Sotobevariousinstyleistobeencouragedifagoodessaytendstoturnup.2021/8/1721表示原因的常用句型1）Therearethreereasonsforthis.2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.3）Thereasonforthisisobvious.4）Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek.5）Thereasonforthisisthat...6）Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat...2021/8/1722例如：Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.Firstly，people’slivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Secondly，mostpeoplearewellpaid，andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Lastbutnotleast，moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.2021/8/1723表示好處的常用句型1）

Ithasthefollowingadvantages.2）

Itdoesusalotofgood.3）

Itbenefitsusquitealot.4）

Itisbeneficialtous.5）

Itisofgreatbenefittous.2021/8/1724例如：

Booksarelikefriends.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons.Therefore，readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous.2021/8/1725表示壞處的常用句型1）Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.2）

Itdoesusmuchharm.3）

Itisharmfultous.

2021/8/1726例如：

However，everythingdividesintotwo.Televisioncanalsobeharmfultous.Itcandoharmtoourhealthandmakeuslazyifwespendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision.2021/8/1727

表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能

1）Itisimportant（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）forsb.todosth.2）Wethinkitnecessarytodosth.3）Itplaysanimportantroleinourlife.2021/8/1728例如：Computersarenowbeingusedeverywhere，whetherinthegovernment，inschoolsorinbusiness.Soon，computerswillbefoundineveryhome，too.WehavegoodreasontosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge.2021/8/1729表示措施的常用句型

1）Weshouldtakesomeeffectivemeasures.2）Weshouldtryourbesttoovercome（conquer）thedifficulties.3）Weshoulddoourutmostindoingsth.4）Weshouldsolvetheproblemsthatweareconfronted（faced）with.2021/8/1730例如：Thehousingproblemthatweareconfrontedwithisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Therefore，wemusttakesomeeffectivemeasurestosolveit.2021/8/1731表示變化的常用句型

1）Somechangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfiveyears.2）Agreatchangewillcertainlybeproducedintheworld’scommunications.3）Thecomputerhasbroughtaboutmanychangesineducation.2021/8/1732例如：Somechangeshavetakenplaceinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.Themajorreasonsforthesechangesarenotfartoseek.Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleareswitchingfromgraintomeatforprotein，andfromfruitandvegetabletomilkforvitamins.2021/8/1733表示事實、現(xiàn)狀的常用句型

1）Wecannotignorethefactthat...2）Noonecandenythefactthat...3）Thereisnodenyingthefactthat...4）Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin.5）However，that’snotthecase.2021/8/1734例如：

Wecannotignorethefactthatindustrializationbringswithittheproblemsofpollution.Tosolvetheseproblems，wecanstartbyeducatingthepublicaboutthehazardsofpollution.Thegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesignstricterlawstopromoteacleanerenvironment.2021/8/1735表示比較的常用句型

1）ComparedwithA，B...2)A

and

B

has

several

points

in

common.

3)It

is

true

that

A

...

,

but

the

chief

faultB

(obvious

defects

)are

...

4)A

and

B

differ

in

several

ways.

5)The

advantages

of

A

are

much

greater

than

those

of

B.

6）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.7）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.2021/8/1736例如：Comparedwithcars，bicycleshaveseveraladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordable.Firstly，theydonotconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleum.Secondly，theydonotcausethepollutionproblem.Lastbutnotleast，theycontributetopeople’shealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise.2021/8/1737表示例舉的常用句型

1)

A

good

case

in

point

is

...

2)

As

an

illustration,

we

may

take

...

3)

Such

examples

might

be

given

easily.

4)

...is

often

cited

as

an

example.

2021/8/1738表示數(shù)量的常用句型

1）Ithasincreased（decreased）from...to...2）Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased（decreased）to800，000.3）TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15％comparedwiththatofJanuary.

