新教材高中北師大版英語選擇性必修1課件Unit3PartⅡLesson1TheSixthExtinction

PartⅡ

Lesson1

TheSixthExtinction雙基夯實(shí)·課前排查核心突破·要點(diǎn)講解夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)·一遍落實(shí)開放課堂·自修自讀【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】話題語境人與自然之人與環(huán)境、人與植物的探討課時(shí)詞匯mass,varied,decrease,blame,rate,quantity常用短語dieout,beatrisk,betoblame,dependon/upon,takeaction,takesteps,setup,inshort,wipeout重點(diǎn)句式(1)介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前的定語從句(2)it作形式主語，主語從句作真正的主語(3)含有without的含蓄虛擬條件句雙基夯實(shí)·課前排查Ⅰ.核心單詞練習(xí)：請(qǐng)根據(jù)所給的詞性和詞義寫出單詞1．________________vt.(使)恢復(fù)2．________________vi.&vt.(使)孵化3．________________adj.瀕危的4．________________vt.影響5．________________vt.責(zé)怪，指責(zé)6．________________vi.&vt.減少

n.減少；減少的量7．________________adj.各種各樣的，形形色色的8．________________adj.大量的9．________________adj.異常的；不平常的10．________________n.物種，種restorehatchendangeredaffectblamedecreasevariedmassunusualspeciesⅡ.常用單詞練習(xí)：根據(jù)句意和所給的首字母或中文提示寫出符合句中單詞的正確形式1．Theseexerciseswillhelpyou________(恢復(fù))yourfullhealth.2．Tenchicks________(孵化)outthismorning.3．Manymeasureshavebeentakentosave_______________(瀕危的)wildlifeinChina.4．Sofar,morethansevenmillionpeople_______________(影響)bydrought.restorehatchedendangeredhavebeenaffected5．Whichdriverwas________(責(zé)怪)fortheaccident?6．Peopleshouldd________theamountoffattheyeat.7．Itisessentialthatyourdietisv________andbalanced.8．Theskywasfullofdarkm________ofclouds.9．Theweatherisabitu________thesedays.It'stoohot.10．Thereareseveralthousands________oftreeshere.toblamedecreasevariedmassesunusualspeciesⅢ.閱讀本部分內(nèi)容，翻譯相關(guān)短語1．采取措施

