劉潤清《新編語言學(xué)教程》筆記和課后習(xí)題（含考研真題）詳解

絎?绔犮€€瀵箋€€璦€1.1銆€澶嶄範絎旇鏈珷瑕佺偣錛?/p>1Thedefinitionandmainbranchesoflinguisticsstudy璇█瀛︾殑瀹氫箟鍜岀爺絀剁殑鑼冨洿2Thedefinitionandtheoriginsoflanguage璇█鐨勫畾涔変笌璧鋒簮3Thedesignfeatureandthefunctionoflanguage璇█鐨勭壒寰佸拰鍔熻兘4Somemajorconceptsinlinguistics璇█瀛︿腑閲嶈鐨勬蹇?/p>鏈珷鑰冪偣錛?/p>1鏈夊叧璇█瀛︾殑甯歌€冭€冪偣(1)璇█瀛︾殑瀹氫箟錛岀幇浠ｈ璦€瀛︿笌浼犵粺璇硶瀛︾爺絀剁殑鍖哄埆銆?/p>(2)璇█瀛︿腑鍑犵粍閲嶈姒傚康錛屾瘡緇勪袱涓蹇電殑鍚箟銆佸尯鍒嗗強鍏舵剰涔夈€?/p>(3)鏅€氳璦€瀛︾殑涓昏鍒嗘敮瀛︾鍙婂悇鑷殑鐮旂┒鑼冪暣銆?/p>(4)瀹忚璇█瀛﹀強搴旂敤璇█瀛︾殑涓昏鍒嗘敮鍙婂悇鑷殑鐮旂┒鑼冪暣銆?/p>2鏈夊叧璇█鐨勫父鑰冭€冪偣(1)璇█鐨勫畾涔夛紱璇█鐨勫熀鏈壒寰侊紙浠繪剰鎬с€佷簩閲嶆€с€佽兘浜ф€с€佺Щ浣嶆€с€佷簰鎹㈡€с€佷笓闂ㄦ€у拰鏂囧寲浼犻€掓€э級錛?/p>(2)璇█鐨勫姛鑳斤紙瀵掓殑銆佹寚紺恒€佷俊鎭€佺枒闂€佽〃杈俱€佸姖璇村拰鏂戒負錛夛紱(3)璇█鐨勮搗婧愶紙鏈兘璁恒€佸敱姝岃銆佹ā浠胯銆佹懝澹拌銆佹劅鍙硅銆佸姵鍔ㄥ枈澹拌絳夈€傦級鏈珷鍐呭绱㈠紩錛?/p>鈪?/span>.Definitionoflinguistics鈪?/span>.Linguisticsvs.traditionalgrammar鈪?/span>.Scopeoflinguistics1Microlinguistics2Macrolinguistics鈪?/span>.Definitionoflanguage鈪?/span>.Originsoflanguage1Ding-DongTheory2Sing-SongTheory3Pooh-PoohTheory4Yo-He-HoTheory5Ta-TaTheory6Bow-WowTheory鈪?/span>.Designfeaturesoflanguage1Arbitrariness2Duality3Productivity4Interchangeability5Displacement6Specialization7Culturaltransmission鈪?/span>.Functionsoflanguage1Phaticfunction/communion2Directivefunction3Informativefunction4Interrogativefunction5Expressivefunction6Evocativefunction7Performativefunction鈪?/span>.Somemajorconceptsinlinguistics1Descriptiveandprescriptivegrammar2Synchronicanddiachroniclinguistics3Langueandparole4Competenceandperformance5Syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations6Functionalismandformalism鈪?/span>.Definitionoflinguistics(璇█瀛︾殑瀹氫箟)銆愯€冪偣錛氬悕璇嶈В閲娿€?/span>Linguisticsrefersthescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage,whichisledbythethreescientificcanons:exhaustiveness,consistencyandeconomy.