2023年教師資格（初級中學）-英語知識與教學能力（高中）考試高頻考點參考題庫含答案

長風破浪會有時，直掛云帆濟滄海。2023年教師資格（初級中學）-英語知識與教學能力（高中）考試高頻考點參考題庫帶答案（圖片大小可自由調整）答案解析附后第1卷一.單項選擇題(共15題)1.Whatisthemainrhetoricdeviceusedin\"ThePentagonwasdividedontheairstrike.\"?A.Synecdoche.B.Metonymy.C.Metaphor.D.Oxymoron.2.Ifthepopulationoftheearthgoesonincreasingatitspresentrate,therewilleventuallynotbeenoughresourceslefttosustainlifeontheplanet.Bythemiddleofthe21stcentury,ifpresenttrendscontinue,wewillhaveusedupalltheoilthatdrivesourcars,forexampleEvenifscientistsdevelopnewwaysoffeedingthehumanrace,thecrowdedconditionsonearthwillmakeitnecessaryforustolookforopenspacesomewhereelse.Butnoneoftheotherplanetsinoursolarsystemarecapableofsupportinglifeatpresent.Onepossiblesolutiontotheproblem,however,hasrecentlybeensuggestedbyAmericanscientist,ProfessorCarlSagan.Saganbelievesthatbeforetheearth’sresourcesarecompletelyexhausteditwillbepossibletochangetheatmosphereofVenusandsocreateanewworldalmostaslargeasearthItself.ThedifficultyisthatVenusismuchhotterthantheearthandthereisonlyatinyamountofwaterthere.Saganproposesthatalgaeorganisms,whichcanliveinextremelyhotorcoldatmospheresandatthesametimeproduceoxygen,shouldbebredinconditionssimilartothoseonVenus.Assoonasthishasbeendone,thealgaewillbeplacedinsmallrockets.SpaceshipswillthenflytoVenusandfiretherocketsintotheatmosphere.Inafairlyshorttime,thealgaewillbreakdownthecarbondioxideintooxygenandcarbon.Whenthealgaehavedonetheirwork,theatmospherewillbecomecooler,butbeforemancansetfootonVenusitwillbenecessaryfortheoxygentoproducerain.ThesurfaceoftheplanetwillstillbetoohotformentolandonitbuttherainwilleventuallyfallandinafewyearssomethinglikeearthwillbereproducedonVenus. OnVenusthereisalotof______.A.waterB.carbondioxideC.carbonmonoxideD.oxygen3.Thepooryoungmanisreadytoaccept______helphecanget.A.whichever

B.howeverC.whatever

D.whenever4.Whichdoesnotbelongtotherequirementsofboards?______.A.Beingpurposeful.B.Beingmonotonous.C.Beingflexible.D.Beingreadable.5.Thecorrectpronunciationoftheunderlinedlettersintheword"wanna"is___________.A./C/B./a/C./D/D./B:/6.Dog-sittingforBuddyiseasytodo;heisa______andobedientpet.A.delectableB.commonplaceC.meddlesomeD.docile7.ThefirsttimeIquestionedtheconventionalwisdomonthenatureofahealthydiet,

Iwasinmysaladdays,

almost40yearsago,andthesubjectwassalt.

Researcherswereclaiming

that

saltsupplementationwasunnecessary

afterstrenuousexercise,

andthisadvicewasbeingpassedonbyhealthreporters.AllIknewwasthatIhadplayedhighschoolfootballinsuburbanMaryland,

sweatingprofuselythroughdoublesessionsintheswamplike90-degreedaysofAugust.Withoutsaltpills,Icouldn’tmake

itthrougha

two-hourpractice;Icouldn’t

walk

across

the

parking

lot

afterwardwithoutcramping.While

sports

nutritionists

have

since

come

around

to

recommend

that

we

should

indeed

replenish

salt

when

wesweat

itout

inphysicalactivity,themessagethat

we

should

avoid

salt

at

all

other

times

remains

strong.

Saltconsumptionissaidtoraisebloodpressure,

causehypertensionandincreasetheriskofprematuredeath.ThisiswhytheDepartmentofAgriculturesdietaryguidelines

stillconsidersaltPublicEnemyNo.1,

comingbeforefats,

sugarsandalcohol.Its

why

thedirector

oftheCenter

forDiseaseControlandPreventionhassuggestedthatreducingsaltconsumptionisascriticaltolong-termhealthasquittingcigarettes.Andyet,

thiseat-less-saltargumenthasbeen

surprisinglycontroversial

and

difficulttodefenD.