______________2．由于，幸虧__________3．總之

_______4．處境危險(xiǎn)，受到威脅

________5．依賴，依靠

_________6．由于

______7．負(fù)有責(zé)任

__________8．毀滅；抹去

_______9．消失；絕跡，滅絕

_______takesteps/actionthankstoinshortbeatriskdependonduetobetoblamewipeoutdieout核心突破·要點(diǎn)講解?第一版塊：重點(diǎn)單詞1.massadj.大批的，數(shù)量極多的，廣泛的。僅用于名詞前。n．[C]堆，團(tuán)，塊；[C，usuallysing.]大量，許多；[pl.]大量的東西n．[U](物理學(xué)中的)質(zhì)量themasses[pl.]群眾(教材P52)AboutwhatpercentofallspeciesonEarthbecameextinctduringthemassextinctionknownasthe“GreatDying”？在被稱為“大滅絕”的大規(guī)模滅絕期間，地球上的所有物種中，有大約百分之幾的物種滅絕了？massproduction批量生產(chǎn)amassof一堆……；大量的……massesof成堆的……；大量的……alandmass陸塊，地塊?Theirlatestproductisaimedatthemassmarket.他們的最新產(chǎn)品瞄準(zhǔn)了大眾市場(chǎng)。?Amassofbooksandpapersareonhisdesk.在他書桌上有一堆書和文件。?Whereverthebandwent，massesoffanswouldwelcomethemattheairport.無論這支樂隊(duì)去哪兒，都會(huì)有大量的歌迷在機(jī)場(chǎng)歡迎他們。?Aliterofgasolinehaslessmassthanaliterofwater.一升汽油的質(zhì)量比一升水的質(zhì)量小。?TheTVprogrammebringssciencetothemassesandenjoysgreatpopularity.這個(gè)電視節(jié)目向群眾普及了科學(xué)知識(shí)，很受歡迎。特別提醒：amassof/massesof后可跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)“amassof/massesof＋名詞”作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的形式以of后名詞所表達(dá)的意義而定。Massesofcustomersareenteringthesupermarket.大批顧客正進(jìn)入超市。Amassofsnowliesintheyard.院子里積了大量的雪。[即學(xué)即練]判斷下列句子中mass的詞性及含義/語法填空①ThepolarbearisfoundintheArcticCircleandsomebiglandmassesasfarsouthasNewfoundland.________________②Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.________________③Pluto(冥王星)andTriton(海王衛(wèi)一)havenearlythesamesize,mass,anddensity(密度)．________________④Thegovernmentcaresmuchabouttheinterestsandwell-beingofthemasses.________________⑤Amassofwork____________(do)topreventtheriverfrombeingpolluteduptonow.⑥Theyoungdancerslookedsocharmingintheirbeautifulclothesthatwetook________(mass)ofpicturesofthem.n.塊adj.大批的n.質(zhì)量n.群眾hasbeendonemasses2.decreasen．[C，U]減少，降低vi.&vt.(使大小、數(shù)量等)減少，減小，降低(教材P52)Accordingtoscientists，theyincludevolcaniceruptions，asteroidshittingtheEarthfromspace,changesinsealevels,thedecreaseoftheoxygencontentoftheseaandglobalwarming.科學(xué)家認(rèn)為原因包括火山爆發(fā)、小行星從太空撞擊地球、海平面變化、海洋含氧量下降和全球變暖。adecreasein...在……方面減少onthedecrease在減少decreaseby...減少了……(表示減少的量)decrease(from...)to...(從……)減少到……(表示減少后的量)decreasein...在……方面減少?Therehasbeenadecreaseinthenumberofyoungpeopleoutofwork.失業(yè)青年人數(shù)已經(jīng)有所下降。?Thedemandforcornisonthedecreaseeachyearinthiscountry.這個(gè)國家對(duì)玉米的需求量在逐年減少。?Peopleplantedtreesonthewastehillstodecreasesoilerosion.人們?cè)诨那鹕戏N植樹木以減少水土流失。?Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolhasdecreasedto1,200.我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生數(shù)量已減少到1200人。?Comparedwithlastyear,thepriceofwheathasdecreasedby15%thisyear.和去年相比，今年小麥的價(jià)格已降低了15%。歸納拓展：increase(1)vi.&vt.(使)增長(zhǎng)，增多，增加(2)n.[C，U]增長(zhǎng)，增多，增加increaseto...增加到……(表示增加后的量)increaseby...增加了……(表示增加的量)ontheincrease在增加increasein...在……方面增加