2021/8/1739例如：Withtheimprovementofthelivingstandard，theproportionofpeople’sincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreased.再如：Fromthegraphlistedabove，itcanbeseenthatstudentuseofcomputershasincreasedfromanaverageoflessthantwohoursperweekin1990to20hoursin20002021/8/1740表示看法的常用句型

1）Peoplehave（take，adopt，assume）differentattitudestowardssth.2）Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem.3）Peopletakedifferentviewsof（on）thequestion.4）Somepeoplebelievethat...Othersarguethat...2021/8/1741例如：Peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Somebelievethatfailureleadstosuccess.Everyfailuretheyexperiencetranslatesintoagreaterchanceofsuccessattheirrenewedendeavor.However，othersareeasilydiscouragedbyfailuresandputthemselvesintothecategoryoflosers.再如：Do“l(fā)uckynumbersreallybringgoodluck？Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewsonit.2021/8/1742表示結(jié)論的常用句型

1）Inshort，itcanbesaidthat...2）Itmaybebrieflysummedupasfollows.3）Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthat...

2021/8/1743例如：Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthatexaminationisnecessary，however，itsmethodshouldbeimproved.2021/8/1744部分常用套語

1）It’swellknowntousthat...2）Asisknowntous，...3）Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedabout.4）Fromthegraph（table，chart）listedabove，itcanbeseenthat...5）Asaproverbsays，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.2021/8/1745例如：

Asiswellknowntous，itisimportantforthestudentstoknowtheworldoutsidecampus.Thereasonforthisisobvious.Nowadays，thesocietyischanginganddevelopingrapidly，andthecampusisnolongeran“ivorytower.Ascollegestudents，wemustgetintouchwiththeworldoutsidethecampus.Onlyinthiswaycanweadaptourselvestothesocietyquicklyafterwegraduate.2021/8/1746再如：

Doesitpaytobehonest？Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedaboutanddifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonit.2021/8/1747實用的構(gòu)思方法1.組織素材：要想盡快，高效地收集，羅列素材，可分兩個步驟走：第一步，圍繞文章的主題展開風暴式思考（Brainstorming),盡可能多地調(diào)集腦海中已有觀點和詞匯，可無序排列，但必須剔除不熟悉和不會拼寫的部分；第二步，按素材的重要性，邏輯歸屬等標準，對素材加以篩選，歸類和排列，整理，以備后用。2021/8/1748Title:DiningOutinaFastFoodRestaurant要求：1.Presentsituationforfastfood.2.Possiblereasonsforitspopularity.3.ProspectsoffastfoodinChina.文章構(gòu)思根據(jù)主題句將內(nèi)容分為幾個要點，再給出若干細節(jié)具體說明，如圖所示：2021/8/1749ReasonsforthepopularityofFastFoodRestaurantAvarietyoffastfoodSatisfypeople’sneedsReasonsrelaxTastefoodWashingdishesTraditionalChinesefoodPizzaReasonablepriceListentomusicFrenchfrieshamburgerDomoreimportantthingnutritiousBenefitpeoplealotSavetimeandtroublecookingconvenientdeliciousshoppingCleaninguptables2021/8/1750DiningOutinaFastRestaurant

Nowadays,fastfoodispopularinChina.Fastfoodrestaurantshavemushroomedeverywhereandmanyworkingcouplesandschoolchildrennowenjoyhavingtheirbreakfastandlunchthere.

2021/8/1751FastfoodrestaurantsarerapidlygainingpopularityinChinaforquiteafewreasons.Firstly,thereareavarietyoffastfoodavailable.Ifyouarebusyortiredofcooking,youmayhaveAmericanhamburgers,Frenchfries,anItalianpizzaornumeroustraditionalChinesefoodcookedquicklybymoderntechniquesforachange.Thefoodoftenlookssoniceandsmells2021/8/1752Sogoodthatyoucannothelptryingityourself.Secondly,fastfoodsatisfiespeople’sneeds.Itisconvenient,nutritiousanddelicious;thepriceisalsoreasonablesothateverybodycanaffordit.Finally,withfastfood,youcansavetimeandaworldtrouble,suchasshopping,cooking,cleaninguptablesandwashinggreasydishes.Consequently,itbenefitspeoplealot.Youmaytasteallkindsoffood,listentosoftmusic,relax,andhavetimetodomoreimportantthings.2021/8/1753Fastfoodhasalreadychangedourwaysofliving.Withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,fastfoodwillgiveusbetterserviceandpossiblywillbecomeindispensabletoourmodernlife.2021/8/1754文章總體構(gòu)建1.合理布局篇章結(jié)構(gòu)引言Introduction交代背景Background)點明主題Thesis概括性介紹文章的發(fā)展，內(nèi)容和作者的觀點正文Body主題句TopicS.拓展句SupportingS.總結(jié)句ConclusionS.詳細具體地展開（敘述，論述，說明）文章的話題和作者的態(tài)度結(jié)論Conclusion小結(jié)Summary概括大意，重復(fù)要點，得出結(jié)論，提出建議2021/8/17552.寫好引言，主體部分和結(jié)尾段落3.遵循科學(xué)的寫作步驟A.審題B.組織素材C.撰寫提綱D.行文E.修改與修訂

