2023年考研考博考博英語中共中央黨?？荚嚫哳l考點參考題庫答案

2023年考研考博考博英語中共中央黨?？荚嚫哳l考點參考題庫帶答案（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）答案解析附后第1卷一.綜合題(共20題)1.單選題Thereareplanstogiveeveryone（）insurance,allowleavefromworkforanyonewithasickchildorelderlyrelativetolookafter,andenforceaseven-daywaitforanyonewantingtobuyahandgun.問題1選項A.affordedhealthyB.affordablehealthC.affordedhealthD.affordablehealthy2.單選題Budgetforecastsaretheultimatelessonintakingthings（）inhindsight,mostforecastslookworsethanrandomguesses.問題1選項A.withastrokeofthepenB.withawhipofscorpionsC.withagrainofsaltD.withallduesubmission3.單選題

DavidCameronputBritain’sfuture（

）,inanaudaciousgamblethatunitedhisConservativePartybutwhichcouldhaveprofoundimplicationsforthepartyandthecountry.問題1選項A.inlineB.inthelineC.onlineD.ontheline4.單選題

Nyearguesthattheinterestsoftheinternationalcommunityarenotillusory,thattheyare（）ofournationalinterests,whichcannotbeachievedwithouthelpfromothernations.問題1選項A.particleB.partandparcelC.particlesD.partsandparcels5.單選題Manypeoplewhoareotherwisecommittedtolow-carbonlife-styleswill（）fromparticipatinginanactionthatmightinvolvesignificantlevelsofpoliceharassmentorevenviolence.問題1選項A.takeoffB.betakenoffC.putoffD.beputoff6.問答題Nothinkerinthenineteenthcenturyhashadsodirect,deliberateandpowerfulaninfluenceuponmankindasKarlMarx.Bothduringhislifetimeandafterithehasexercisedanintellectualandmoralascendancyoverhisfollowers,thestrengthofwhichwasuniqueeveninthatgoldenageofdemocraticnationalism,anagewhichsawtheriseofgreatpopularheroesandmartyrs，romantic,almostlegendaryfigures,whoselivesandwordsdominatedtheimaginationofthemassesandcreatedanewrevolutionarytraditioninEurope.YetMarxcouldnot,atanytime,becalledapopularfigureintheordinarysense:certainlyhewasinnosenseapopularwriterororator.Hewroteextensively,buthisworkswerenot,duringhislifetime,readwidely;andwhen,inthelateeighteenseventies,theybegantoreachtheimmensepublicwhichseveralamongthemafterwardsobtained,thedesiretoreadthemwasduenotsomuchtoarecognitionoftheirintrinsicqualitiesastothegrowthofthefameandnotorietyofthemovementwithwhichhewasidentified.Marxtotallylackedthequalitiesofagreatpopularleaderoragitator,wasnotapublicistofgeniusliketheRussiandemocratAlexanderHelen,nordidhepossessBakunin'smarvelouseloquence;thegreaterpartofhisworkinglifewasspentincomparativeobscurityinLondon,athiswriting-deskandinthereading-roomoftheBritishMuseum.Hewaslittleknowntothegeneralpublic,andwhiletowardstheendofhislifehebecametherecognizedandadmiredleaderofapowerfulinternationalmovement,nothinginhislifeorcharacterstirredtheimaginationorevokedtheboundlessdevotion,theintense,almostreligion,worship,withwhichsuchmenasKossuth,Mazzini,andevenLassalleinhislastyears,wereregardedbytheirfollowers.Hispublicappearanceswereneitherfrequentnornotablysuccessful.Onthefewoccasionsonwhichheaddressedbanquetsorpublicmeetings,hisspeecheswereoverloadedwithmatter,anddeliveredwithacombinationofmonotonousnessandbrusqueness,whichcommandedtherespectbutnottheenthusiasmofhisaudience.Hewasbytemperamentatheoristandanintellectual,andinstinctivelyavoideddirectcontactwiththemasses,tothestudyofwhoseinterestshisentirelifewasdevoted.TomanyofhisfollowersheappearedintheroleofadogmaticandsententiousGermanschoolmaster,preparedtorepeathisthesesindefinitely,withrisingsharpness,untiltheiressencebecameirremovablylodgedinhisdisciples'minds.Thegreaterpartofhiseconomicteachingwasgivenitsfirstexpressioninlecturestoworkingmen:hisexpositionunderthesecircumstanceswasbyallaccountsamodeloflucidityandconciseness.Buthewroteslowlyandpainfully,assometimeshappenswithrapidandfertilethinkers,scarcelyabletocopewiththespeedoftheirownideas,impatientatoncetocommunicateanewdoctrine,andtoforestalleverypossibleobjection;thepublishedversionsweregenerallyturgid,clumsy,andobscureindetail,althoughthecentraldoctrineisneverinseriousdoubt.HewasacutelycopiousofthisandoncecomparedhimselfwiththeheroofBalzac'sUnknownMasterpiece,whotriestopaintthepicturewhichhasformeditselfinhismind,touchesandretouchesthecanvasendlessly,toproduceatlastashapelessmassofcolors,whichtohiseyeseemstoexpressthevisioninhisimagination.Hebelongedtoagenerationwhichcultivatedtheemotionsmoreintentlyanddeliberatelythanitspredecessors,andwasbroughtupamongmentowhomideaswereoftenmorerealthanfacts,andpersonalrelationsmeantfarmorethantheeventsoftheexternalworld;bywhomindeedpubliclifewascommonlyunderstoodandinterpretedintermsoftherichandelaborateworldoftheirownprivateexperience.1.WhatkindofpersonwasKarlMarxaccordingtothepassage?2.HowcouldyoudescribetheagewhenMarxlivedaccordingtothepassage?3.WhatdidtheauthorthinkofMarx’spopularity?4.WhywastheaudiencenotenthusiasticaboutMarx’sspeeches?5.ForwhatpurposewasBalzac’sUnknownMasterpiecementioned?

7.單選題Inaworldfoodsystemthattheyhavedescribedinthebook,food（）transportedatreasonablecostandproducedanywhereintheworldisactuallyorpotentiallyavailabletoanypersonwiththemeanstopurchaseit.問題1選項A.canbeB.tobeC.thatcanbeD.being8.單選題Thatwouldcauseanoutcryandaddseveralpercentagepointstoinflation,andcouldeasilycheckspendingand（）therecoveryinitscradle.問題1選項A.impelB.stageC.strangleD.invigorate9.單選題Modempersuasionadvertisingblossomedasafunctionofmarketsthatwerelesscompetitivebyeconomists'standards,andaregenerallyreferredtoasoligopolies.Thesearemarketswhereahandfuloffirmsdominateoutputorsalesintheindustry,andwheretheyhavesufficientmarketpowerthattheycansetthepriceatwhichtheirproductsells.Thekeytoanoligopolyisthatitisverydifficultfornewcomerstoenterthemarket,nomatterhowprofitableitmaybe,becauseofthepoweroftheexistingplayers.Underoligopolythereisstrongdisincentivetoengageinpricewarfaretoexpandone'smarketshare,becauseallthemainplayersarelargeenoughtosurviveapricewarandallitwoulddoisshrinkthesizeoftheindustryrevenuepiethatthefirmsarefightingover.Indeed,thepriceinanoligopolisticindustrywilltendtogravitatetowardwhatitwouldbeinapuremonopolysothecontendersarefightingforslicesofthelargestpossiblerevenuepie.Atfirstblush,thisisaprettyaccuratepictureoftheU.S.economyofthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcenturies.Theeconomyhasbecomefarmoremonopolisticoverthepastthirtyyears.Itisalsoagoodway,thoughbynomeanstheonlyway,tounderstandtheemergenceanddominanceofadvertising.Althoughfirmsarenotinwhateconomiststermcompetitivemarkets,theyaremostdefinitelyengagedinmonopolisticcompetitionwitheachothertomaximizetheirprofits.Advertisingemergesfrontandcenterasamajorwaytoincreasemarketsharewithoutengagingindestructiveprofit-damagingpricecompetition.Theelectionrealm,issimilartotheeconomyinthatittendstobeaduopolyingeneralelections,meaningthereareusuallyonlytwooptionsthatcouldconceivablywin,and,asinanoligopoly,theseduopolistshaveusedtheir"marketpower"—inthiscasecontroloverelectionlaws---tomakeitallbutimpossibleforathirdpartytosuccessfullyestablishitselfasalegitimatecontender.Evenprimaryelectionsarealmostalwaysamatterofnomorethantwoorthreeviableentrantsexceptinaverysmallnumberofraces.Ineconomictheorythisleadstoaninterestingconclusion:asJ.Schorhasputit,thesmartplayforafirminaduopolyistoactliketheotherfirm,nottodifferentiateitself.Macphersonwasamongthefirsttounderstandmodemelectoralpolitics-thetwo-partysystem-intermsofoligopolisticandduopolisticmarketpractices.“Wheretherearesofewsellers,"Macphersonwroteconcerningpoliticalparties,"theyneednotanddonotrespondtobuyers'demandsastheymustdoinafullycompetitivesystem."Thismeansthattheparties,likeoligopolisticfirms,can"createthedemandforpoliticalgoods"andlargelydictatethe"demandscheduleforpoliticalgoods."InMacpherson'sargument,aduopolisticpartysysteminamodemcapitalistsocietyliketheUnitedStateswilltendtogravitatetoprovidinga"competitionbetweenelites,"whicharethedrivingforceand”formulatetheissues."Thebasicsinthepoliticaleconomyareagreeduponbythetwopartiesandoffthetableforpublicdebateordiscussion.InMacpherson'sview,thetwo-partysystemwasidealfortheproductionofcitizenapathyandde-politicizationandforthemaintenanceofeliterule;i.e.whatwouldbecalleda“weakdemocracy”.1.Withwhatthemeisthepassagemainlyconcerned?2.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingparagraph1and2isto（）.3.Whatdoesthephrase“frontandcenter”inparagraph2mean?4.Thehighlightedsentence“Thebasics...ordiscussion”inthelastparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat（）.5.Whatistheauthorlikelytotalkaboutintheparagraphfollowingthispassage?問題1選項A.PoliticalAdvertising.B.OligopolyMarket.C.WeakDemocracy.D.ModemElectoralPolitics.問題2選項A.statewhypoliticaladvertisingappearedinthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcenturiesinAmerica.B.emphasizethatitisarealpictureoftheU.S.economyofthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcenturies.C.statethatthesituationinAmericanelectionrealmisthesameastheoneinitseconomicrealm.D.explainthattheoligopolymarketeconomyhasaspecialfunctionintheU.S.economicrealm.問題3選項A.Infront.B.Attheforefront.C.Inthecenter.D.Inthemiddle.問題4選項A.Thetwopartieswoulddiscussthebasicsinthepoliticaleconomyinsecret.B.Thetwopartieswoulddiscussthebasicsinthepoliticaleconomyinpublic.C.Thetwopartieswouldnotaskthepublictodiscussthebasicsinthepoliticaleconomy.D.Thetwopartieshavethesameideaaboutthebasicsinthepoliticaleconomysotheywouldnotdiscussthemanymore.問題5選項A.HeislikelytoanalyzetheissuesformulatedbyaduopolisticpartysystemintheUnitedStates.B.HeislikelytoexplainAmericancitizenapathyanddepoliticizationindetail.C.Heislikelytogivesomesupportingevidenceofa"weakdemocracy".D.Heislikelytoprovidesomeexamplesofa"competitionbetweenelites"10.單選題Ifnoacquisitionwascognizedasrightfuleveninaprovisionalway（）enteringthecivilcondition,thecivilconditionitselfwouldbeimpossible.問題1選項A.anteriorbeforeB.posteriortoC.priorbeforeD.priorto11.