2023高考英語二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)：主旨大意題-辨主干細加工課件

專題一閱讀理解專題一閱讀理解第三講主旨大意題——辨主干細加工主旨大意題是閱讀理解中學(xué)生失分最多的題目，因為該類題目不僅考查略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力，也對歸納概括能力提出了較高的要求。該類題目在文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。一、了解題型特點與設(shè)問方式[命題解讀]1．主旨大意題考查的是對文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，對整篇文章的主旨大意有一個較為清晰的印象。主旨大意題分為標(biāo)題歸納類和文章大意類。專題一閱讀理解2．標(biāo)題歸納類要求學(xué)生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題，文章大意類(內(nèi)容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意。[題型特點]1．把握主旨大意題常見的設(shè)問方式。Thebesttitleforthepassageis________．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout________．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?專題一閱讀理解2．掌握主旨大意題的考查角度。(1)高頻考點：標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題。(2)低頻考點：段落大意題。專題一閱讀理解二、掌握主旨大意題的解題捷徑——熟知主旨大意題的解題捷徑——題型特點解題捷徑主題類(內(nèi)容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意找主題句四竅門：①段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however、but、infact、actually等)時，該句很可能是主題句。②首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。③作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。④表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore、thus、inshort、conclude、conclusion等詞專題一閱讀理解續(xù)上表標(biāo)題類要求選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題文章標(biāo)題三特點：①形式一般為單詞、短語或句子，短語居多。②短小精悍，精確性強。③涵蓋性強，能覆蓋全文大意專題一閱讀理解——明了主旨大意題的正確選項和干擾選項的特征——正確選項特征干擾選項特征1．涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文或全段2．確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小3．精確性強，不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云所給選項內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容以偏概全，主次不分所給選項只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細節(jié)信息或個別詞作為選項的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實或細節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點專題一閱讀理解續(xù)上表1．涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文或全段2．確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小3．精確性強，不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩移花接木，偷換概念所給選項，命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯答案無中生有，生搬硬套所給選項的關(guān)鍵詞雖然在文章中談到了，但經(jīng)過仔細閱讀分析，會發(fā)現(xiàn)選項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系專題一閱讀理解——破解主旨大意題的三大類型——類型1標(biāo)題歸納題

標(biāo)題歸納題要求在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。注意最佳標(biāo)題的特點：精準(zhǔn)性強(不改變原文的意義和感情色彩)，覆蓋性強(能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨)理解標(biāo)題的3大特點專題一閱讀理解巧用三大方法確定文章標(biāo)題(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上揣摩哪個選項能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個備選項去設(shè)想如果它們作標(biāo)題寫出來的文章將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文對照，一一排除不符選項。(3)研讀備選項本身：研讀備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等專題一閱讀理解[典例]

(2022·全國乙卷)Canasmallgroupofdrones(無人機)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand，atthesametime，helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear？Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday's“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected，themorerailwaysafety，reliabilityand專題一閱讀理解on-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance，includingsendingmaintenancestaff，oftenatnight，toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies，dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways，detectingfaultsintherailorswitches，beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks，dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.專題一閱讀理解Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain，andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem，sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.31．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDrones

B．HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC．WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD．HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways專題一閱讀理解[解題示范]第一步：讀文章，理清結(jié)構(gòu)專題一閱讀理解第二步：析選項，斟酌判斷A無人機可以檢測到哪些故障本文在最后一段提到檢測到故障，但文中說在“軌道或開關(guān)出現(xiàn)任何安全問題之前”B如何擴大無人機生產(chǎn)文中并未提到擴大無人機生產(chǎn)C無人機發(fā)展將面臨什么困難文中并未提到無人機發(fā)展的困難D無人機將如何改變鐵路的未來從無人機在鐵路領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用的介紹以及對未來無人機的發(fā)展展望可知，在未來，無人機將會保證鐵路的安全性和可靠性，或許會成為鐵路安全的新未來。此標(biāo)題全面、精煉地概括了文章內(nèi)容第三步：對比選項得出答案[答案]