2021/8/1756段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)段落可以概括地定義為圍繞一個主題而展開的一組相關(guān)的句子。這組句子是密切關(guān)聯(lián)的信息組合，也是文字表達的一個基本單位。段落的中心思想通常有主題句概括，而主題句中提出的問題和論點要在段落中通過擴展句進行討論與回答。段落常常有三部分構(gòu)成：1.主題句（topicsentence)2.擴展句（supportingsentences)3.結(jié)尾句（concludingsentence)2021/8/1757段落種類1.開頭段：概括陳述主題，提出觀點或論點，點明寫作目的。吸引讀者的興趣與好奇心。2.中間段：是一篇文章的正文，其作用是對文章主題進行解釋和證明。3.結(jié)尾段：是簡要地呼應(yīng)前面段落的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)，點明主題，使文章的意思更明確，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。2021/8/1758

generalintroductoryremarksIntroductionnarrowcontrollingideaBody

Topicsentence________________________________________supportingdetails(examples,reasonsorarguments)___________________________________concludingremarksconclusion

restatementofcontrollingideafinalstatement2021/8/1759Title:TaxiOutline:1.Personalexperience;2.Advantagesoverbuses;3.Summaryandmycomments.2021/8/1760Taxi

Iwellrememberthedayswhenmymothersentmetokindergartenbybuseverymorning.Wehadtowaitforhoursuntilwefinallygotonboardabus.Beingsqueezedoutofbreathlikesatininanovercrowdedbus,wefeltluckywhenwesawwomenwithchildrenwaitinghelplesslyatbusstopsinheavyrainorbittercold.Nowwehavetaxiasanalternative,andpeoplelikeitscomfort,convenienceandreasonableprice.2021/8/1761Taxiisgainingpopularityforseveralreasons.First,travelinginanairconditionedtaxicabiscomfortable.Whereveryougo,thedrivertakescareofeverything;whatyoudoisjustsittingincozyseats,enjoyingyourselfinallkindsofweatheratanytime.Besides,itcansaveyoutimeandaworldoftroubleofdriving.Second,taxiisconvenient,especiallyinanemergencyoronspecialoccasions.2021/8/1762Forexample,ifyouaresuddenlyverysickdeepatnightwithnobodytoturnforhelpinanunfamiliarplace,taxiisalwaysavailabletohelpyoutoahospital.Finally,taxifareisaffordable.Evenyouhaveacar,youhavetopaythebillsofgas,insuranceandcarmaintenance.Whatismore,themanyadvantagesofataxiarerecognizedbymorepeople.2021/8/1763Withtherapidimprovementoflivingstandards,taxihasbecomeanimportantmeansoftransportationinChinabecauseofitsreasonableprice,itsavailabilityandthecomfortitoffers.Infact,manypeopledependontaxitogotoworkandalmosteveryonehastheexperienceoftakingataxionspecialoccasions.Iamhappyfornothavingbusesastheonlychoiceanymore.2021/8/1764句子的安排英語短文寫作既然是一種語言創(chuàng)作，就不可能像數(shù)學(xué)有嚴格的公式可套用，但卻可以找出一定的思路來遵循。第一段：引言句—擴展句—限制主題句第二段：主題句—擴展句—擴展句—擴展句—擴展句—段落小結(jié)；第三段：連接詞+全文概括總結(jié)句—擴展句。當然這只是構(gòu)成短文的基本思路，其中各段擴展句的數(shù)量在不同的文章可適當增減，以達到內(nèi)容清晰，主題突出的目的。2021/8/1765段落的擴展(1)主題句Ifindacademiclifeendlesslyfascinating.(2)擴展句Ifindtheclassstimulating,mostoftheprofessorsinteresting,thereadingandstudyingsatisfying,andthestudentdelightful.(3)擴展句Iconsiderabigassignmentalivelychallenge.(4)擴展句ButIliketheleisureactivitiesbestofall.Everystudentmayhavehisorherchoiceofactivity:athletics,music,theater,lectures,discussionsandstudentpolitics.(5)結(jié)尾句IbelievethevarietyunequaledanywhereelseandImaygotoschoolforalongtime.2021/8/1766主題句寫法示例1.Scienceandtechnologyconstitutetheprimaryproductiveforce.2.Moneyisagoodservantbutabadmaster.3.WithoutInternetitisdifficulttoimagemodernlife.4.Nowadayscollegegraduateshavemanyjoboptions.5.Asuccessfulinterviewdependsonthreefactors:jobrequirements,thequalificationandmannersoftheapplicant.2021/8/1767