表“開、關(guān)”的英語短語比較：①thedoor/window②turnon/offthelight/theradio③switchon/offtheelectricmachine注意：旋轉(zhuǎn)開關(guān)的電器用turnon/off閘刀開關(guān)的電器用switchon/off門窗用open/close[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreases________bearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoabeliefthatpopulationsareincreasing.②Theaccidentshavedecreased________20%sincethemeasuresweretaken.③Thecrimerateinthisareahasdecreased________thelowestlevelnowadays.④TeaisstillalargepartofdailylifeintheUKtoday,butitseemstobe________thedecrease.⑤Foodpricesincreased________10%inlessthanayear.inbytoonby3.blamevt.責(zé)怪，指責(zé)，把……歸咎于n．[U]責(zé)任，責(zé)備(教材P52)Thistime,humanactivitywillbetoblame.這次，人類活動(dòng)是肇因。blame...for(doing)sth.因(做)某事責(zé)備……blamesth.onsb./sth.把某事歸咎于某人/某事betoblamefor(doing)sth.因(做)某事應(yīng)受責(zé)備；對(duì)(做)某事負(fù)有責(zé)任(不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義)take/beartheblameforsth.承擔(dān)某事的責(zé)任lay/puttheblame(forsth.)on...把(某事的)責(zé)任歸咎于……?Don'tblamehimforbreakingthatvase;afterall,heisonlyachild.別怪他打碎了那個(gè)花瓶，畢竟，他只是個(gè)孩子。?Theyblamedthefailureofthebusinessontheeconomicdownturn.他們把生意的失敗歸咎于經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。?Thehotweatherispartlytoblameforthewatershortage.炎熱的天氣是缺水的部分原因。?Wewerereadytotaketheblameforwhathadhappened.我們準(zhǔn)備好對(duì)所發(fā)生的事承擔(dān)責(zé)任。?Healthofficialsputtheblameforthediseaseonpoorhousingconditions.衛(wèi)生官員們將該疾病的暴發(fā)歸咎于惡劣的居住條件。語境串記：Heisblamedforthebigmistake,butheblameditonothers.Infact,itishe,notothers,thatistoblameforit.他因這次嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤受到了責(zé)備，但他把它歸咎于別人。事實(shí)上，應(yīng)該是他，而不是別人，應(yīng)對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)?？枷蜃粉櫍焊呖纪ǔ囊韵聨讉€(gè)角度設(shè)題對(duì)blame進(jìn)行考查；(1)toblame作表語或定語時(shí)要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義；(2)通過非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)blame進(jìn)行考查；(3)blame后的介詞既可以用on又可以用for，on表示責(zé)怪的對(duì)象，for表示責(zé)怪的原因。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/單句寫作①Somepeopleblamethesmartphone________thetragedy,yetinfactpeople'sweakeningself-controlandself-disciplineare____________(blame)．②Lotsofpeoplefindithardtogetupinthemorning,andputtheblame________thealarmclock.③不要總是把自己的失敗歸咎于他人。你自己應(yīng)該對(duì)其負(fù)責(zé)。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________④科學(xué)家認(rèn)為該疾病的暴發(fā)應(yīng)歸咎于被污染的水。___________________________________________________________fortoblameonDon'talwaysblameyourownfailureonothers.Youyourselfshouldtake/beartheblameforit.Thescientistthoughtthatthepollutedwaterwastoblamefortheillness.4.variedadj.各種各樣的，形形色色的(教材P52)Thereasonsforextinctionsarevaried.物種滅絕的原因多種多樣。varyv.存在不同之處；使多樣化varyfrom...to...在……到……的范圍內(nèi)變化variousadj.各種各樣的varietyn.品種；種類；多樣化；變種avarietyofsth.各種各樣的某事/物?Anythingwillbecomeboringifyoudoitrepeatedly.Thekeyistodevelopabalancedandvariedprogrammethatisfunaswellasprogressive.如果你重復(fù)做一件事，任何事情都會(huì)變得無聊。關(guān)鍵是要制訂一個(gè)既有趣又能取得進(jìn)步的平衡而又豐富多樣的計(jì)劃。?Thenumberoftheaddedflightsvariesfromyeartoyearaccordingtothedemandshownbyflightticketbookingsystems.根據(jù)機(jī)票預(yù)訂系統(tǒng)顯示的需求，新增航班的數(shù)量每年都在變化。?Skilledworkersalsocombinevarioushardwoodsandmetaltocreatespecialdesigns.熟練的工人還將各種硬木和金屬結(jié)合起來，創(chuàng)造出特殊的設(shè)計(jì)。?Joinustotasteavarietyoffreshlocalfoodanddrinks.加入我們，與我們一起品嘗各種新鮮的本地食物和飲料。詞語比較：various,different,varied,variable(1)differentadj.“不同的”，可以和單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用。如：Thisisatotallydifferentmatter.這完全是另外一回事兒。Thetwoboystoldoneandthesamestoryindifferentwords.這兩個(gè)孩子說的故事是一樣的，只是用詞不同。(2)variousadj.各種各樣的。指同一范疇內(nèi)的不同種類。后面只用復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如：RepresentativesfromvariouspartsofthecountryhavearrivedinBeijing.全國各地的代表到達(dá)北京。(3)variable易變的。如：Heisofavariablemood;heneverfinisheswhathestarts.他是個(gè)易變脾氣的人/沒有準(zhǔn)脾氣的人，從來不做完已經(jīng)開始的事情。(4)variedadj.種種的；各種各樣的，富有變化的avariedlife豐富多彩的生活variedtypesofhappiness各種各樣的幸福[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/單句寫作①Thequalityoftheirproductsnever________(vary);itisalwaysexcellent.②Theseopinionschangewithtime,andvary________placetoplace.③Thesupermarketoffers_____________(vary)goodstochoosefrom,somoreandmorepeopleprefertoshopthere.④人們對(duì)這部新劇發(fā)表了各種各樣的意見。(varied)__________________________________________________________⑤大學(xué)所學(xué)的課程往往與當(dāng)今工作所需要的各種知識(shí)和技能不相匹配。(varied)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________variesfromvarious/variedVariedopinionswereexpressedaboutthenewplay.Thecoursesstudiedinuniversitiesoftendonotmatchthevariedknowledgeandskillsrequiredforworktoday.5.raten．[C]速度；比率；價(jià)格，費(fèi)用vt.&vi.評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)估；vt.劃分等級(jí)(教材P52)Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.雖然物種的自然滅絕并不罕見，但現(xiàn)在滅絕發(fā)生的速度讓人擔(dān)憂。ata(n)．..rate以……速度one'sheartrate某人的心率interestrate利率birth/deathrate出生率/死亡率highsuccess/failurerate很高的成功率/失敗率?Babiesdonotgrowatasteadyratebutinstopsandstarts.嬰兒成長(zhǎng)的速度并非一成不變，而是長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)停停，停停長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)。?Thenewtechniquehasahighsuccess/failurerate.這種新技術(shù)的成功率/失敗率很高。?Howdoyouratehimasafootballplayer?你怎么評(píng)價(jià)他作為一個(gè)足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的表現(xiàn)？?Sheiscurrentlyratednumbertwointheworld.她目前排名世界第二。構(gòu)詞法：后綴-rate表示“程度；水平(與first、second等詞連用，表明你認(rèn)為某物屬于哪種程度或水平)”。Theschoolhaseducatedmanyfirst-ratestudents.這所學(xué)校培養(yǎng)出很多一流的學(xué)生。