Notbecausethefoodindustryopposesit,

butbecausetheactualevidencetosupportithasalwaysbeensoweak.WhenIspentthebetterpartofayearresearchingthestateofthesaltsciencebackin

1998-alreadyaquartercenturyintothe

eat-less-saltrecommendations-journal

editors

and

public

health

administrators

were

stillremarkablycandid

intheirassessmentofhowflimsytheevidencewasimplicatingsaltasthecauseofhypertension.While,

backthen,theevidencemerelyfailed

todemonstratethat

saltwasharmful,

theevidencefrom

studiespublishedoverthepasttwoyearsactuallysuggeststhatrestrictinghowmuchsaltweeatcanincreaseourlikelihoodofdyingprematurely.Putsimply,thepossibilityhasbeenraisedthatifweweretoeataslittlesaltastheU.S.D.A.andtheC.

D.

C.

recommend,

wedbeharmingratherthanhelpingourselves.Whyhavewebeentold

thatsalt

issodeadly?

Well,theadvicehasalwayssoundedreasonable.

Ithaswhatnutritionists

liketocall

“biologicalplausibility”.Eatmoresaltandyour

body

retainswater

tomaintainastableconcentrationofsodiuminyourblooD.

Thisiswhyeatingsaltyfoodtendstomakeusthirsty.Wedrinkmore;weretainwater.

Theresultcanbe

atemporaryincreaseinbloodpressurewhichwillpersistuntilourkidneyseliminateboth

saltandwater.The

scientificquestioniswhetherthistemporaryphenomenontranslatestochronicproblems:

ifweeattoomuchsaltforyears,

doesitraiseourbloodpressure,

causehypertension,

thenstrokes,

andthenkillusprematurely?Itmakessense,

butifsonlyahypothesis.Thereasonscientistsdoexperimentsistofindoutifhypothesesaretrue.TheN.I.

H.hasspentenormoussumsofmoneyonstudiestotestthehypothesis,andthosestudieshavesingularlyfailedtomaketheevidenceanymoreconclusive.Withnearlyeveryone

focused

on

the

supposedbenefits

ofsaltrestriction,

littleresearch

was

done

tolookatthepotentialdangers.Butfouryearsago,Italianresearchersbeganpublishingtheresultsfromaseriesofclinicaltrials,allofwhichreportedthat,