璇█瀛︽槸瀵硅璦€鐨勭瀛︽垨緋葷粺鐨勭爺絀躲€傝璦€瀛︾爺絀剁殑縐戝鎬у彲浠ュ綊綰充負錛氱┓灝芥€с€佷竴鑷存€т互鍙婄畝媧佹€с€?/p>鈪?/span>.Linguisticsvs.traditionalgrammar(璇█瀛︿笌浼犵粺璇硶)Linguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaratleastinthreebasicways.1Linguisticsdescribeslanguages,whiletraditionalgrammarprescribesrulesofcorrectness.2Linguistsregardthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.3Linguisticsdescribeseachlanguageonitsownmerits,whiletraditionalgrammaranalyzeslanguagebasedonaLatin-basedframe-work.璇█瀛﹀湪浠ヤ笅涓夋柟闈笉鍚屼簬浼犵粺璇硶銆?/p>1璇█瀛︽弿榪拌璦€錛屼紶緇熻娉曡瀹氳鍒欍€?/p>2璇█瀛﹁涓哄彛璇槸鍩虹鑰岄潪鏂囧瓧銆?/p>3璇█瀛︽牴鎹璦€鏈韓鐨勪紭鐐規(guī)潵鎻忚堪姣忕璇█錛岃€屼紶緇熻娉曞垯鍩轟簬鎷変竵璇殑妗嗘灦鏉ュ垎鏋愯璦€銆?/p>鈪?/span>.Scopeoflinguistics(璇█瀛︾殑鐮旂┒鑼冪暣)1Microlinguistics(寰璇█瀛?Phonetics璇煶瀛?/p>Phonology闊崇郴瀛?/p>Morphology褰㈡€佸Syntax鍙ユ硶瀛?/p>Semantics璇箟瀛?/p>Pragmatics璇敤瀛?/p>2Macrolinguistics(瀹忚璇█瀛?Sociolinguistics紺句細璇█瀛?/p>Psycholinguistics蹇冪悊璇█瀛?/p>Neurolinguistics紲炵粡璇█瀛?/p>Stylistics鏂囦綋瀛?/p>Discourseanalysis璇瘒鍒嗘瀽Computationallinguistics璁＄畻璇█瀛?/p>Cognitivelinguistics璁ょ煡璇█瀛?/p>Appliedlinguistics搴旂敤璇█瀛?/p>鈪?/span>.Definitionoflanguage(璇█鐨勫畾涔?銆愯€冪偣錛氬悕璇嶈В閲娿€?/span>1Languageisasystem鈥攖heelementsoflanguagearenotorganizedandcombinedatrandom,butratheraccordingtocertainrules.2Languageisarbitrary鈥攖heabsenceofanynaturalornecessaryconnectionbetweenaword鈥檚meaninganditssoundorform.3Languageisvocal鈥攕oundistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.4Languageisusedforhumancommunication鈥攍anguageisdifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsanimalspossess.1璇█鏄竴涓郴緇熲€斺€斿叾鍏冪礌闈炰換鎰忔帓鍒楋紝鑰屾槸鏍規(guī)嵁涓€瀹氳鍒欑粍鍚堢殑銆?/p>2璇█鏄換鎰忕殑鈥斺€斾竴涓瘝鐨勬剰鎬濆拰瀹冪殑澹伴煶鎴栧艦寮忎箣闂存病鏈変換浣曡嚜鐒舵垨蹇呰鐨勮仈緋匯€?/p>3璇█鏄彛澶寸殑鈥斺€旀槸鎵€鏈夎璦€鐨勫熀鏈氦嫻佸艦寮忋€?/p>4璇█鏄漢綾葷敤鏉ヤ氦嫻佺殑宸ュ叿鈥斺€斾笉鍚屼簬鍔ㄧ墿鐨勪氦嫻佺郴緇熴€?/p>鈪?