歸納拓展：ratingn．[C]等級(jí)，級(jí)別creditrating(銀行等作出的)信用等級(jí)評(píng)定(2)與rate相關(guān)的常見短語：atanyrate(強(qiáng)調(diào)事情的真實(shí)性)無論如何，不管怎樣atthis/thatrate照此情形，如此下去ImaybeawayonbusinessnextweekbutatanyrateI'llbebackbyFriday.我下周可能要出差，但無論如何，我最晚星期五回來。Atthisrate,wewon'tgethomeuntilmidnight.照這樣下去，我們得半夜才能到家。[即學(xué)即練]判斷下列句子中rate的詞性及含義/單句語法填空①Hospitalpatientswhoseetreebranchesouttheirwindowarelikelytorecoveratafasterratethanpatientswhoseebuildingsorskyinstead._________②Theexchangerateisinourfavourforthetimebeing._____________③Thisyear,ourschoolhasbeenratedasoneofthemostexcellentschoolsinthelocalarea._____________④Thegolfisratedamongthetoptensportsinthatcountry.___________⑤Thenewcarhasbeengivenanexcellentsafety________(rate)．⑥________thisrate,thisspeciesofanimalcouldbecomeextinctinlessthan10years.n.速度n.價(jià)格；費(fèi)用vt.評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)估vt.劃分等級(jí)ratingAt6.quantityn．[C，U]數(shù)量，數(shù)額，數(shù)目；大量；[U]量(教材P55)Hewenttoacitywhereironwasproducedinhugequantities.他去了一個(gè)大批量生產(chǎn)鐵的城市。

?Weconsumedvastquantitiesoffoodanddrinkthatnight.那天晚上我們大吃大喝了一頓。?Alargequantityofbooksarestoredinthelibraryneartheplayground.大量的書被保存在操場(chǎng)附近的圖書館里。?Largequantitiesofwaterareneededtowaterthefieldsinthisarea.這個(gè)地區(qū)需要大量的水來灌溉田地。?Theyarenowdevelopingwaystoproducethevaccinecheaplyinlargequantities.目前他們正在研究大批量廉價(jià)生產(chǎn)這種疫苗的方法。quantity和quantities前面可以用large,vast,huge等詞修飾。特別提醒：“aquantityof＋不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；“aquantityof＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；”quantitiesof＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Alargequantityofsoiliswashedawaybyraineveryyear.每年都有大量的土壤被雨水沖走。Largequantitiesofmoneyhavebeenspentonbringingupthethreechildren.撫養(yǎng)這三個(gè)孩子已經(jīng)花費(fèi)了許多錢。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Inthepicturewecanseethatthere________quantitiesofapplesinthebasketandthere________alargequantityofmilkinthebucket.(be)②若是你大量訂購的話，我認(rèn)為有可能會(huì)打折。Ifyouorderit__________________________，