首尾段的寫作方式

首段開篇的方式常見的有：

1）諺語法

由于諺語一般已經(jīng)被大家所接受，用諺語提出自己的觀點也容易被讀者所接受。

Asthesayinggoes,"Moneymakesthemarego",buttherearemanythingswecan'tbuywithmoney,suchastimeandtruelove.…

2021/8/1768

2）定義法

定義法是通過對文章中的關(guān)鍵詞做一些簡單或正面或反面的解釋，限定其范圍，這樣比較有利于引出主題。

"Practicemakesperfect"isanoldsaying.Ittellsusthatitdoesnotmatterifweareclumsyatdoingsomething.Aslongaswekeepontryingandpracticing,wewilldoagoodjobintheend.2021/8/1769

3）提問法

通過提問一個或一連串的問題，可以激發(fā)讀者的興趣，從而引出主題。

a.Doyouhavemanyfriends?Aretheysimilartoyouordifferentfromyou?Whichkindoffriendsdoyouprefer?

b.Whatisagoodstudent?Differentpeoplemayhavedifferentanswerstothisquestion.2021/8/17704）概括法

概括法指先總結(jié)文章內(nèi)容所涉及的現(xiàn)狀，然后引出主題。

Inrecentyears,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theInternethascomeintomoreandmorehomesandisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinourworkanddailylife.Ithasbecomeamusttous,butatthesametime,Internethasalsobroughtwithitalotofproblems.2021/8/1771

5）故事法

故事法指用簡單有趣的故事激發(fā)讀者的興趣，從而提出自己的觀點。

6）引語法

"Justaseatingwithoutlikingharmsthehealth,learningwithoutinterestharmsthememoryandcan'tberetained."FromVinci'swordswecanseehowimportantitistomotivatethestudentsinlanguagelearning.2021/8/1772

7）調(diào)查法

為了得到讀者的認可，文章的開始可以引出調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)等，借以提出主題。8）假設(shè)法

假設(shè)法是指通過假設(shè)提出一種選擇，交代文章要涉及的問題，從而提出文章的主題。

Supposeyouwereofferedtwojobs,oneishighly-paidbutratherdemanding,theotherislessdemanding,butpoorly-paid,whichwouldyouprefer?…

9）綜合法

具體寫作時，同學(xué)們沒有必要拘泥于一種方式，可以將上述方法總和起來。2021/8/1773常用與開頭的短語、句式

(1)Withthe（rapidly）growingpopularityof（computers,/privatecars/,ourliveshasbeenconsiderablychanged）inChina，thequalityof

（2）Withthe（rapid）growthof（oureconomy/population)，manyproblemssuchas（watershortages/wasteofenergy/lackofprofessionalsandchaoticmanagement）arebeggingtosurface2021/8/1774（3）Withthedevelopmentof（scienceandtechnology/marketeconomy），moreandmore/anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat…（4）Currentlythereisawidespread/seriousconcernover(illegalpublication/drugabuse/negativeinfluenceofwesterncultures).（5）Nowadays,aheateddebated/discussionabout…isunderwayinChina.somepeoplebelievethat…,whereasothersarguethat…2021/8/1775（6）Therearesomereasonsforowning(privatecars/personalcomputers).Tobeginwith,…Next,…Last,…Thereare,ontheotherhand,manyreasonsagainstit,First,…Second,…Finally,…（7）Therearemanyadvantagesanddis-advantagesin(owningacar).（8）Therearevarious/atleastthreeways/possibletechniques/problems/methodstodosomething2021/8/1776（9）Smoking/Alcoholicbeverageshouldbebannedfromcollegecampusesfortoereasons.Thefirstreasonisthat…Thesecondreasonisthat…/Ontheonehand,…Ontheotherhand,…(10）Thepossiblesolutionsof(theenergycrisis/watershortages/thesesocialproblems)dependonthreefactors…（11）Thetwomajorreasonsresponsiblefor(therapideconomicgrowth/thewidespreadoffakeproducts)are…2021/8/1777用于開“起”文章，常置于主題句前后的：