/span>.Originsoflanguage(璇█鐨勮搗婧?1Ding-DongTheory(鏈兘璁?Languagebeganwhenhumansstartednamingobjectsafterarelevantsoundthatwasalreadyinvolvedintheireverydaylife.璇█璧鋒簮浜庝漢綾葷敤涓庢棩甯哥敓媧葷浉鍏崇殑澹伴煶鏉ュ懡鍚嶇墿浣撱€?/p>2Sing-SongTheory(鍞辨瓕璇?Languagearosefromrhythmicprimitivechantsassociatedwithritualdance.璇█璧鋒簮浜庝笌浠紡鑸炶箞鐩歌仈緋葷殑鍘熷鍦ｆ瓕銆?/p>3Pooh-PoohTheory(鎰熷徆璇?Languagecomesfromtheautomaticvocalresponsestopain,fear,surprise,orotheremotions:alaugh,ashriek,agasp.璇█鏉ユ簮浜庡鐥涜嫤銆佹亹鎯с€佹儕璁舵垨鍏朵粬鎯呮劅鐨勮嚜鍔ㄥ０闊沖弽搴旓細澶х瑧銆佸皷鍙€佸枠鎭€?/p>4Yo-He-HoTheory(鍔沖姩鍠婂０璇?Languagestartedwiththerhythmicsoundspeopleusedwhentheyworkedtogether.璇█鏉ユ簮浜庡叡鍚屽姵鍔ㄦ椂鍙戝嚭鐨勬湁鑺傚鐨勫０闊熾€?/p>5Ta-TaTheory(妯′豢璇?Languagecamefromtheuseoftongueandmouthgesturestomimicmanualgestures.璇█鏉ユ簮浜庣敤鑸屽ご鍜屽槾鐨勬墜鍔挎潵妯′豢鎵嬬殑鎵嬪娍銆?/p>6Bow-WowTheory(鎽瑰０璇?Languagedevelopedasonomatopoeia,imitationsofnaturalsounds.璇█璧鋒簮浜庢嫙澹拌瘝錛屽嵆瀵硅嚜鐒跺０闊崇殑妯′豢銆?/p>鈪?/span>.Designfeaturesoflanguage(璇█鐨勫畾涔夌壒寰?銆愰噸鐐廣€佽€冪偣錛氳榪拌璦€鐨勮瘑鍒壒寰併€?/span>1Arbitrariness(浠繪剰鎬?Thisreferstothefactthatthereisnonaturalornecessaryconnectionbetweenaword鈥檚meaninganditssoundorform.ThereisnoexplanationwhyEnglishusethesounds/kæt/torefertotheanimalcat,orwhyChineseusetheword鈥渕ao鈥?torefertothesameanimal.Therelationbetweenthesoundsandwhattheydenoteisentirelyarbitrary.浠繪剰鎬ф槸鎸囨煇涓鍙風(fēng)殑澹伴煶涓庢剰涔変箣闂存病鏈夐€昏緫鎴栧唴鍦ㄨ仈緋匯€備緥濡傦紝鑻辨枃涓敤/kæt/鏉ユ寚鍔ㄧ墿鐚紝鑰屼腑鏂囧嵈鐢ㄢ€渕ao鈥濄€傚崟璇嶇殑澹伴煶涓庡叾鎰忎箟涔嬮棿鐨勫叧緋繪槸浠繪剰鐨勩€?/p>2Duality(浜岄噸鎬?Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures.Atthelowerlevelisastructureofsoundswhichismeaninglessinthemselves.Thesesoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(morphemesandwordsetc.)atthehigherlevel.Thesemeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.Humanlanguage,forexample,hasavarietyofsoundunits,calledphonemes,buteachphonemeisusuallymeaninglessonitsown.Itonlybecomesmeaningfulwhencombinedwithotherphonemestoformamorpheme.