Ithinkadiscountwillbepossible.areisinquantity或inlargequantities?第二版塊：重點(diǎn)短語1.dieout滅絕，消失(教材P52)HowmanytimesuptotodayhaslifeonEarthalmostdiedout？到今天為止，地球上出現(xiàn)過幾次生物幾乎滅絕的情況？dieoff相繼死去diefrom/of死于bedyingforsth.渴望某物，極想要某物bedyingtodosth.渴望做某事diedown(tobecomegraduallylessstrong,loud,noticeable,etc.)

逐漸變?nèi)?，逐漸平息dieaway(tobecomegraduallyweakerorfainterandfinallydisappear)

逐漸減弱，逐漸消失?Thisspecieshasnearlydiedoutbecauseitshabitatisbeingdestroyed.因棲息地正受到破壞，這一物種已瀕臨滅絕。?Thatstyleofmusicdiedouthundredsofyearsago.那種風(fēng)格的音樂幾百年前就消失了。?Whentheapplausehaddieddown,shebeganherspeech.掌聲平息后她便開始演講了。?Thesoundofhisfootstepsdiedaway.他的腳步聲漸漸消失了。易混比較：dieaway與dieout,diedown(1)dieout通常指物種滅絕或習(xí)俗消失(2)dieaway(指運(yùn)行中的車的聲音)逐漸減弱(到消失)(3)diedown(指風(fēng)勢(shì)或火勢(shì))逐漸變?nèi)?4)dieoff相繼死去如：①Thesoundsofthetraindiedaway.火車的聲音漸漸消失。②Thefire/windgraduallydieddown.(火/風(fēng)勢(shì)逐漸減弱)③Theanimalsintheforestdiedoff.森林里的動(dòng)物相繼死去。④Dinosaursdiedoutaverylongtimeago.恐龍很久以前就滅絕了。[即學(xué)即練]用die的相關(guān)短語完成句子①Withmoreandmorebirds___________，