單選題Ifsanityandinsanityexist,howshallweknowthem?Thequestionisneithercapriciousnoritselfinsane.Howevermuchwemaybepersonallyconvincedthatwecantellthenormalfromtheabnormal,theevidenceissimplynotcompelling.Itiscommonplace,forexample,toreadaboutmurdertrialswhereineminentpsychiatristsforthedefensearecontradictedbyequallyeminentpsychiatristsfortheprosecutiononthematterofthedefendant'ssanity.Moregenerally,thereareagreatdealofconflictingdataonthereliability,utility,andmeaningofsuchtermsas"sanity","insanity","mentalillness,"and"schizophrenia."Finally,asearlyas1934,Benedictsuggestedthatnormalityandabnormalityarenotuniversal.Whatisviewedasnormalinoneculturemaybeseenasquiteaberrantinanother.Thus,notionsofnormalityandabnormalitymaynotbequiteasaccurateaspeoplebelievetheyare.Toraisequestionsregardingnormalityandabnormalityisinnowaytoquestionthefactthatsomebehaviorsaredeviantorodd.Murderisdeviant.So,too,arehallucinations.Nordoesraisingsuchquestionsdenytheexistenceofthepersonalanguishthatisoftenassociatedwith"mentalillness."Anxietyanddepressionexist.Psychologicalsufferingexists.Butnormalityandabnormality,sanityandinsanity,andthediagnosesthatflowfromthemmaybelesssubstantivethanmanybelievethemtobe.Atitsheart,thequestionofwhetherthesanecanbedistinguishedfromtheinsaneisasimplematter:Dothesalientcharacteristicsthatleadtodiagnosesresideinthepatientsthemselvesorintheenvironmentsandcontextsinwhichobserversfindthem?FromBleuler,throughKretchmer,throughtheformulatorsoftherecentlyrevisedDiagnosticandStatisticalManualoftheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation,thebeliefhasbeenstrongthatpatientspresentsymptoms,thatthosesymptomscanbecategorized,andimplicitly,thatthesanearedistinguishablefromtheinsane.Morerecently,however,thisbeliefhasbeenquestioned.Basedinpartontheoreticalandanthropologicalconsiderations,butalsoonphilosophical,legal,andtherapeuticones,theviewhasgrownthatpsychologicalcategorizationofmentalillnessisuselessatbestanddownrightharmful,misleading,andpejorativeatworst.Psychiatricdiagnoses,inthisview,areinthemindsoftheobserversandarenotvalidsummariesofcharacteristicsdisplayedbytheobserved.Gainscanbemadeindecidingwhichoftheseismorenearlyaccuratebygettingnormalpeopleadmittedtopsychiatrichospitalsandthendeterminingwhethertheywerediscoveredtobesaneand,ifso,how.Ifthesanityofsuchpseudopatientswerealwaysdetected,therewouldbeprimafacieevidencethatasaneindividualcanbedistinguishedfromtheinsanecontextinwhichheisfound.Normalityisdistinctenoughthatitcanberecognizedwhereveritoccurs,foritiscarriedwithintheperson.If,ontheotherhand,thesanityofthepseudopatientswereneverdiscovered,seriousdifficultieswouldariseforthosewhosupporttraditionalmodesofpsychiatricdiagnosis.Giventhatthehospitalstaffwasnotincompetent,thatthepseudopatienthadbeenbehavingassanelyashehadbeenoutsideofthehospital,andthatithadneverpreviouslysuggestedthathebelongedinapsychiatrichospital,suchanunlikelyoutcomewouldsupporttheviewthatpsychiatricdiagnosisbetrayslittleaboutthepatientbutmuchabouttheenvironmentinwhichanobserverfindshim.1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?2.Whatdoestheword"them"inthelastsentenceofthefourthparagraphreferto?3.Theword"pejorative"couldbestbereplacedby（）.4.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestexplainthelastpartofthepassage?5.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyfollowthispassage?問題1選項A.Wecanjudgepreciselywhatconstitutesnormalityandabnormality.B.Itisnoteasytodistinguishsanityfrominsanity.C.Itisnodoubtthatsomebehaviorsofhumanbeingsareodd.D.Settingswherepeoplearelivinghavemuchtodowithhowweknowwhatsanityis.問題2選項A.Questionsfromnormalityandabnormality.B.Thediagnoses.C.Normalityandabnormality,sanityandinsanity.D.People.