amongpatientswithheartfailure,

reducingsaltconsumptionincreasedtheriskofdeath. Itcanbeinferredthattheauthoris______.A.supportiveoftheeat-less-saltcampaignB.suspiciousoftheeat-less-saltargumentC.sarcasticoftheeat-less-saltargumentD.neutraloftheeat-less-saltargument8.Manypeoplebelievetheglarefromsnowcausessnowblindness.Yet,darkglassesornot,theyfindthemselvessufferingfromheadachesandwateringeyes,andevensnowblindness,whenexposedtoseveralhoursof“snowlight”.TheUnitedStatesArmyhasnowdeterminedthattheglarefromsnowdoesnotcausesnowblindnessintroopsinasnow-coveredcountry.Rather,aman’seyesfrequentlyfindnothingtofocusoninabroadexpanseofbarrensnow-coveredterrain.Sohisgazecontinuallyshiftsandjumpsbackandforthovertheentirelandscapeinsearchofsomethingtolookat.Findingnothing,hourafterhour,theeyesneverstopsearchingandtheeyeballsbecomesoreandtheeyemusclesache.Natureoffsetsthisirritationbyproducingmoreandmorefluidwhichcoverstheeyeball.Thefluidcoverstheeyeballinanincreasingquantityuntilvisionblurs,thenisobscured,andtheresultistotal,eventhoughtemporary,snowblindness.ExperimentsledtheArmytoasimplemethodofovercomingthisproblem.Scoutsaheadofamainbodyoftroopsaretrainedtoshakesnowfromevergreenbushes,creatingadottedlineastheycrosscompletelysnow-coveredlandscape,EventheScoutsthemselvesthrowlightweight,darkcoloredobjectsaheadonwhichtheyalsocanfocus.Themenfollowingcanthenseesomething.TheirgazeisarresteD.Theireyesfocusonabushandhavingfoundsomethingtosee，stopscouringthesnow-blanketedlandscape.Byfocusingtheirattentionononeobjectatatime,themencancrossthesnowwithoutbecominghopelesslysnowblindorlost.Inthiswaytheproblemofcrossingasolidwhiteterrainisovercome. Snowblindnessmaybeavoidedby______.A.concentratingtothesolidwhiteterrainB.searchingforsomethingtolookatinsnow-coveredterrainC.providingtheeyeswithsomethingtofocusonD.coveringtheeyeballswithfluid9.Themenwhoracethecarsaregenerallysmall,withatight,nervouslook.Theyrangefromtheearly20stothemiddle40s,anditisusuallytheirnervesthatgofirst.Fearisthedriver’sconstantcompanion,andtragedycanbejustastepbehinD.Scarcelyamaninthe500doesnotcarrythescarsofaccidentcrashes.Themarkoftheplasticsurgeoniseverywhere,andburnedskiniscommon.Sometimesadriver^scarsareinvisible,partofhisheritage.Twoyoungdrivers,BillyVukovichandGaryBettenhausen,racedintheirfirst500in1968.Lessthan20yearsbefore,theirfathersalsocompetedagainstoneanotherontheIndytrack-anddiedthere.Allthisthedriversaccept.Overtheyears,theyhavelearnedtotrusttheirowntechniques,reflexes,andcourage.Theydepend,too,onatrustedservant-scientificengineering.Thoughtheymaynothavehadagreatdealofschooling(anexceptionisNewZealand’sBruceMcLaren,whohadanengineeringdegree),manydriversaregiftedmechanics，withafeelingfortheirenginesthatamounttokinship.Afewtopdrivershavebecomeextremelywealthy,withsix-figureincomesfromprizemoney,endorsement,andjobswithauto-productmanufacturers.Somehavebusinessesoftheirown.McLarendesignsracingchassis(底盤).DanGumeyJsCaliforniafactorymanufacturedthechassisofthreeofthefirstfourcarsinthe1968Indy500,includinghisownsecondplacecar.Yetmoneyisnottheonlyreasonwhymenracecars.Perhapsitisn’teventhemajorreason.ThreetimesIndywinner(1961,1964,1967).A.J.Foyt,forexample,canfrequentlybefoundcompetingondirtytracksinminor-leagueraces,wheremoney,crowdsandsafetyfeaturesarelimiteD.andonlythedangerisnot.Whydoeshedoit?SometimesFoytanswers,“It’sinmyblooD.’’Othertimeshesays,“Itisgoodpractice.”Nowandthenhereplies,“Don’taskdumbquestions.’’ ItcanbeinferredthatacaraccidentisoftencoupledwithA.aplasticsurgeonB.acompanionC.ariskD.afire10.Atahigherlevelofwriting,whichofthefollowingcognitiveskillsshouldNOTbeencouraged?______.A.Constructinggrammaticallycorrectsentencesonly.B.Gatheringinformationandideasrelevanttothetopic.C.Usingcohesivedevicestocreatesectionsandparagraphs.D.Organizingtheinformationandideasintoalogicalsequence.11.Thoughthegovernmentencouragesforeigninvestment,__________investorsarereluctantto

commitfimdsinthecurrentclimatesituationinthecountry.A.potentialB.affluentC.optimisticD.solid12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTawayofconsolidatingvocabulary?A.Defining.B.Matching.C.Gap-filling.D.Labeling.13.ThefirstPinthePPPteachingmodelstandsfor______,whichaimstogetlearnerstoperceivetheformandmeaningofastructure.A.practiceB.productionC.presentationD.preparation14.Inthefollowingconversation,Bviolatesthemaximof___________.A:Mrs.Xisanoldbag.B:Theweatherhasbeenquitedelightfulthissummer,hasn′tit?A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation15.—Ithoughtyouwouldn’tminD.—Well,asamatteroffact,Idon’t,butyou______mefirst.A.shouldaskB.shouldhaveaskedC.mustaskD.musthaveasked第2卷一.單項選擇題(共15題)1.______wasaprogressiveintellectualmovementgoingonthroughoutEuropeinthe18thcentury.A.EnlightenmentB.ClassicismC.RenaissanceD.Romanticism2.請閱讀Passage2。完成第下小題。Passage2ForcenturiesinSpainandLatinAmerica,headinghomeforlunchandasnoozewiththefamily

wassomethinglikeanationalright,butwithglobalcapitalismstandardizingworkhours,thisidyllic

habitisfastbecominganendangeredpleasure.Ironically,allthisishappeningjustasresearchersare

beginningtonotethehealthbenefitsoftheafternoonnap.Accordingtoanationwidesurvey,lessthan25percentofSpaniardsstillenjoysiestas.Andlike