浜岄噸鎬ф寚璇█鏈変袱涓郴緇熺殑鐗瑰緛銆傚湪杈冧綆鐨勫眰嬈′笂鏄棤鎰忎箟鐨勫０闊崇郴緇熴€傝繖浜涘０闊沖彲浠ヨ鍒嗗壊騫跺湪杈冮珮灞傛涓婇噸鏂扮粍鍚堟垚澶ч噺鐨勬剰涔夊崟浣?璇礌鍜屽崟璇嶇瓑)銆傝繖浜涙湁鎰忎箟鐨勫崟浣嶅彲浠ヨ瀹夋帓鍜岄噸鏂板畨鎺掓垚鏃犻檺鏁伴噺鐨勫彞瀛愩€傛瘮濡傦紝浜虹被璇█涓殑闊崇礌錛岀嫭绔嬬殑闊崇礌鏈韓閫氬父鏄病鏈夋剰涔夌殑錛屽綋涓庡叾浠栭煶绱犵粨鍚堣搗鏉ュ艦鎴愯绱犳墠鏈夊彲鑳戒駭鐢熸剰涔夈€?/p>3Productivity(鑳戒駭鎬?Productivityorcreativityreferstoman鈥檚abilityoftheusersoflanguagesinmakingandcomprehendinganinfinitenumberofsentencesincludingthosethattheyhaveneverheardbefore.鑳戒駭鎬ф槸鎸囦漢浠殑涓€縐嶈璦€鑳藉姏錛屽畠鑳戒嬌浜轟滑璇村嚭鎴栬€呯悊瑙ｆ棤闄愬鐨勫彞瀛愶紝鏈変簺鏄垜浠互鍓嶄粠鏈惉榪囩殑鍙ュ瓙銆?/p>4Interchangeability(浜掓崲鎬?Interchangeabilityorreciprocityreferstothefactthathumanscantransmitandreceiveidenticallinguisticsignals,andourpositionsasaspeakerandahearercanbeeasilyswitched.浜掓崲鎬ф槸鎸囦漢鍙互浼犻€掑拰鎺ユ敹鐩稿悓鐨勮璦€淇″彿鐨勮兘鍔涳紝鍗充漢浣滀負璇磋瘽鑰呭拰鍚瘽鑰呯殑瑙掕壊鏄彲浠ラ殢鎰忔洿鎹㈢殑銆?/p>5Displacement(縐諱綅鎬?Displacementisthecapabilityoflanguagetocommunicateaboutthingsthatarenotimmediatelypresent,i.e.,thingsthatareeithernothereorarenotherenow.縐諱綅鎬ф槸涓€縐嶈璦€鐨勮兘鍔涳紝瀹冭兘浣夸漢浠皥璁洪偅浜涗笉鍙強鐨勪簨鐗╋紝涔熷氨鏄偅浜涜涔堜笉鍦ㄨ繖閲岋紝瑕佷箞鐜板湪涓嶅湪榪欓噷鐨勪簨鐗┿€?/p>6Specialization(涓撻棬鎬?Specializationreferstothefactthatmanisnotfullyphysicallyinvolvedintheprocessofcommunication.涓撻棬鎬ф槸鎸囦漢浠湪浜ゆ祦榪囩▼涓茍闈炲叏韜姇鍏ワ紝鑰屾槸鍙€氳繃璇█鍗沖彲浜ゆ祦鐨勮兘鍔涖€?/p>7Culturaltransmission(鏂囧寲浼犻€掓€?Languageisculturallytransmitted,i.e.,languageismorelearnedafterbirththroughasocialsettinginsteadofinherent.Thestoryofwolfchildshowthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationissimplydosenotacquirehumanlanguage.璇█鏄€氳繃鏂囧寲浼犻€掔殑錛屾枃鍖栦紶閫掓€ф寚璇█鏄悗澶╅€氳繃紺句細鐜涔犲緱鐨勶紝鑰屼笉鏄笌鐢熶勘鏉ョ殑鐗瑰緛銆傜嫾瀛╃殑鏁呬簨琛ㄦ槑錛屼竴涓湪瀛ょ珛鐜涓暱澶х殑浜烘槸鏍規(guī)湰瀛︿笉鍒頒漢綾昏璦€鐨勩€?/p>鈪?