D專題一閱讀理解類型2文章大意題

文章大意是作者在文章中所要表達的主要內(nèi)容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通過行文邏輯和各種細節(jié)來闡明的中心話題。應(yīng)掌握尋找文章主題的三個小竅門，快速確定文章大意主題句法解答文章大意題，找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵。下面介紹兩種快速找出主題句的方法。(1)根據(jù)文體和寫作手法來定位主題句：專題一閱讀理解專題一閱讀理解(2)根據(jù)行文標(biāo)志來定位主題句：轉(zhuǎn)折詞如

but、however、infact、actually等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是作者真正想要表達的觀點總結(jié)詞如therefore、thus、inshort、conclude等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是文章的主題句疑問句若首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答可能是文章的主題句高頻詞法若全文無明顯主題句，我們可以利用文章中的高頻詞找出文章的主題句。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，有的文章最明顯的特點之一是文中有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心專題一閱讀理解逆向思維法在兩個選項看上去都十分正確且無法選擇時，試著從選項出發(fā)，想象一下如果自己以此選項來寫文章會有哪些內(nèi)容，然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容相比較，接近的即為正確選項[典例]

(2021·全國甲卷)WhenIwas9，wepackedupourhomeinLosAngelesandarrivedatHeathrow，LondononagrayJanuarymorning.Everyoneinthefamilysettledquicklyintothecityexceptme.Withoutmybelovedbeachesandendlessblue-skydays，Ifeltatalossandoutofplace.UntilImadeadiscovery.專題一閱讀理解Southbank，ataneasternbendintheThames，isthecenterofBritishskateboarding，wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once，whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam(橫桿)，Ifellontothestones，damaginganerveinmyhand，andTobycameover，helpingmeup：Safe，man.Safe.Afewminuteslater，whenIlandedthetrick，myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud，shouting:“Safe！Safe！Safe！”Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks，beingagoodskater.專題一閱讀理解WhenIwas15，myfamilymovedtoWashington.Itriedskateboardingthere，butthelocalswerefarlesswelcoming.Withinacoupleofyears，I'dgivenitup.WhenIreturnedtoLondonin2004，IfoundmyselfwanderingdowntoSouthbank，spendinghoursthere.I'vetraveledbackseveraltimessince，mostrecentlythispastspring.Thedaywascoldbutclear；touristsandLondonersstoppedtowatchtheskaters.Weaving(穿梭)amongthekidswhorushedbyontheirboards，Ifoundmywaytothebeam.Thenarail-thinteenager，inabaggywhiteT-shirt，skidded(滑)uptothebeam.Hesatnexttome.Heseemednottonoticethemannexttohim.ButsoonIcaughtafewofhisglances.“Iwasalocalhere20yearsago，”Itoldhim.Then，slowly，hebegantonodhishead.“Safe，man.Safe.”“Yeah，”Isaid.“Safe.”專題一閱讀理解31.Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinthetext？A．Childrenshouldlearnasecondlanguage.

B．Sportisnecessaryforchildren'shealth.C．Childrenneedasenseofbelonging.D．Seeingtheworldisamustforchildren.[解題示范]第一步：讀文章，概括文意專題一閱讀理解專題一閱讀理解第二步：析選項，斟酌判斷A兒童應(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)第二外語。文中沒有這種說法無中生有，生搬硬套B體育運動對兒童健康是非常必要的。文中雖提到了滑板運動，但并未涉及滑板運動對健康的作用無中生有，曲解文意C兒童需要歸屬感。文章描述了作者通過滑板運動融入新生活、結(jié)交當(dāng)?shù)厝说慕?jīng)歷，表達了歸屬感、集體感對于兒童的必要性，因此該選項符合文章主旨涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文D看世界對于兒童來說是件必要的事情。文中沒有這種說法無中生有，生搬硬套第三步：對比選項得出答案[答案]

