07年-12年英語六級閱讀 1

2007年6月23日大學英語六級

ShouldOneExpectaRewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?

PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)

Directions-Inthispart,youwi11have15minutestogooverthe

passagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1-4,mark

Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgivenin

thepassage；

N(forNO)ifstatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthe

passage；

NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiven

inthepassage.

SevenStepstoaMoreFulfillingJob

Manypeopletodayfindthemselvesinunfulfi11ingworksituations.

Infact,oneinfourwo阿rkersisdissatisfiedwiththeircurrentjob,

accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004"survey.Theircareerpathmay

befinanciallyrewarding,butitdoesn'tmeettheiremotional,social

orcreativeneeds.They'restuck,unhappy,andhavenoideawhattodo

aboutit,exceptmovetoanotherjob.

MaryLynMi1ler,veterancareerconsultantandfounderoftheLife

andCareerClinic,saysthatwhenmostpeopleareunhappyabouttheirwork,

theirfirstthoughtistogetadifferentjob.Instead,Mi1lersuggests

lookingatthepossibi1ityofadifferentlife.Throughherbook,8Myths

ofMakingaLiving,aswe11asworkshops,seminarsandpersonalcoaching

andconsulting,shehashelpedthousandsofdissatisfiedworkersreassess

1ifeandwork.

LikethewayofZen,whichinc1tidesunderstandingofoneselfasone

reallyis,Mi1lerencouragesjobseekersandthosedissatisfiedwithwork

or1ifetoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutworkandrecognizethatinmany

casesyourbeliefsarewhatbroughtyoutowhereyouaretoday."You

mayhavebeenraisedtothinkthatwomenwerebestatnurturingandcaring

and,therefore,shou1dbeteachersandnurses.Sothat'swhatyoudid.

Or,perhapsyouwerebroughtuptobe1ievethatyoushoulddowhatyour

fatherdid,soyouhavetakenoverthefamilybusiness,orbecomeadentist

“just1ikedad."Ifthissoundsfamiliar,it'sprobablytimetolook

atthenewpossibi1itiesforyourfuture.

Mi1lerdeve1opeda7-stepprocesstohelppotentialjobseekersassess

theircurrentsituationandbeliefs,identifytheirrealpassion,and

startonajourneythata11owsthemtopursuetheirpassionthroughwork.

Step1：Wi11ingnesstodosomethingdifferent.

Breakingthecycleofdoingwhatyouhavealwaysdoneisoneofthe

mostdifficulttasksforjobseekers.Manyfinditdifficulttosteeraway

fromacareerpathormakeachange,evenifitdoesn'tfeelright.Mi1ler

urgesjobseekerstoopentheirmindstootherpossibi1itiesbeyondwhat

theyarecurrentlydoing.

Step2：Commitmenttobeingwhoyouare,notwhoorwhatsomeonewants

youtobe.

LookattheWgiftsandtalentsyouhaveandmakeacommitmenttopursue

thosethingsthatyoulovemost.Ifyoulovethesocialaspectsofyour

job,butarestuckinsideanofficeor"chainedtoyourdesk"mostof

thetime,vowtofollowyourinstinctandinvestigatealternativecareers

andworkthatallowyoumoretimetointeractwithothers.Dawnworked

asamanagerforalargeretai1clothingstoreforseveralyears.Though

shehadadvancedwithinthecompany,shefeltfrustratedand1ongedto

beinvolvedwithnatureandtheoutdoors.Shedecidedtogotoschool

nightsandweekendstopursuehertruepassionbyearninghermaster'

sdegreeinforestry.Shenowworksinthebiotechforestrydivisionof

amajorpapercompany.

Step3：Self-definition

Mi1lersuggeststhatoncejobseekersknowwhotheyare,theyneed

toknowhowtosei1themselves."Inthejobmarket,youareaproduct.

Andjust1ikeaproduct,youmostknowthefeaturesandbenefitsthatyou

havetoofferapotentialclient,oremployer."Examinetheskillsand

knowledgethatyouhaveidentifyhowtheycanapplytoyourdesired

occupation.Yourqualitieswi11exhibittoemployerswhytheyshouldhire

youoverothercandidates.