/span>.Functionsoflanguage(璇█鍔熻兘)1Phaticfunction/communion(瀵掓殑鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtoestablishormaintaingoodinterpersonalrelationshipsbetweentheaddresserandaddressee.Greetings,farewells,andaddressesperformthisfunction.璇█鑳界敤鏉ュ湪璇磋瘽鑰呭拰鍚€呬箣闂村緩绔嬫垨緇存寔鑹ソ鐨勪漢闄呭叧緋匯€傚闂€欒銆侀€佸埆鍙婄О璋撱€?/p>2Directivefunction(鎸囩ず鍔熻兘)Languageisusedbytheaddressertogettheaddresseetodosomething.Mostimperativesentencesfulfildirectivefunction.璇█鑳戒嬌鍚瘽鑰呮寜鐓у惉鍒扮殑璇濆幓鍋氥€傚ぇ閮ㄥ垎紲堜嬌鍙ラ兘浣撶幇浜嗚繖縐嶅姛鑳姐€?/p>3Informativefunction(淇℃伅鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtomakestatements,tocommunicateinformation,ortorepresentone鈥檚understandingofsomething.Declarativesentencesperformthisfunction.璇█鐢ㄦ潵闄堣堪錛屼氦嫻佷俊鎭紝鎴栬〃紺轟竴涓漢瀵規(guī)煇浜嬬殑鐞嗚В錛屼竴鑸嚭鐜板湪闄堣堪鍙ヤ腑銆?/p>4Interrogativefunction(鐤戦棶鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtoobtaininformationfromthosebeingasked.Allquestionsthatanticipateresponsesfulfilthisfunction.璇█鐢ㄦ潵鍚戜粬浜烘彁闂€岃幏鍙栦俊鎭€傞渶鍥炵瓟鐨勭枒闂彞浣撶幇浜嗘鍔熻兘銆?/p>5Expressivefunction(琛ㄨ揪鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtosupplyinformationaboutthespeaker鈥檚values,feelingsandattitudes.Exclamatorysentencesperformthisfunction,suchas鈥淢yGod!鈥?and鈥淗urrah!鈥?/p>璇█鐢ㄦ潵鎻愪緵鏈夊叧璇磋瘽鑰呯殑浠峰€艱銆佹劅鎯呭拰鎬佸害鐨勪俊鎭€傛劅鍙瑰彞浣撶幇浜嗘鍔熻兘錛屼緥濡傗€滃ぉ鍛愨€濃€滀竾宀侊紒鈥?/p>6Evocativefunction(鍞よ搗鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtoelicitspecificemotionsinthosewhohearit.Thisfunctionisservedbyjokes,ads,andpropaganda.璇█鐢ㄦ潵浣垮惉璇濊€呬駭鐢熸煇縐嶆劅鎯呫€傚紑鐜╃瑧錛屽箍鍛婅繕鏈夊浼犱腑鐨勮璦€浣撶幇浜嗚繖涓€鍔熻兘銆?/p>7Performativefunction(鏂戒負鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtodothingsortocarryoutactions.鈥淚do.鈥濃€攁sutteredinthecourseofthemarriageceremony;鈥淚namethisshipthe鈥楺ueenElizabeth鈥欌€?璇█鐢ㄦ潵瀹炴柦涓€縐嶈涓恒€傛瘮濡傦紝鈥滄垜鎰挎剰鈥濃€斺€斿湪濠氱ぜ涓婄殑瀹ｈ獡錛涒€滄垜灝嗘鑸瑰懡鍚嶄負鈥樹紛涓借帋鐧藉コ鐜嬪彿鈥欌€濄€?/p>鈪?/span>.Somemajorconceptsinlinguistics(璇█瀛︿腑鐨勪富瑕佹蹇?1Descriptiveandprescriptivegrammar(鎻忓啓寮忎笌瑙勫畾寮忚娉?