問題3選項A.peevishB.depreciatoryC.negativeD.meaningless問題4選項A.Psychiatricdiagnosisdoesn'tinformpeopleofthepatientbutoftheenvironmentwhereheisliving.B.Thepatientisn'tbetrayedbypsychiatristsbutbytheenvironmentwhereheisliving.C.Psychiatristsknowmoreaboutthepatientthantheenvironmentwhereheisliving.D.Psychiatricdiagnosisislikelytoimprovetheenvironmentwherethepatientislivingwhichdoeslittlehelptohim.問題5選項A.Descriptionoftheexperimentofputtingsomesanepeopleinpsychiatrichospitals.B.Argumentagainstthedifficultyofdistinguishingthesanefromtheinsane.C.Descriptionoftheexperimentofsaneandinsanepeopleinthesamepsychiatrichospitals.D.Argumentforthedifficultyoffindingoutwhoarerealpatients.12.單選題TheaudiencecheeredasNumberthreehadrowedhimselfoutandwasslumpedoverhisoaratthe（）.問題1選項A.deadlineB.finishedlineC.finishinglineD.finishline13.問答題

Inmyview,suchamechanicalpredictionmissesthemark.Foronething,countriessometimesreacttotheriseofasinglepowerby"bandwagoning",muchasMussolinididwhenhedecidedtoallywithHitler.Proximitytoandperceptionsofthreatalsoaffectthewayinwhichcountriesreact.TheUnitedStatesbenefitsfromitsgeographicalseparationfromEuropeandAsiainthatitoftenappearsasalessproximatethreatthanneighboringcountriesinsidethoseregions.Indeed,in1945,theUnitesStateswasbyfarthestrongestnationonearth,andamechanicalapplicationofbalancingtheorywouldhavepredictedanallianceagainstit.Instead,EuropeandJapanalliedwiththeAmericansbecausetheSovietUnion,whileweakerinoverallpower,posedagreatermilitarythreatbecauseofitsgeographicalproximityanditslingeringrevolutionaryambitions.Today,IraqandIranbothdisliketheUnitedStatesandmightbeexpectedtoworktogethertobalanceAmericanpowerinthePersianGulf,buttheyworryevenmoreabouteachother.Nationalismcanalsocomplicatepredictions.Forexample,ifNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaarereunited,theyshouldhaveastrongincentivetomaintainanalliancewithadistantpowersuchastheUnitedStatesinordertobalancetheirtwogiantneighbors,ChinaandJapan.ButintensenationalismresultinginoppositiontoanAmericanpresencecouldchangethisifAmericandiplomacyisheavy-headed.Non-stateactorscanalsohaveaneffect,aswitnessedbythewaycooperationagainstterroristschangedsomestates'behaviorafterSeptember2001.Agoodcasecanbemadethatinequalityofpowercanbeasourceofpeaceandstability.Nomatterhowpowerismeasured,sometheoristsargue,anequaldistributionofpoweramongmajorstateshasbeenrelativelyrareinhistory,andeffortstomaintainabalancehaveoftenledtowar.Ontheotherhand,inequalityofpowerhasoftenledtopeaceandstabilitybecausetherewaslittlepointindeclaringwaronadominantstate.ThepoliticalscientistRobertGilpinhasarguedthat"PaxBritannicaandPaxAmericana,likethePaxRonuina,ensuredaninternationalsystemofrelativepeaceandsecurity."AndtheeconomistCharlesKindlebergerclaimedthat"fortheworldeconomytobestabilized,therehastobeastabilizer,onestabilizer."Globalgovernancerequiresalargestatetotakethelead.Buthowmuchandwhatkindofinequalityofpowerisnecessary-ortolerable-andforhowlong?Iftheleadingcountrydefinesitsinterestsnarrowlyandusesitsweightarrogantly,itincreasestheincentivesforotherstocoordinatetoescapeitshegemony.SomecountrieschafeundertheweightofAmericanpowermorethanothers.HegemonyissometimesusedasatermofopprobriumbypoliticalleadersincountriessuchasRussia.ThetermisusedlessoftenorlessnegativelyincountrieswhereAmericansoftpowerisstrong.Ifhegemonymeansbeingabletodictate,oratleastdominate,therulesandarrangementsbywhichinternationalrelationsareconducted,thentheUnitedStatesishardlyahegemonytoday.ItdoeshaveapredominantvoiceandvoteintheIMF,butitcannotalonechoosethedirector.IthasnotbeenabletoprevailoverEuropeandJapanintheWTO.ItopposedtheLandMinesTreatybutcouldnotpreventitfromcomingintoexistence.1.Accordingtothispassage,whatdoesthe“mechanicalprediction”inthefirstsentencepredict?2.Whatisthemeaningof“ifAmericandiplomacyisheavy-headed”？