Step4：Attainalevelofself-honoring.

Self-honoringorself-lovemayseem1ikeanoddstepforjobhunters,

butbeingabletoacceptyourself,withoutjudgment,he1pseliminate

insecuritiesandwi11makeyoumoreseif-assured.Byacceptingwhoyou

are-al1youremotions,hopesanddreams,yourpersonality,andyour

uniquewayofbeing-you'11projectmoreconfidencewhennetworkingand

talkingwithpotentialemployers.Thepowerofself-honoringcanhelpto

breakal1thefalsehoodsyouwereprogrammedtobe1ieve-thosethatmade

youfeelthatyouwerenotgoodenough,orstrongenough,orintel1igent

enoughtodowhatyoutrulydesire.

Step5：Vision.

Mi1lersuggeststhatjobseekersdevelopavisionthatembracesthe

answerto“WhatdoIreallywanttodo?”oneshouldcreateasolid

statementinadozenorsosentencesthatdescribeindetai1howtheysee

their1iferelatedtowork.Forinstance,thesecretarywholongstobe

anactressdescribesa1ifethatallowshertoexpressherloveof

Shakespeareonstage.Arealestateagent,attractedtohiscurrentjob

becauseherlovesfixingupoldhomes,describesbuyingpropertiesthat

needalittletenderlovingcaretomakethemmoresaleable.

Step6：Appropriaterisk.

Somephilosophersbe1ievethatthewaytoenlightenmentconiesthrough

facingobstaclesanddifficulties.Oncepeoplediscovertheirpassion,

manyaretooscaredtodoanythingaboutit.Instead,theydonothing.

Withthisstep,jobseekersshou1dassesswhattheyarewi11ingtogive

up,orrisk,inpursuitoftheirdream.Foroneworkingmom,thatmeant

takingnightclassestolearnnewcomputer-aideddesignskills,whi1e

stillearningasalaryandkeepingherdayjob.Forsomeoneelse,itmay

meanquittinghisorherjob,takingoutloanandgoingbacktoschool

ful1time.You'11moveonestepclosertoyouridealwork1ifeifyou

identifyhowmuchriskyouarewi11ingtotakeandthesacrificesyouare

willingtomake.

Step7：Action.

Someteachersofphi1osophydescribeactioninthisway,"Ifonewants

togettothetopofamountain,justsittingatthefootthinkingabout

itwi11notbringonethere.Itisbymakingtheeffortofclimbingup

themountain,stepbystep,thateventuallythesummitisreached."Al1

toooften,itisthelackofactionthatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfrom

attainingtheiridea1s.Creatingaplanandtakingitonestepatatime

canleadtonewanddifferentjobopportunities.Job-huntingtasksgain

addedmeaningasyousensetheirimportanceinyourquestforamore

meaningfulworklife.Theplancanincluderesearchingindustriesand

occupations,talkingtopeoplewhoareinyourdesiredareaofwork,taking

classes,oracceptingvolunteerworkinyourtargetedfield.

Eachofthesestepswi11leadyouonajourneytoahappierandmore

rewardingworklife.Afteral1,itisthejourney,notthedestination,

thatismostimportant.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡1上作答。

1.Accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004"survey,mostpeop1eare

unhappywiththeircurrentjobs.

2.MaryLynMiHer'sjobistoadvisepeop1eontheir1ifeandcareer.

3.MaryLynMi1lerherselfwasoncequitedissatisfiedwithherown

work.

4.Manypeop1efinditdifficulttomakeuptheirmindswhetherto

changetheircareerpath.

5.AccordingtoMaryLynMiller,peop1econsideringchangingtheir

careersshou1dcommitthemselvestothepursuitof.

6.Inthejobmarket,jobseekersneedtoknowhowtosei1themselves

1ike.

7.Duringaninterviewwithpotentialemployers,self-honoringor

seif-lovemayhelpajobseekertoshow.