Spain,muchofLatinAmericahasadoptedAmericanizedworkschedules,too,withshortenedlunch

timesandmorerigidworkhours.LastyeartheMexicangovernmentpassedalawlimitinglunch

breakstoonehourandrequiringitsemployeestoworktheireight-hourshiftbetween7a.m.and6p.m.Beforethemandate,workerswouldbreakuptheshift--goinghomemiddayforalongbreakwith

thefamilyandreturningtoworkuntilabout9or10p.m.TheideaofsiestaischanginginGreece,ItalyandPortugal,too,astheyrushtojointheirmore"industrious"counterpartsintheglobal

market.MostAmericansIknowcovetsleep,buttheideaoftakinganapmid-afternoonequateswith

laziness,unemploymentandgeneralsneakiness.YetaccordingtoaNationalSleepSurveypoll,65

percentofadultsdonotgetenoughsleep.Numerousscientificstudiesdocumentthebenefitsofnap

taking,includingone1997studyonthedeleteriouseffectsofsleepdeprivationinthejournalInter-nalMedicine.Theresearchersfoundthatfatigueharmsnotonlymaritalandsocialrelationsbut

workerproductivity.AccordingtoMarkRosekind,aformerNASAscientistandfounderofSolutionsinCupertino,Calif.,whicheducatesbusinessesabouttheadvantagesofsanctioningnaps,we′rebiologicallypro-grammedtogetsleepybetween3and5p.m.and3and5a.m.Ourinternaltimekeeper--calledthe

circadianclock--operatesona24-hourrotationandevery12hoursthere′sadip.Inaccordance

withthesenaturalsleeprhythms,Rosekindrecommendsthatnapsbeeitherfor40minutesorfortwo

hours.LatinAmericancountries,assertsRosekind,havehaditrightallalong.They′vebeeninsync

withtheirclocks;wehaven′t.Sincemostoftheworldissleep-deprived,gettingwellundertherecommendedeighthoursa

night(adultsgetanaverageof6.5hoursnightly),weusuallyoperateonakindofidlemidday.Naps

areevenmoreusefulnowthatmostofusforfeitsleepbecauseofinsaneworkschedules,longer

commutetimesandstress,InastudypublishedlastApril,Brazilianmedicalresearchersnotedthat