Atpresent;currently;first(ly);Firstofall;generallyspeaking;Ingeneral;lately;now;Recently;tobeginwith;Foronething…foranother;Ontheonehand…ontheotherhand2021/8/1778WhenaskedaboutWhenitcomestoFacedwith…,Somepeopleclaim/think/argue/believethat…,but/whileothers…(differently)

Nowadaysthereismuch/generaldiscussionasto….

Withthedevelopment/improvement/growthof…,

2021/8/1779Now,itiscommonly/widely/increasinglybelieved/thought/held/acknowledgethat…,

Accordingtoarecentsurvey/investigation/poll,…

Haveyoueverthought/wondered…?

Suppose…

Asthesayinggoes,…

2021/8/1780結(jié)尾寫好結(jié)尾就是要使文章作到善始善終，使主題更加突出，使文章前后呼應(yīng)，結(jié)尾要遵循簡潔的原則，點到為止，不得拖拉，應(yīng)避免節(jié)外生枝。在結(jié)尾部分不可出現(xiàn)與全文不一致的新話題。常用的結(jié)尾方式有:2021/8/17811.概括總結(jié)全文,提出解決方法(summary&solution)Tosolvetheproblem,theRe-employmentProjectiswellunderway.Thegovernment,mostimportantofall,needstodrawupaneconomicpolicythatwillcreatemorejobopportunitiestoeasethemountingunemploymentcreatedbytherestructuringofthestatesector.Thelaid-offworkers,too,shouldadjustthemselvestothenewsituationbyarmingthemselveswithnewerknowledgeandskillstogettheadvantageinnewpositions.2021/8/17822.回答前面問題（answertothequestion)Personally,Ibelievethatparentsshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofsuchqualitiesasindependence,confidenceandcourageintheirchildren.Onlyinthiswaycanthechildrengrowup,fullyequippedtomeetwhateverchallengesthatlifemaypresent.2021/8/17833.提出建議（recommendation&suggestion)Inbrief,byrepeatingthissimplestep-by-stepprocess,youcanputasideyourfearsandwriteaclear,coherent,andconvincingessay.Allyouneediseagerness,perseveranceandcourageandapencilandpaper.2021/8/17844.給出預(yù)見(prediction)Ifpeoplestoppedtothinkbeforeacquiringpets,therewouldbefewerofcrueltytoanimals.Manytimes,itisthepeoplewhoadoptpetswithoutconsideringtheexpenseandresponsibilityinvolvedwhomistreatandneglecttheiranimals.Petsarelivingcreatures.Theydonotdeservetobeacquiredascarelesslyasonewouldacquireastuffedtoy.2021/8/17855.發(fā)人深省的問題（thought-provokingquestion)What,then,willhappeninthetwenty-firstcenturywhenmostofthepopulationwillbeoversixtyyearsold?Retirementpolicescouldchangedramatically.2021/8/17866.發(fā)出號召（callforaction)Therefore,tomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtolive,wemustmakethebestuseofeverydropofwaterandworkhandinhandtoprotectwaterresources.2021/8/1787常用于結(jié)尾的短語、句式

（1）Itishopedthatweshouldplacemuchemphasison/paymoreattentionto…（2）Toconclude，wecanseethat（thebestway/thepossiblesolution）is…（3）Inshort，（shortagesofwater，decreaseoffertilefieldsandenvironmentalpollution）arethemajorproblemstobesolvedto（increaserainproduction）2021/8/1788（4）Inordertomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtoliveweshouldmakegreateffortsto…（5）Inaword，therearethreesuggestionswemustfollow，onlyinthiswaycanwe（achieveagreatsuccess）（6）Itistimeforustotakeanactivepartin…（7）Letusworkhandinhandinhandto（solvethesesocialproblems）2021/8/1789結(jié)尾段常用的詞語Therefore;Inshort;Finally;Insummary;Inaword;Onthewhole;Inall;Toconclude;Inbrief;Allthissuggeststhat…Inconclusion;Itcanbeconcludedthat…2021/8/1790