8.MaryLynMi1lersuggeststhatajobseekerdevelopavisionthat

answersthequestion""

9.Manypeop1earetooscaredtopursuetheirdreamsbecausetheyare

unwi11ingto.

10.Whatultimatelyholdspeop1ebackfromattainingtheiridealsis

PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)

SectionA

Directions：Inthissection,youwi11hear8shortconversations

and2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormore

questionswi11beaskedaboutwhatsaid.Boththeconversationandthe

questionswi11bespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewi11bea

pause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA)B)C)

andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.Thenmarkthecorresponding

letteronAnswerSheet2withasingle1inethroughthecentre.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

11.A)Surfingthenet.B)Watchingatalk

show.

C)Packingabirthdaygift.D)Shoppingata

jewelrystore.

12.A)Heenjoysfindingfaultwithexams.B)Heissure

ofhissuccessintheexam.

C)Hedoesn'tknowifhecandowe11intheexam.

D)HeusedtogetstraightA'sintheexamshetook.

13.A)Themanisgenerouswithhisgoodcommentsonpeop1e.

B)Thewomanisunsureiftherewi11bepeaceinthewor1d.

C)Thewomanisdoubtfulaboutnewspaperstories.

D)Themanisquiteoptimisticabouthumannature.

14.A)Studyforsomeprofession.B)Attenda

medicalschool.

C)Stayinbusiness.D)Sei1hisshop.

15.A)Moremoney.B)Fairtreatment.

C)Acollegeeducation.D)Shorterwork

hours.

16.A)Shewasexhaustedfromhertrip.B)Shemissedthe

comfortsofhome.

C)ShewasimpressedbyMexicanfood.D)Shewi11notgo

toMexicoagain.

17.A)Cheerherselfupabit.B)Findamore

suitablejob.

C)Seekprofessionaladvice.D)Takea

psycho1ogycourse.

18.A)Hedressesmoreformallynow.B)Whathewearsdoesnot

matchhisposition.

C)Hehasignoredhisfriendssincegraduation.D)Hefailed

todowel1atcollege.

Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

19.A)Togosightseeing.B)Tohave

meetings.

C)Topromoteanewchampagne.D)Tojoinina

trainingprogram.

20.A)Itcanreducethenumberofpassengercomplaints.

B)Itcanmakeairtravelmoreentertaining.C)Itcancutdown

theexpensesforairtravel.

D)Itcanlessenthediscomfortcausedbyairtravel.

21.A)Tookbalancedmealswithchampagne.B)Atevegetables

andfruitonly.

C)Refrainedfromfishormeat.D)Avoidedeating

richfood.

22.A)Manyofthemfounditdifficulttoexerciseonaplane.

B)Manyofthemwereconcernedwiththeirwell-being.

C)Notmanyofthemchosetodowhatshedid.D)Notmanyof

themunderstoodtheprogram.

Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

23.A)Atafair.B)Atacafeteria.C)Inacomputer

lab.D)Inashoppingmall.

24.A)Thelatestcomputertechnology.B)Theorganizingofan

exhibition.

C)Thepurchasingofsomeequipment.D)Thedramaticchanges

inthejobmarket.

25.A)Datacollection.B)Trainingconsultancy.

C)Corporatemanagement.D)Informationprocessing.

SectionB

Directions：Inthissection,youwi11hear3shortpassages.Atthe

enclofeachpassage,youwi11hearsomequestions.Boththepassageand

thequestionswi11bespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,you

mustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicemarkedA)B)C)andD).

ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasingle1ine

throughthecentre.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

PassageOne

Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

26.A)Improvethemselves.B)Getridofemptydreams.

C)Followtheculturaltradition.D)Attemptsomething

impossible.

27.A)Byfindingsufficientsupportforimplementation.

B)Bytakingintoaccounttheirownabi1itytochange.

C)Byconstantlykeepinginmindtheirultimategoa1s.

D)Bymakingdetailedplansandcarryingthemout.

28.A)Toshowpeop1ehowtogettheir1ivesbacktonormal.

B)Toshowhowdifficultitisforpeopletoloseweight.

C)Toremindpeopletocheckthecaloriesonfoodbags.

D)Toi1lustratehoweasilypeopleabandontheirgoa1s.

PassageTwo

Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

29.A)Michael'sparentsgotdivorced.B)Karenwasadoptedby

RayAnderson.

C)Karen'smotherdiedinacaraccident.D)Atruckdriverlost

his1ifeinacollision.

30.A)Heranared1ightandcol1idedwithatruck.B)He

sacrificedhis1ifetosaveababygir1.

C)Hewaskilledinstantlyinaburningcar.D)Hegot

marriedtoKaren'smother.

31.A)Thereportedheroturnedouttobehisfather.

B)Hedidnotunderstandhisfathertilltoolate.

C)Suchmisfortuneshou1dhavefallenonhim.

D)ItremindedhimofhismiserablechiIdhood.

PassageThree

Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

32.A)Germany.B)Japan.C)TheU.S.D)TheU.K.

33.A)Bydoingoddjobsatweekends.B)Byworkinglong

hourseveryday.

C)Byputtinginmorehourseachweek.D)Bytakingshorter

vacationseachyear.

34.A)Tocombatcompetitionandraiseproductivity.

B)Toprovidethemwithmorejobopportunities.

C)Tohelpthemmaintaintheirlivingstandard.

D)Topreventthemfromholdingasecondjob.

35.A)Changetheirjobs.B)Earnmore

money.

C)Reducetheirworkinghours.D)Strengthenthe

government'srole.

SectionC

Directions：Inthissection,youwi11hearapassagethreetimes.

Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshou1d1istencarefully

foritsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,you

arerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexact

wordsyouhavejustheard.Forb1anksnumberedfrom44to46youare

requiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcan

eitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpoints

inyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,

youshou1dcheckwhatyouhavewritten.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

Nursing,asatypicallyfemaleprofession,mustdealconstantlywith

thefalseimpressionthatnursesaretheretowaitonthephysician.As

nurses,weare(36)toprovidenursingcareonly.Wedonothave

anylegalormoral(37)toanyphysician.Weprovidehealth

teaching,(38)physica1aswe11asemotionalproblems,(39)

patient-relatedservices,andmakeal1ofournursingdecisions

baseduponwhatisbestorsuitableforthepatient.If,inany(40)

,wefeelthataphysician'sorderis(41)orunsafe,

wehavealegal(42)toquestionthatorderorrefusetocarry

itout.

Nursingisnotanine-to-fivejobwitheveryweekendoff.AlInurses

areawareofthatbeforetheyentertheprofession.Theemotionaland

physicalstress.However,thatoccursduetooddworkinghoursisa(43)

reasonforalotofthecareerdissatisfaction.(44)

.Thatdisturbsourpersonal1ives,

disruptsoursleepingandeatinghabits,andisolatesusfromeverything

exceptjob-relatedfriendsandactivities.

Thequalityofnursingcareisbeingaffecteddramaticallybythese

situations.(45).Consumersofmedicallyrelatedservices

haveevidentlynotbeenaffectedenoughyettodemandchangesinour

medicalsystem.Butiftrendscontinueaspredicted,(46)

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)

SectionA

Directions：Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5

questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Then

answerthequestionsorcompletestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.

Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountain

View,California.ItwassetupinaSi1iconValleygaragein1998,and

inflated（膨脹）withtheInternetbubb1e.Evenwheneverythingaroundit

collapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google'ssearchengineisso

widespreadacrossthewor1dthatsearchbecameGoogle,andgooglebecame

averb.Thewor1dfel1inlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfast

technology.

GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BrinandL.

Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunateevents.11wasPagewho,atStanford

in1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecameGoogle'

ssearchengine.Brin,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayear

earlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidates

whentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,

withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,

eventually,yourgrandmother.

Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchengine

crawledtheWeb,itdidmorethanjustlookforwordmatches,italso

tai1ied（統(tǒng)計）andrankedahostofothercriticalfactors1ikehow

websites1inktooneanother.Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthan

anythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogo1(the

mathematicaltermforthenumber1followedby100zeroes),butsomeone

misspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient

(有先見之明的)professorsandventurecapitaiists,andmovedoffcampus

toturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcame

earlyonwhentheytriedtosei1theirtechnologytoothersearchengines,

butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.

Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowto

makemoneywithitsinvention.11hadlotsofusers,butalmostnoone

waspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit'snotan

exaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,

giventhatthat'sthesourceofnearlyal1itsrevenue.Todayitisa

giantadvertisingcompany,worth$100bi11ion.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

47.Apartfromaseriesoffortunateevents,whatisitthathasmade

Googlesosuccessful?

48.Google'ssearchengineoriginatedfromstartedbyL.

Page.

49.HowdidGoogle'ssearchenginespreadal1overtheworld?

50.BrinandPagedecidedtosetuptheirownbusinessbecausenoone

wou1d.

51.TherevenueoftheGooglecompanyislargelygeneratedfrom

SectionB

Directions：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageis

followedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthem

therearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).Youshou1ddecideon

thebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2with

asingle1inethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Youheartherefrainal1thetime：theU.S.economylooksgood

statistically,butitdoesn'tfeelgood.Whydoesn'tever-greaterwealth

promoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleastto

theappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKenneth

Galbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.

TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithe1peddefinea

newmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,"hunger,sickness,

andcold"threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.,lPovertywas

foundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours."AfterWorld

War11,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.

Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent；inthe1950sitwas

4.5percent.

ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwou1dbreeddiscontent.

Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingsthey

didn'treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,it

wou1dbeunfulfi11ing.Meanwhi1e,governmentspendingthatwou1dmake

everyonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeop1einstinctively-and

wrongly-labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevi1.”

It*softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead；everyoneelse

isstandingstillorfallingbehind.We11,therearemanyundeservingrich

-overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,

mostpeople'sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,

inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.

peoplefeelusqueezed"becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon'tsatisfy

theirrisingwants-forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,

fasterInternetconnections.

Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.

Peop1eregardjobstabi1ityaspartoftheirstandardof1iving.As

corporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey'

vebecome11thedisposableAmerican,"asLouisUchitelleputsitinhis

bookbythesamename.

Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconf1ictstemmedfrom

poverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian（烏托邦

式的）possibi1ities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchles

physicalmiserythanbefore.Peop1earebetteroff.Unfortunately,

affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.

Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplying

wantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxieties

andeconomicconf1ictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluence1iberates

theindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewayto

self-fulfi1Iment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestines

manydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-social

consequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(月巴.胖癥).

Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.

Shou1dwebesurprised?Notreally.We'vesimplyreaffirmedanold

truth：thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookThe

AffluentSociety?

A)Whystatisticsdon'ttel1thetruthabouttheeconomy.

B)Whyaffluencedoesn'tguaranteehappiness.

C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.D)What1iesbehindan

economicboom.

53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peop1efeeldiscontentedbecause

A)pub1icspendinghasn'tbeencutdownasexpected

B)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevi1

C)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionD)

materialismhasrunwiIdinmodernsociety

54.Whydopeop1efeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerises

considerably?

A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.

B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.

C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.

D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.

55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposab1eAmerican"(Line

3,Para.5)?

A)Thosewhoseejobstabi1ityaspartoftheir1ivingstandard.

B)Peop1eful1ofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.

C)Peop1ewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.

D)Workerswhono1ongerhavesecurejobs.

56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?

A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.B)Asenseof

seif-fulfi1Iment.

C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.D)Miseryand

anti-socialbehavior.

PassageTwo

Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Theuseofdeferential(敬重的)1anguageissymbolicoftheConfucian

idealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.

Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,

subordinatingher1ifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsma1ehead.

Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.

ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy；she

*（treadssoftly（謹言慎行）intheworld,“elevatingfemininebeautyand

gracetoanartform.

Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconforming

tothefeminine1inguistic（語言的）ideal.Theyareusingfewerofthe

verydeferential“women's"forms,andevenusingthefewstrongforms

thatareknowas"men's."This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderable

attentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthe

defeminizationofwomen'slanguage.Indeed,wedidn'thearabout"men'

slanguage''unti1