somedaysomespecieswill_______.Inaddition,someofthemhave___________environmentalpollution.②Don'tworry.Thestrongwindwill______________soonandwecangoouttohaveabaseballmatchasplanned.③NowI'mthirstyand_________aglassofwater.Ihavewalkedforalongtime.dyingoffdieoutdiefrom/ofdiedown/awaydyingfor2.wipeout徹底消滅，全部摧毀使(人)疲憊不堪unusualadj.不尋常的，罕見的；獨(dú)特的，與眾不同的(教材P52)Extinctions,whereentirespeciesarewipedout,arenotunusualinourEarth'shistory.物種滅絕，即整個(gè)物種的完全消失，在地球的歷史上并不罕見。Itisunusualforsb.todosth.做某事對(duì)某人來說是不尋常的。?Avolcaniceruptionnearlywipedoutthesmallislandin1997.1997年的一次火山噴發(fā)差點(diǎn)把這個(gè)小島毀滅了。?Nothingcouldwipeouthisbittermemoriesofthepast.什么也抹不掉他對(duì)過去的痛苦記憶。?Allthattravellinghaswipedherout.一路舟車勞頓讓她疲憊不堪。?It'snotunusualforhimtofeelveryangryinasituationlikethis.在像這樣的情況下他覺得非常生氣并不罕見。?Hewasanunusualmanwithgreatbusinesstalents.他是一個(gè)與眾不同的人，很有商業(yè)天賦。聯(lián)想串記：usualadj.尋常的，慣常的asusual像往常一樣，照例unusualadj.不尋常的；獨(dú)特的unusuallyadv.不尋常地；特別地usuallyadv.通常地，一般地構(gòu)詞法：“un-”是常見的否定前綴，常可加在形容詞前表示相反的狀態(tài)。常見的詞有：unknown(未知的)，unsafe(不安全的)，unpleasant(令人不快的)等。語境串記：Itisunusualthattherainsuddenlyfallstoday,buthestillgoesrunningintheparkasusual.Heusuallysays,“Onceyouhavegotintothehabitofexercising,youwillsticktoit.”不尋常的是，今天突然下起雨來，但是他仍然像往常一樣在公園里跑步。他經(jīng)常說，“你一旦養(yǎng)成了鍛煉的習(xí)慣，就會(huì)把它堅(jiān)持下去?！盵即學(xué)即練]單句寫作/單句語法填空①地震把這個(gè)小村莊徹底毀滅了。___________________________________________________________②史密斯照例是第一個(gè)到達(dá)教室的。___________________________________________________________③在英國找到一個(gè)這么大的湖泊是不尋常的。___________________________________________________________④Fearandhateforothersis________(usual)causedbyignorance(無知).We'rescaredofthethingsthatwedon'tunderstand.⑤Thistime,westayedtogether,incaseanythingelse________(usual)happened.Thesmallvillagewaswipedoutbytheearthquake.Asusual,Smithwasthefirstonetoarriveattheclassroom.ItisunusualtofindalakeofthissizeinBritain.usuallyunusual3．a(chǎn)trisk意為“有危險(xiǎn)，冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”(教材P53)Ofcourse,aswehumansdependonsomanyspeciesforoursurvival,wewouldalsobeatriskofdyingout.當(dāng)然，由于人類的生存依賴很多種物種，我們也會(huì)有滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。attheriskofdoingsth.冒著做某事的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)takearisk/risks(todosth.)冒險(xiǎn)(做某事)runtherisk(ofsth./ofdoingsth.)冒……的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；冒險(xiǎn)(做某事)runrisks冒險(xiǎn)riskdoingsth.冒險(xiǎn)做某事Cloningmaygreatlycontributetohumanmedicine,butwemustuseitcautiously,becauseitmayputpeopleatrisk.克隆可能會(huì)對(duì)人類醫(yī)學(xué)有很大幫助，但是我們必須謹(jǐn)慎地利用它，因?yàn)樗赡軙?huì)給人們帶來危險(xiǎn)。聯(lián)想串記：[即學(xué)即練]結(jié)合risk的用法完成句子①Hegotwellpreparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn't________________________(冒險(xiǎn)失去這次良好的機(jī)會(huì))．②Ifyou________________________(冒險(xiǎn)不系安全帶),youwillbe________(處于危險(xiǎn)中)．③Inspiteofgreatdanger,thesoldierjumpedintotheriverand_______________________________________________________(冒著生命危險(xiǎn)救那個(gè)女孩)．④Thoughitisfuntoplayonthefrozenriver,_________(這有危險(xiǎn))．risklosingthisgoodopportunityrisknotwearingaseatbeltatriskriskedhislifetosavethegirl/tooktheriskoflosinghislifetosavethegirlitisrisky?第三版塊：典型句式1.reason后接定語從句的用法(教材P53)Thereisalonglistofreasonswhysomanyspeciesaredyingout:airandwaterpollution,forestsbeingdestroyed,factoryfarmingandoverfishing.導(dǎo)致這么多物種正在消亡的原因有很多：空氣和水污染、森林被毀、工廠化養(yǎng)殖和過度捕撈。reason作先行詞，后接定語從句時(shí)：(1)若關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語，要用why或forwhich引導(dǎo)定語從句。(2)若關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語、賓語，要用which或that引導(dǎo)定語從句，其中作賓語時(shí)關(guān)系詞可省略。?There'sareasonwhy/forwhichpeopledon'treadthisstuff:it'snotfunny.人們不讀這種東西是有原因的：它并不逗趣。?Thereasonwhy/forwhichhewaslatewasthathegotuplate.他遲到的原因是他起床晚了。?Hegaveusareasonthat/whichsoundedreasonable.他給了我們一個(gè)理由，這個(gè)理由聽起來合情合理。(關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語)?Thereason(which/that)hehasgivensoundsreasonable.他給出的理由聽起來合情合理。(關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語，可省略)歸納拓展：a/thereasonfor(doing)sth.(做)某事的原因a/thereasontodosth.做某事的原因a/thereasonwhy/forwhich...isthat...……的原因是……[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Thereason________Iadmirehimis________hispositiveattitudetolifehasagreatinfluenceonme.②Isthisthereason_________heexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?③Anotherreason________corn'srise:Thegovernmentencouragesfarmerstogrowcorninsteadofrice_________(improve)waterquality.