3.Pleaselistallthefactorsthataffectthewaysinwhichcountries’reacttoastrongerpower.4.WhatpointdoesRobertGilpintrytomakeinhisobservationquotedinparagraph2?5.Whatshouldtheleadingcountrydotoensurethatothercountrieswouldworkwithit?14.翻譯題Ifthereisanytruthinwhathasbeensaidabouttheneedofforming.Atheoryofexperienceateducationmaybeintelligentlyconducteduponthebasisofexperience,itisclearthatthenextthinginorderinthisdiscussionistopresenttheprinciplesthataremostsignificantinframingthistheory.Ishallnot,therefore,apologizeforengaginginacertainamountofphilosophicalanalysis,whichotherwisemightbeoutofplace.Imay,however,reassureyoutosomedegreebysayingthatthisanalysisisnotanendinitselfbutisengagedinforthesakeofobtainingcriteriatobeappliedlaterindiscussionofanumberofconcreteand,tomostpersons,moreinterestingissues.IhavealreadymentionedwhatIcalledthecategoryofcontinuity,ortheexperientialcontinuum.

Thisprincipleisinvolved,as1pointedout,ineveryattempttodiscriminatebetweenexperiencesthatareworthwhileeducationallyandthosethatarenot.Itmayseemsuperfluoustoarguethatthisdiscriminationisnecessarynotonlyincriticizingthetraditionaltypeofeducationbutalsoininitiatingandconductingadifferenttype.Nevertheless,itisadvisabletopursueforalittlewhiletheideathatitisnecessary.Onemaysafelyassume.Isuppose,thatonethingwhichhasrecommendedtheprogressivemovementisthatitseemsmoreinaccordwiththedemocraticidealtowhichourpeopleiscommittedthandotheproceduresofthetraditionalschool,sincethelatterhavesomuchoftheautocraticaboutthem.Anotherthingwhichhascontributedtoitsfavorablereceptionisthatitsmethodsarehumaneincomparisonwiththeharshnesssooftenattendingthepoliciesofthetraditionalschool.ThequestionIwouldraiseconcernswhywepreferdemocraticandhumanearrangementstothosewhichareautocraticandharsh.

Andby“why”,Imeanthereasonforpreferringthem,notjustthecauseswhichleadustothepreference.Onecausemaybethatwehavebeentaughtnotonlyintheschoolsbutbythepress,thepulpit,theplatform,andourlawsandlaw-makingbodiesthatdemocracyisthebestofallsocialinstitutions.Wemayhavesoassimilatedthisideafromoursurroundingsthatithasbecomeahabitualpartofourmentalandmoralmake-up.Butsimilarcauseshaveledotherpersonsindifferentsurroundingstowidelyvaryingconclusions-topreferfascism,forexample.Thecauseforourpreferenceisnotthesamethingasthereasonwhyweshouldpreferit.Itisnotmypurposeheretogoindetailintothereason.ButIwouldaskasinglequestion:Canwefindanyreasonthatdoesnotultimatelycomedowntothebeliefthatdemocraticsocialarrangementspromoteabetterqualityofhumanexperience,onewhichismorewidelyaccessibleandenjoyedthandonon-democraticandanti-democraticformsofsociallife?Doesnottheprincipleofregardforindividualfreedomandfordecencyandkindlinessofhumanrelationscomebackintheendtotheconvictionthatthesethingsaretributarytoahigherqualityofexperienceonthepartofagreaternumberthanarcmethodsofrepressionandcoercionorforce?