C專題一閱讀理解類型3段落大意題段落大意題主要考查段落的主要意思，是對某個段落基本內(nèi)容的簡縮和概括。概括、總結(jié)、歸納段落大意就是用準(zhǔn)確的、簡練的語言把一個段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達出來定位段落主題句，首尾兼顧定段意每一文段都要圍繞一個特定的主題，按照一定的邏輯順序展開，所以段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有一定的規(guī)律性。做題時要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即問題所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因為它們往往體現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因為利用這些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下判斷主旨，其準(zhǔn)確性更高專題一閱讀理解常用的寫作架構(gòu)專題一閱讀理解[典例]（2021·全國乙卷）Whenalmosteveryonehasamobilephone，whyaremorethanhalfofAustralianhomesstillpayingforalandline（座機）？Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn'townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere，anytime.24.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusaboutmobilephones？A.Theirtargetusers.B.Theirwidepopularity.C.Theirmajorfunctions.D.Theircomplexdesign.專題一閱讀理解[解題示范]第一步：首尾兼顧定段意根據(jù)第二段中的“Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn'townamobilephone”以及“Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere，anytime”可知，移動電話在澳大利亞幾乎隨處可見，即本段主要談及移動電話在澳大利亞的普及程度。第二步：析選項，斟酌判斷A它們的目標(biāo)用戶。文中提到了年輕人，但他們并不是用于介紹移動電話的目標(biāo)用戶以偏概全，曲解文意專題一閱讀理解第三步：對比選項得出答案[答案]

BB它們廣泛的普及度。本段主旨就是舉例說明手機在澳大利亞非常普遍，該項是對本段內(nèi)容的精煉總結(jié)和概括涵蓋性強，覆蓋全段C它們的主要功能。原文未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容無中生有，生搬硬套D它們復(fù)雜的設(shè)計。原文未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容無中生有，生搬硬套續(xù)上表課堂新體驗A（2022·長沙新高考適應(yīng)性考試）Morethan45，000yearsago，bytheshoreofpresent-dayTasmania，alocalpersonpickedupalargepieceofthick，darkbrownseaweed.Andherealizedthatthisgiantpieceofseaweedcouldbeusedtomakeawatertightbag.And45，000yearslaterinmainlandAustralia，peopleareagainturningtoseaweedtosolvepressingproblems.Today，itisusedtoaddresstheworld'sclimatecrisis.Winberg，amarineecologistattheUniversityofWollongong，hasspentdecadesstudyingseaweed.Shebelievesseaweed'sfastgrowthrateandabilitytoabsorbvastamountsofcarbondioxidecanhelpfightclimatechange，deacidifytheocean，andchangethewaywefarm，notonlyintheoceanbutalsoonland.專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗“Ifweusedtheinfrastructurewehaveintheoceanandcreatedseaweedislands，wewouldactuallygetridofmanyclimatechangeissueswehavetoday，”saysWinberg.Realizingseaweed'spotentialasaclimatesolution，WinbergopenedAustralia'sfirstland-based，commercialseaweedfarmin2013.OnherfarminNewSouthWales，Winbergproducesseaweedextracts（提取物）thatareusedinfood，cosmeticsandmedicines.Likeplantsonland，seaweedabsorbsCO2andgrowsbiomass（生物量）.Coastalmarinesystemscanabsorbcarbonatratesupto50timesgreaterthanforestsonland，accordingtoEmilyPidgeon，seniordirectorofstrategicmarineinitiativesatConservationInternational.Globally，seaweedisthoughttoabsorb專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗nearly200milliontonsofCO2everyyear—asmuchasNewYorkState'sannualemissions.Andwhenseaweeddies，muchofthecarbonlockedupinitstissuesistransportedtothedeepocean.ByraisingpHlevelsintheocean，seaweedalsoimprovesgrowingconditionsforshellfishsuchasoystersandmussels，whoseshellsbecomemorefragile（脆弱的）inacidicenvironments.專題一閱讀理解Thepotentialforseaweedcultivationdoesn'tstopintheocean.Winberghasfoundtherearebenefitsofdoingitonlandtoo.Shebelievesthatseaweedfarmingoffers“hugepotential”tonotonlyaddresstheclimatecrisis，butalsofeedagrowingpopulationinasustainableway.AccordingtoWinberg，onehectare（公頃）課堂新體驗ofaseaweedfarmcanproducemoreproteinthanthesameamountoflandusedforcattle.“We'resittingonundiscovered，renewable，sustainableresources，”shesays.專題一閱讀理解【語篇解讀】

45000多年前，人類發(fā)現(xiàn)海藻可以用來做防水袋?，F(xiàn)在人們可以用海藻來解決世界上的氣候問題。1.WhatismainlyintroducedaboutseaweedinParagraph1？A.Itsuse.