whythatthat/whichfortoimprove2.“without＋名詞”引導(dǎo)含蓄條件句(教材P53)Withoutforests,wewouldhavenoairtobreathe,andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive.沒有森林，我們就不能呼吸空氣；沒有干凈的水，我們將無法生存。虛擬條件句的條件有時(shí)不通過條件從句來表示，而是通過介詞短語、上下文或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來，這種虛擬條件句叫作含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句的具體用法如下：?Theywouldn'thavereachedtheagreementsoeasilywithoutthatcommonground.沒有共同的立場(chǎng)，他們是不會(huì)那么容易達(dá)成協(xié)議的。?Butforyourhelp,wecouldn'thavesucceeded.要不是你幫忙，我們不可能成功。?Igotupveryearlyyesterdaymorning,orIcouldnothavecaughttheearlybus.昨天早上我起床很早，否則就趕不上早班車了。?Iwastoobusyatthattime.Otherwise,Iwouldhavecalledyou.我那時(shí)太忙了，否則我就給你打電話了。介詞without的用法(1)without是with的反義詞，意為“不”或“沒有”。Wecandotheworkwithoutyourhelp.我們可以沒有你的幫助而做這項(xiàng)工作。Theyworkedthewholedaywithouttakinganyrest.他們工作了一整天而未休息。(2)without可用在雙重否定句中，往往是用介詞短語代替整句。Nomangetsintotheconditionyouareinwithouttheaidofhisownfolly.＝Nomangetsintothecondictionyouareinifhehasnothisownfollytoblame.如果不是由于自己的愚蠢，沒有人會(huì)落到你現(xiàn)在所處的這般光景。(3)without是介詞，不是連接詞，后面只能接名詞或動(dòng)名詞，不能接不定式。(4)without?？捎脕肀硎緱l件。如：Wecouldneverhavesucceededinwhatweweredoingwithouthisguidance.如果沒有他的指導(dǎo)，我們的工作決不會(huì)成功。句中withouthisguidance＝ifwehadn'thadhisguidance.[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Withouthissupport,wewouldn't________(be)wherewearenow.②—DoyouhaveBetty'sphonenumber?—Yes.Otherwise,Iwouldn't________(be)abletoreachheryesterday.③飛機(jī)晚點(diǎn)一個(gè)多小時(shí)才起飛，否則我就不會(huì)讓你等這么久了。Therewasadelayofoveranhourbeforetheplanetookoff;otherwiseI_____________________(keep)youwaitingforsuchalongtime.behavebeenwould/couldnothavekept3.“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句(教材P53)Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.盡管物種自然滅絕并不罕見，但它目前的發(fā)生速度令人擔(dān)憂。(1)引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不僅可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語，還可以作介詞的賓語。若將介詞提至關(guān)系代詞之前，便形成了“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)可引導(dǎo)限制性或非限制性定語從句；此結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞可為which(先行詞指物)，whom(先行詞指人)。(2)“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的確定在“介詞＋which(先行詞是物)/whom(先行詞是人)/whose(所有格，既可指人又可指物)”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，介詞的選用有以下三種方式：①根據(jù)定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞或形容詞的搭配確定②根據(jù)與先行詞的搭配確定③根據(jù)主從句的邏輯關(guān)系而定(通常是with/without)?Theofficialtowhomweappliedforapermitwasverykind.給我們申請(qǐng)?jiān)S可證的那位官員非常友好。?HaveyoufoundthebookonwhichIspent￡10?你找到那本我花了10英鎊買的書了嗎？?Hewasthemanbywhom