bloodpressureandarterialbloodpressuredroppedduringasiesta.InthesecondsentenceofParagraph1,"allthis"refersto__________.A.thehabitofnappingB.thestandardizingofworkhoursC.thedeclineofthesiestatraditionD.thegrowthofglobalcapitalism3.Iam______gratefulforthemanykindnessesyouhaveshowntomyson.A.excessivelyB.muchC.certainlyD.exceedingly4.TheEurohas______,butthedollarisup.A.deprecatedB.depreciatedC.depressedD.depraved5.Ivelovedmymother’sdesksince1wasjusttallenoughtoseeabovethetopofitasmothersatwritingletters.Standingbyherchair,lookingattheinkbottle,pens,andwhitepaper,IdecidedthattheactofwritingmustbethemorewonderfulthingintheworlD.Yearslater,duringherfinalillness.Motherkeptdifferentthingsformysisterandbrother,“butthedesk，”she’dsaidagain,“it’sforElizabeth.’’Ineversawherangry,neversawhercry.Iknewshelovedme；sheshoweditinaction.Butasayounggirl,Iwantedheart-to-hearttalksbetweenmotheranddaughter.TheyneverhappeneD.Andagulfopenedbetweenus.Iwas“tooemotional”.Butshelived“onthesurface”.AsyearspassedIhadmyownfamily.Ilovedmymotherandthankedherforourhappyfamily.Iwrotetoherincarefulwordsandaskedhertoletmeknowinanywayshechosethatshedidforgiveme.Ipostedtheletterandwaitedforheranswer.Nonecame.Myhopeturnedtodisappointment,thenlittleinterestand,finally,peace，itseemedthatnothinghappeneD.Icouldn’tbesurethattheletterhadevengottomother.IonlyknewthatIhadwrittenit,andIcouldstoptryingtomakeherintosomeoneshewasnot.Nowthepresentofherdesktold,asshe’dneverbeenableto,thatshewaspleasedthatwritingwasmychosenwork.Icleanedthedeskcarefullyandfoundsomepapersinsideaphotoofmyfatherandaoneletter,foldedandrefoldedmanytimes.Givemeananswer,myletterasksinanywayyouchoose.Mother,youalwayschosetheactthatspeakslouderthanwords. Whatdidmotherdowithherdaughter’sletteraskingforgiveness?______.A.Shehadneverreceivedtheletter.B.Foryears,sheoftentalkedabouttheletter.C.Shedidn’tforgiveherdaughteratallinallherlife.D.Shereadtheletteragainandagaintillshedie6.Waterproblemsinthefuturewillbecomemoreintenseandmorecomplex.Ourincreasingpopulationwilltremendouslyincreaseurbanwastes,primarilysewage.Ontheotherhand,increasingdemandsforwaterwilldecreasesubstantiallytheamountofwateravailablefordilutingwastes.Rapidlyexpandingindustrieswhichinvolvemoreandmorecomplexchemicalprocesseswillproducelargevolumesofliquidwastes,andmanyofthesewillcontainchemicalswhicharepoisonous.Tofeedourrapidlyexpandingpopulation,agriculturewillhavetobeintensifieD.Thiswillinvolveevenincreasingquantitiesofagriculturechemicals.Fromthis,itisapparentthatdrasticstepsmustbetakenimmediatelytodevelopcorrectivemeasuresforthepollutionproblem.TherearetwowaysbywhichthispollutionproblemcanbelesseneD.ThefirstrelatestothetreatmentofwastestodecreasetheirpollutionhazarD.Thisinvolvestheprocessingofsolidwastespriortodisposalandthetreatmentofliquidwastes,oreffluents,topermitthereuseofthewaterorbestreducepollutionuponfinaldisposal.Asecondapproachistodevelopaneconomicuseforallorapartofthewastes.Farmmanureisspreadinfieldsasanutrientororganicsupplement.EffluentsfromsewagedisposalplantsareusedinsomeareasbothforirrigationandforthenutrientscontaineD.Effluentsfromotherprocessingplantsmayalsobeusedasasupplementalsourceofwater.Manyindustries,suchasmeatandpoultryprocessingplants,arecurrentlyconvertingformerwasteproductionintomarketablebyproducts.Otherindustrieshavepotentialeconomicusesfortheirwasteproducts. Thephrase“priorto”（ParA.2）probablymeans______.A.afterB.duringC.beforeD.beyond7.PassageTwoAdvertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowarounD.“It’siniquitous,"theysay,"thisentirelyunproductiveindustry(ifwecancallitthat)shouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it’stheconsumerwhopays”.Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.AgreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementswereaD.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,etcfromanadvertisement.Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubteD.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.Wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybylawswhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlycloselyprintedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerful,wittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,commercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogrammesisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice!Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe“smallads.”whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse，announceabirth,marriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe“hatch,matchanddispatch”columnbutbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor“agony”column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.Ifsthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! Theattitudeoftheauthortowardadvertisersis______.A.appreciativeB.trustworthyC.criticalD.dissatisfactory8.請閱讀passage2，完成下列小題。Passage2Themedicalcommunityoweseconomistsagreatdeal.AmartyaSenwonaNobelPrizeforEconomicSciencesin1998.Hehasspenthisentirecareerpromulgatingideasofjusticeandfreedom,withhealthrarelyoutofhisgaze.JosephStiglitzwonaNoblein2001.In1998,whenhewaschiefeconomistatthe(then)notoriouslyregressiveWorldBank,hefamouslychallengedtheWashingtonConsensus.AndJeffSachs,acontroversialfiguretosomecritics,canfairlylayclaimtotheenormousachievementofputtinghealthatthecenteroftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.His"CommissiononMacroeconomicsandHealth"wasalandmarkreport,providingexplicitevidencetoexplainwhyattackingdiseasewasabsolutelynecessaryifpovertywastobeeradicateD.AndImustoffermyownpersonalgratitudetoaveryspecialgroupofeconomists-LarrySummers,DeanJamison,KennethArrow,DavidEvans,andSanjeevGuptA.TheyweretheeconomicteamthatdrovetheworkofGlobalHealth.Butalthoughwemightbekindtoeconomists,perhapsweshouldbetougheronthedisciplineofeconomicstextbook，andyouwillseetheprioritygiventomarketsandefficiency,priceandutility,profitandcompetition.Thesewordshavechillingeffectsonourquestforbetterhealth.Theyseemtomarginalizethosequalitiesofourlivesthatwevaluemostofall-notourself-interestbutouthumanity;notthecostsandbenefitsofmonetaryexchange,butvisionandidealsthatguideourdecisions.Itwastheseissuesthatwereaddressedatlastweek'sGlobalHealthLab,heldatLondonSchoolofHygiene&TropicalMedicine.AnneMills,Vice-DirectoroftheSchool,ferventlyarguedthecaseinfavorofeconomists.Itwastheywhocontributedtounderstandingtheideaof"best-buys"inglobalhealth.Itwaseconomistswhochallengeduserfees.Anditwaseconomistswhomadetheconnectionbetweenhealthandeconomicgrowth,providingoneofthemostcompellingpoliticalargumentsfortakinghealthseriously.Someeconomistsmightadoremarkets,butnothealtheconomists,shesaiD."Healthcareisdifferent."Forherkindofeconomist,ahealthsystemisa"socialinstitutionthatembodiesthevaluesofsociety".Althoughcompetitionhasaparttoplayinhealth,itshouldbeusedjudiciouslyasamechanismtoimprovethequalityofcare.ChrisWhitty，ChiefScientificAdviserattheUK’sDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment,expressedhiscontemptforthosewhoprofessindifferencetoeconomics.Economicsisabouttheefficientallocationofscarceresources.Anyonewhobackedtheinefficientallocationofresourcesis"immoral".Hedidcriticizeeconomistsfortheirarrogance,though.Economistsseemedtobelievetheirideasshouldbeacceptedsimplybecauseoftheauthoritytheyheldaseconomists.Economics,hesaid,isonlyonescienceamongmanythatpolicymakershavetotakeintoaccount.ButClareChandler,amedicalanthropologist,tookadifferentview.Sheasked,whathasneoliberaleconomicseverdoneforglobalhealth?Heranswer,inoneword,wasinequality".NeoliberaleconomicsframesthewaywethinkandactHerargumentsuggestedthatanyeconomicphilosophythatputapremiumonfreetrade,privatization,minimalgovernment,andreducedpublicspendingonsocialandhealthsectorsisaphilosophybereftofhumanvirtue.Thediscussionthatfollowed,ledbyMartinMcKee,poseddifficultquestions.Whydoeconomiststreattheirtheorieslikereligions?Whyareeconomistssosilentontheirownfailures?Caneconomicseverbeapolitical?Therewerefewsatisfactoryanswerstothesequestions.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto"discipline"inPARAGRPH2?A.SubjectB.LessonC.PunishmentD.Regulation9.______walkisexpectedtolastallday,sobring______packedlunch.A.A;aB.The;不填C.The;aD.A;不填10.PassageOneMoveoverMethuselah.FuturegenerationscouldbelivingwellintotheirsecondcenturyandstilldoingSudoku,iflifeexpectancypredictionsaretrue.Increasingbytwoyearseverydecade,theyshownosignsofflatteningout.Averagelifespanworldwideisalreadydoublewhatitwas200yearsago.Sincethe1980s,expertsthoughttheincreaseinlifeexpectancywouldslowdownandthenstop,butforecastershaverepeatedlybeenprovedwrong.Thereasonbehindthesteadyriseinlifeexpectancyis“thedeclineinthedeathrateoftheelderly”,saysProfessorTomKirkwoodfromNewcastleUniversity.Hemaintainsthatourbodiesareevolvingtomaintainandrepairthemselvesbetterandourgenesareinvestingin→thisprocess←toputoffthedamagewhichwilleventuallyleadtodeath.Asaresult,thereisnoceilingimposedbytherealitiesoftheageingprocess.“Thereisnouse-by-datewhenweage.Ageingisnotafixedbiologicalprocess,"Tomsays.Alargestudyofpeopleaged85andovercarriedoutbyProfessorKirkwooddiscoveredthattherewerearemarkablenumberofpeopleenjoyinggoodhealthandindependenceintheirlate80sandbeyonD.Withpeoplereachingoldageinbettershape,itissafetoassumethatthisisallduetobettereatinghabits,livingconditions,educationandmedicine.Therearestillmanypeoplewhosufferfrommajorhealthproblems,butmodemmedicinemeansdoctorsarebetteratmanaginglong-termhealthconditionslikediabetes,highbloodpres-sureandheartdisease.“Wearereachingoldagewithlessaccumulativedamagethanpreviousgenerations,wearelessdamaged,"