B.Itshistory.C.Itsorigin. D.Itsappearance.解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，45000多年前，人類發(fā)現(xiàn)了海藻可以用來做防水袋。45000年后它被用來解決“pressingproblems”，如今它被用來解決世界上的氣候危機。故可知該段主要介紹了海藻的用途。故A項正確。答案：A課堂新體驗2.Whyisseaweedspokenhighlyofaccordingtothetext？A.Itlowerstheoceantemperaturedirectly.B.Itcontributestoshellfish'sgrowingspeed.C.Itproducesthesameamountofproteinascattle.D.Itgrowsfastandcanabsorbcarbonatahighrate.專題一閱讀理解解析：推理判斷題。由第二段中的“Shebelieves...onland”可知海藻生長速度快，能吸收大量二氧化碳；根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容可知，沿海海洋系統(tǒng)吸收碳的速度高達陸地森林的50倍。由此可推知，海藻生長迅速，并且能以很高的速度吸收碳。故D項正確。答案：D課堂新體驗3.WhatisWinberg'sattitudetowardsseaweed？A.Unclear. B.Favorable.C.Critical. D.Doubtful.專題一閱讀理解解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Shebelieves...butalsoonland”，第三段中的“Ifweused...saysWinberg”和第六段中的“Shebelieves...asustainableway”可知，Winberg對海藻持支持態(tài)度。答案：B課堂新體驗4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？A.CO2，aKillerofClimateChangeB.Pollution，theWorld'sClimateCrisisC.Seaweed，aPotentialClimateSolutionD.Infrastructure，aWayofEliminatingClimateIssues專題一閱讀理解解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，尤其是第一段的最后一句“Today，itisusedtoaddresstheworld'sclimatecrisis”可知，現(xiàn)在人們可以用海藻來解決世界上面臨的氣候問題。由此可知，C項“海藻，一種潛在的氣候解決方案”適合作文章標(biāo)題。答案：C課堂新體驗BIfthethreeRs（reduce，reuseandrecycle）isaguidelinetosavetheplanet，garbage-sortingiswheretheeffortsstart.SinceMay1，Beijinghasstartedtocarryoutmandatorygarbage-sortinginneweffortstobetterprotecttheenvironment.Underthenewregulation，residentsarerequiredtoclassifyhouseholdwasteintofourcategories：

kitchen，recyclable，hazardousandotherwaste.Peoplewhofailtosorttheirgarbageproperlycanbefinedfrom50to200yuan，reportedXinhua.SomeresidentialcommunitiesinBeijinghaveintroducedrewardstoencourageresidentstosorttheirgarbage.AccordingtoXinhua，residentscanearnpointsbyclassifyingtheirdomesticwastecorrectlyandthenexchangethepointstheyaccumulatedfordailynecessitiessuchassoap.專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗Garbage-sortingpracticeshavereachedover70percentofhousingestatesin18cities，includingShanghai，XiamenandHangzhou，accordingtotheMinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopment.Shanghaifirstenactedamandatorygarbage-sortingregulationinJuly2019andhashada90percentcompliance（服從）rateamongitshousingestates.AccordingtoareportbytheMinistryofEcologyandEnvironment，over90percentofthepublicbelievethatgarbage-sortingisimportantfortheprotectionoftheenvironment.However，garbage-sortingisstillabigprobleminChina.Only30percentofparticipantssaidtheythinktheyarecompletelysortingtheirwaste，thereportnoted.AccordingtoXinhua，it'spartlybecausemanypeoplelackthewillingnesstosorttheirownwaste.Also，somepreviousgarbageregulationsdidn'tincludefinesforpeoplewhofailedtoobeythem.專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗“It'samusttohavealegalguaranteetopromotegarbage-sorting，”LiuJianguo，aprofessorfromTsinghuaUniversity，toldChina

Daily.“AsidefromChina，manycountrieslikeGermany，SpainandBritain，alsoaskpeopletosortwasteintospecificcategories.InJapan，thereisafixedtimeforthesortingofeachkindofgarbageandlittering.”【語篇解讀】本文是一篇新聞報道。自5月1日起，北京開始實施強制垃圾分類，以更好地保護環(huán)境。文章介紹了這一政策的相關(guān)規(guī)定，說明了如今中國垃圾分類的現(xiàn)狀和存在的一些問題，以及其他人對于中國垃圾分類的一些看法。專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗5.WhatcanwelearnaboutthenewregulationinBeijing？A.Ithasn'tbeenputin