Isitnotthereasonforourpreferencethatwebelievethatmutualconsultationandconvictionsreachedthroughpersuasionmakepossibleabetterqualityofexperiencethancanotherwisebeprovidedonanywidescale?15.單選題Thesecondmajorcauseofthechangesinculturalpolicythatwearewitnessingatthepresenttimeistheradicaltransformationoftheeconomicenvironmentinwhichculturalgoodsareproduced,distributedandconsumed,broughtaboutbywhatislooselyreferredtoas"globalization".Thistermiswidelyusedinthecontemporarydiscoursetoidentifyaseriesofrelatedtrendsthatcanbeobservedineconomic,socialandgeopoliticalspheres.Essentially,globalizationcanbedefinedasthreephenomena:thebreakdownofbarrierstothemovementofresources,especiallycapitalandlabor,betweencountriesandregions;theemergenceofaglobalmarketplaceformanycommodities,withincreasedcommercialopportunitiesforbothnationalandtransnationalcompanies;andtheinternationalizationofcommunications,leadingto,amongotherthings,thefreetransmissionofculturalsymbolsandmessagesaroundtheworld.Therearebothtechnologicalandeconomiccausesunderlyingthesephenomena;thedigitalrevolution,theexplosionincomputationalpoweravailableacrossawiderangeofapplications,thegrowthoftheinternetandtheinventionofnewdevicesforcommunicationanddatatransmissionhavetogetherprovidedthetechnologicalimpetusforglobalization,whileitsoperationshavebeenenabledbyawidespreadacceptanceofneoliberaleconomicprinciplesasthebasisfornationalandinternationalpolicy-making.Theeffectsofthesetrendsonartists,creativeworkers,commercialandnon-commercialfirmsproducinganddistributingculturalproducts,culturalagenciesandinstitutions,andconsumers,havebeenprofound.Tobeginwith,ontheproductionsidenewcommunicationstechnologistshavefosterednewformsofculturalexpressionandopenedupnewavenuesforculturalexchange.Atthecuttingedge,artistsworkinginnewmediaareexperimentingwithinnovativemethodsformakingartandcommunicatingittoconsumers;thesedevelopmentscanbelikenedtoR&Dactivitiesinindustry,giventhattheeventualpayoff(inbothartisticandcommercialterms)isuncertainbutcouldbesubstantial.ManuelCastellshasobservedthatthisnewtechnologicalenvironmentcanbedescribedasculturalinsofarasitsdynamicsaredependenton"thecultureofinnovation,onthecultureofrisk,onthecultureofexpectationsand.ultimately,onthecultureofhopeinthefuture."Furthermore,newtechnologistshaveledtonewwaysforculturalproducerstocarryontheirbusinessoperations,throughimprovedinformationandmarketingservices,moreefficientmanagementsystems,andsoon.Forexample,museumsandgalleriesaredigitizingtheircollections,performinggroupsareadoptingelectronicticketing,andnewspapersarebeingmadeavailableon-line.Atthesametime,threatshaveemergedtotraditionalmodesofculturalproductionanddistribution,nowheremoreevidentthaninthemusicindustry,whereillegaldownloadsfromtheinternetcontinuetoaffecttherevenuestreamsofperformers,publishersandrecordcompanies.1.Thebesttitleforthepassageisprobably（）.2.Whichofthefollowingphenomenacloselyrelatedto"globalization"isNOTmentionedinthepassage?3.Oneofthecausesunderlyingtheglobalizationtrendsisthat（）.4.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEabouttheeffectsofglobalizationonculturalindustry?5.Thewordimpetusinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto（）.問題1選項A.NewTrendsBroughtaboutbyGlobalizatio