根據(jù)不同的段落要求，選擇適當?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)承語

常用的過渡詞或短語（轉(zhuǎn)承語的使用）2021/8/17912.表示“承”接，一般用于段落中間，可舉例，可用同義詞說明，可進一步解釋，補充內(nèi)容。Furthermore;forexample;forinstance;Inaddition;inotherwords;likewise;Inparticular;inthesameway;meanwhile;moreover;namely;similarly;What’smore2021/8/1792Thosewhohold….

Itistruethat…

Tobesure..

First/Firstly…

Themain/leading/underlying/root/primary/chief/essential….

2021/8/17933.表示“轉(zhuǎn)”折，常用于段中：Incontrast;inspiteof;nevertheless;Onthecontrary;unlike;unfortunately;Whereas;although2021/8/1794Itsoundslikeagood(attractive)idea(suggestion),buttheyfailtounderstand(see,notice

Thereisprobablyanelementoftruthinthearguments(ideas),buttheyignoreamoreimportant(basic)fact…

2021/8/1795Closerexamination(analysis),however,suggests(shows)thatthisargument(claim,idea)maynotbeborneof(supported)bythefollowingevidence(facts,examples,statistics).

Close(careful)examination(analysis)ofthesearguments(ideas,suggestions),however,wouldreveal(suggest,prove)howflimsy(不足信的，不嚴密)(fallacious（靠不住的）,groundless（沒有根據(jù)的）)theyare.

2021/8/1796Howeverlogical(sound,forcible(有說服力))theseargumentsmaybe,theydon'tmakesense(onlyskimthesurfaceoftheproblem)when…isviewedtheotherway(takenintoconsideration).

Asopposedto(Contraryto)thewidely(commonly,generally)heldidea(belief,view),newstudies(facts)challenge(failtojustify)theopinion(view).

2021/8/1797Good/Superior/Wonderfulas….,ithasitsowndisadvantages/itbringsitsownproblems.

Theymayberightabout…,buttheyseemtoneglect/failtomention/takeintoaccount…

Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportant/basicfactisignored/overlooked/neglected.

2021/8/1798Itistruethat/Admittedly,butitisunlikely/doesn'tfollow/doesn'tmeanthat…

Thereisanelementoftruthinthesearguments/statements,buttheyignoreadeeperandmorebasic/essential/importantfact/factor…

Inmanycases,however,…

Asfaras..isconcerned,…

2021/8/17994.表示“合”，一般用于段落小結(jié)或引出結(jié)尾段：Aboveall;accordingly;asaresult;Consequently;inaword;thus;Insummary;tosumup;inconclusion;So;therefore;hence2021/8/17100陳述或論證觀點、看法（view，point，opinion）、原因（reason、cause）、方法、手段、措施、步驟…（method，means，measures，step…）、因素（factor）、利弊、優(yōu)缺點（advantage，disadvantage）時常用的詞語、句式：

2021/8/17101（1）引述段落提出問題時常用的句式、詞語：…的原因有許多.Therearemanyreasonswhy……的原因如下；Thereasonswhy…areasfollows我的看法是…Myopinionisthat2021/8/17102（2）展開段落論證時常用的句式、詞語：

①、第一層次（首先）First，F(xiàn)irstly，Inthefirstplace，F(xiàn)irstofall，Tobeginwith，F(xiàn)oronething.

我的第一理由是…Myfirstreasonisthat…

主要因素是…Themainfactoristhat…2021/8/17103②第二層次（其次）Second，Secondly，IntheSecondplace，Next，Then，F(xiàn)oranother，另一種方法是…Anothermeansof…istodo…第二種解決方法是…thesecondsolutionisthat…③第三層次（第三點）Third，thirdly，besides，inaddition，furthermore，whatismoreimportant

2021/8/17104（3）總結(jié)性段落常用句式、詞語：最后一點last，lastly，finally，inthelastplace，lastofall，inshort，inbrief簡言之inaword