(1)Descriptivegrammarobjectivelyanalyzesanddescribeshowlanguageisactuallyused;whileprescriptivegrammarattemptstoestablishrulesdefiningcorrectusageoflanguage.(2)Traditionalgrammarisoftenreferredtoasprescriptivebecauseitattemptstosetdownrules.Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive.(1)鎻忓啓寮忚娉曟棬鍦ㄥ璇█榪涜鎻忚堪錛岃€岃瀹氬紡璇硶鏃ㄥ湪瑙勫畾璇█搴旇濡備綍浣跨敤銆?/p>(2)浼犵粺璇硶瀛﹀璇曞浘瑙勫畾璇█瑙勫垯錛岃繖琚О涓鴻瀹氬紡璇硶銆傜幇浠ｈ璦€瀛﹀熀鏈笂鏄弿鍐欏紡璇硶銆?/p>2Synchronicanddiachroniclinguistics(鍏辨椂涓庡巻鏃惰璦€瀛?Synchroniclinguisticsaimsatdescribingalanguageatanygiventime,whilediachronicstudyreferstothestudyofhowalanguageevolvesoveraperiodoftime.Synchroniclinguisticsisconcernedwiththestateoflanguageatanypointinhistorywhereasdiachroniclinguisticsisconcernedwiththevariationsbetweentwoormorestatesoflanguageovertimes.鍏辨椂璇█瀛︽寚鍦ㄤ換浣曠壒瀹氱殑鏃墮棿鎻忚堪涓€縐嶈璦€鐨勮璦€瀛﹀垎綾伙紝鑰屽巻鏃惰璦€瀛︽槸鎸囩爺絀朵竴縐嶈璦€鍦ㄤ竴孌墊椂闂村唴鏄浣曟紨鍙樼殑瀛︾鍒嗙被銆?/p>鍏辨椂璇█瀛﹂泦涓爺絀跺巻鍙蹭換浣曟椂鏈熺偣鐨勮璦€鐜扮姸錛岃€屽巻鏃惰璦€瀛﹂泦涓爺絀跺嚑鍗佸勾鎴栧嚑鐧懼勾鐨勬椂鏈熷唴涓や釜鎴栨瘮涓や釜鏇村鐨勮璦€鐘跺喌鐨勫樊寮傘€?/p>3Langueandparole(璇█涓庤█璇?(1)F.deSaussuremadeanimportantdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole.(2)Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstoparticularrealizationsoflangue.(3)Saussureanalyzeslanguagefromasociologicalperspectiveasamatterofsocialconvention.Languereferstothesocial,conventionalsideoflanguage,whileparolethespeechofindividuals.(1)绱㈢華灝斿璇█鍜岃█璇仛浜嗛噸瑕佸尯鍒嗐€?/p>(2)璇█鏄寚涓€涓璦€緹や綋鐨勬墍鏈夋垚鍛樻墍鍏辨湁鐨勬娊璞＄殑璇█緋葷粺銆傝█璇槸鎸囪璦€鐨勫叿浣撳疄鐜板拰榪愮敤銆?/p>(3)绱㈢華灝斾粠紺句細瀛︾殑瑙掑害鎶婅璦€浣滀負涓€縐嶇ぞ浼氫範淇楁潵鍒嗘瀽銆傝璦€鏄ぞ浼氱殑錛岀害瀹氭€х殑錛岃€岃█璇槸涓漢鐨勮瘽璇€?/p>4Competenceandperformance(璇█鑳藉姏鍜岃璦€搴旂敤)AccordingtoChomsky,competenceisasetofrulesinternalizedbyspeakerswhichenablesthemtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitenumberofsentencesandrecogn