考研英語(yǔ) 真題及參考答案 完整版

2018考研英語(yǔ)（一）真題及參考答案（完整版）SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“What'sinhere?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,“Wow!”Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.[A]on[A]faith[A]benefit[A]Hierefore[A]Until[A]selects[A]consultS.[A]at9.[Alcontext----------?-n[A]on[A]faith[A]benefit[A]Hierefore[A]Until[A]selects[A]consultS.[A]at9.[Alcontext----------?-n---[B[B[B[B[B[B[B[BconcerndebtHienesscompete[Blmood[C]for[C]aneiinon[C]hope[C]Instead[C]Although[C]appli亡s[C]tonnect[C]of[C]periodp]from[D]interest[D]pries[D]Againp]Wh亡ii[D]maintains[D]compareP]to[D]circle10.[A]counterpaits1l.[A]Funny12.[A]monitorsubstmites[B]LuckyprotectcolleaguesOdd[C]surprise[DJsupportersIronicdelight13.[A]between[A]transferred[A]out[A]disco^ied[A]betrayed[A]forced[A]Enconirasi[A]inflexible[B]within[B]added[B]back[B]proved[B]wionged[B]willing[B]Asaresuit[B]incapable[C]toward[C]introduc亡d[C]around[C]insisted[C]fooled[C]hesinni[C]Onthewhole[C]unrebable[D]over[D]entrusted[D]inside[D]remembered[D]mocked[D]entiled[D]Forinsmee[D]unsuitableSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.Aareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering一havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.Thechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedforthe.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.The.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.Whowillbemostthieatenedbyautoinatian?Leadingpoliticians.Low-wa.gelaborers.[CjRobotowners.[D]Middie-classxvorkers./WhichofthefallowingbestrepresenttkeAuthor'sview?Wairiesatomautomationareinfactgroundless.[BJOptiinisis'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupped:.Issu亡sarisingfromautomationneedlobetackledNegativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.Edu.ca.tioninthea_geof-aLUtomationshouldputmoreemphasisoncreativepotential.job-liiuitiii.gskills.[Cjindi^idualneeds.[D]cooperativespirit.Hieauthorsii呂geststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedatencoursigingthedeveloptmentofautomation.increa.singtheremmoncapitalinvesmieiLt.easingthehostibtybetweenrichandpoor.preventingtheincomegapfrom'ftidening.tnthistext,theauthorpresemsaproblemwithopposingviewsonit.[Bjpossiblesolutionstoit.itsclaimingimpicts.nsmajorvaiiatiom.Text2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo—thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills-andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.AccordingtothePaiigraplis1and2:muayyaungAmericanscastdoubtsdetheJiusiificatioiiofihe口ews-filteringpractice.peopledpreferenceforsocialmediapktfomis.theadministratioilsabilitytohandleinfonnaLtio口.socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.Iliephrasetcbeer2.Para.2)isclosestinmeaningtoskarpendefineboastshar亡2S.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeopletendtovoicetheiiopinionsincyberspace.verifynewsbyiefeiringtodiverseresources.hivesstrongsenseafresponsibiliiy.p]liketoexchangeviewson'disnibuteduusf29.HieBimasurveyfoirndthata.maincauseforthefakenewsproblemisreadersoutdaledvalues.[B]joumalists7biaisedreporting[C]readers1misint亡ipr亡tation[D]journalists'made-upstories.3D.Whicliofth亡followingwouldhethebesttitleforthetext?ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineACounteractio口AgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendHieAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.CD]ThePlitformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests.Text3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(Al)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsofmillionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements—andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenham'sreportisawelcomestart.31.Whaistrueofth.e丑冨re：emeatbetween,the：NHSandDe：epMind?Itcausedconflictsamongt^cbgi-ams.ItfailedtopaydueatlenUDntopatienfslights.ItfellshortoftheespectatoasItputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.HieNHStrustresponded.toDenham'sverdictwithemptypromises.toughresistance.nec亡ssaryadjustments.[B]sincereapologies.33.Th亡authorarguesin.Paragraph2thatprivacyprottectionnaustb亡securedatallcosts.leakingpaticuts'dataisworsethanselliikgit.makingprofitsfrompati&nts'lamisillegal.thevalueofdataconies&omtheprocessingofit34.AccOTdiikgtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfronithisdealistheviciousrivalivamongbigphaimas.theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftwaie.themonopolyofbigdaiabytech,giants.35.Theauthor'sattiirudetowardtheapplicationofAltohealthcareisambiguous.cautious.apjpirciative.contemptuous.Text4The.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewrealityAndinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting—cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimateoverseer—Congress—insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears.leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved---Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestuser—shasfinallyagreedonaplantofixthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate-wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,notcomprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80percentoftheagency'scosts.AlsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse.Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey'regettingseriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.36.ThefinancialproblemtheUS-PSiscausedpartlyby,itsuntialajicedbudget..iisrigidmanagement..thecostfortechnicalupgrading..thewithdrawalofbanksupport.37.Ac-cordingtoPaiagnph.2.th.eUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto.th.einierferencefrominterestgroups..theinadequatefundingfromCongress..theshiinkingiemandlforpostalservice.th.eincompetenceofpostalunions.38.Thelong-StandingcomphintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedby工亡niLO'tin.gitsburden,ofr亡tii亡亡liealth匸ar亡-.mikingmoreinvestmentinn.ewvehides..adoptinganewrate-increisemechanism.p].attractingmorefiisi-classmaiLusers.Eqthelastparagraph，theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswithrespect.lolerance.discontent.grantu.de.WhichofthefbllovYdngwouldbethebesttitleforih亡text?HieUSPS-StaitstoMissItsGoodOldDaysHiePostalSeri'ice:KeepA^rayfromMyCheeseHieUSPS:ChiozicHinessRequiresaQuickCuieHie：PostalSen-iceNeedsMoiethanaBand-AidPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)InDecemberof1869,CongressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartments.TothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury-theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasaninternationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents.ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearlHarbor.TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsauniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingbywing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors.Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwoodwasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircasesofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820.Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)andovercrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasuryBuilding.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding.【答案】41.(E)fC-42.(G)-43.(A)fF—44.(B)-45.(D)PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama.(46)BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,schoolorganizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywhowentagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsold,thefirstpublicplayhousewasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthispublicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolorcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul'sandtheroyalchapel,who,however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)buttheprofessionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,anduniversitymenwithliteratureambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheatersasofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimeShakespearewastwenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreenehadmadecomediesthatwereatoncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit;andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommonstage-wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.(49)Anativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublicplayhousesestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeenbegun.ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-fiveyearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthisbriefperiodwemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecayofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtodayatthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundredthousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity,wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthatprobablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived.【參考譯文】到莎士比亞出生的年代，歐洲經(jīng)歷了宗教戲劇的消亡，以及在古典悲劇和喜劇的影響下新的戲劇形式的產(chǎn)生。每個(gè)進(jìn)入文法學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的少年都知道戲劇是一種文學(xué)形式，這種文學(xué)形式賦予希臘和羅馬以榮耀，并且可能給英國(guó)帶來(lái)榮耀。但是這些專業(yè)公司在其永久劇院中興起來(lái)了，進(jìn)而，一些有文學(xué)抱負(fù)的大學(xué)生很快投身到這些當(dāng)作謀生手段的劇院中。這些文學(xué)巨匠創(chuàng)造出了具有本土特色的文學(xué)戲劇，并使其與公共劇場(chǎng)結(jié)盟起來(lái)，至少一些偉大的傳統(tǒng)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。為了認(rèn)識(shí)到