Master

of

the

Gamewastranslated.他就是翻譯《謀略大師》的那個(gè)人。(betranslatedby)?ThetwothingsofwhichtheyfeltproudwereJim'sgoldwatchandDella'shair.他們感到驕傲的兩樣?xùn)|西是吉姆的金表和德拉的頭發(fā)。(beproudof)?IwillneverforgetthedayonwhichIfirstmethim.我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了第一次見他的那一天。(ontheday)?Rosehelpedmealot,withoutwhosehelpIwouldnothavepassedtheexam.羅絲幫助了我很多，沒有她的幫助我不會(huì)通過考試。特別注意：listento,lookat,lookfor,dependon,payattentionto,takecareof等固定短語中的介詞一般不放在關(guān)系代詞前。Thisisthegirlwhom/who/thathewilltakecareof.這就是他將照料的女孩。“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可代替when,where,why,that等關(guān)系副詞。如：①Thereusedtobeatimeatwhich/duringwhich(＝when)theChinesepeoplestruggledforfreedom.②In2006,wemovedtoBoston,inwhich(＝where)mygrandparentslived.③There'snoreasonforwhich(＝why)weshouldn'tbefriends.④Therearevarietiesofwaysinwhich(＝that)wecansolvetheproblem.(注：that在這里用作關(guān)系副詞)[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Thefellow,________whomIspokemadenoansweratfirst.②TheWestLake,________whichHangzhouisfamous,isabeautifulplace.③Inhisroom,Isawabigdesk________whichtherewereallkindsofbooks.④Yesterdaywehadameeting________whichwediscussedmanyproblems.⑤Air,________whichmancouldn'tlive,isreallyimportant.⑥Thisbookhasopenedawindow,__________whichwecanseeawonderfulworld.⑦Yesterdaywepaidavisittothehouse________whichLuXunoncelived.⑧Whoisthepersonwith________youshookhandsjustnow?⑨MrLihastwosons,bothof________arecollegestudents.to/withforonatwithoutthrough/frominwhomwhom4.it作形式主語(教材P53)ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth,includinganimalsandplants.很明顯，人類活動(dòng)已經(jīng)對(duì)地球上其他所有物種產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響，包括動(dòng)物和植物。主語從句充當(dāng)主語時(shí)，為使句子平衡，常用it作形式主語，將主語從句后置，主語從句可用that，what，who，whether，why等詞引導(dǎo)。常見的此類句式有：(1)It＋be＋名詞＋從句It＋be＋apity/shamethat...遺憾的是……It＋

be＋

nowonderthat...難怪……It＋be＋nosurprisethat...……不足為奇(2)It＋be＋形容詞＋從句It＋belikelythat...可能……It＋beclear/obviousthat...顯而易見的是……(3)It＋動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)＋從句It＋besaidthat...據(jù)說……It＋bereportedthat...據(jù)報(bào)道……It＋bebelievedthat...人們相信……It＋besuggested/ordered/demandedthat...(should)do...建議/命令/要求……(從句要用虛擬語氣，即從句謂語動(dòng)詞用shoulddo,should可以省略)(4)It＋特殊動(dòng)詞＋從句Itoccurstosb.that...某人突然想到……Ithappensthat...碰巧的是……Itdoesn'tmatter＋who/why/what...……無所謂/沒關(guān)系?Itisapity/shamethatyouhavemissedsuchawonderfullecture.你錯(cuò)過了這么精彩的演講，真遺憾。?Sheishard-working,soitisnosurprisethatshehaswonfirstprize.她學(xué)習(xí)努力，所以她獲得一等獎(jiǎng)不足為奇。?Itisobviousthatthewaycoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife.很明顯，咖啡的種植方式影響了生活的很多方面。?Itissaidthatabout20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,comparedwith16%in1991.據(jù)說在25到34歲的人群中大約有20%和父母住在一起，而在1991年這一比例是16%。?Itisgenerallybelievedthatabalanceddietisakeytopeople'shealth.人們普遍認(rèn)為均衡的飲食是健康的關(guān)鍵。?ItisdemandedbymyviolinteacherthatI(should)practiseplayingtheviolineveryday.我的小提琴老師要求我每天練習(xí)拉琴。?Itoccurredtohimthathisfarmhadmuchpotential.他突然想到他的農(nóng)場(chǎng)還是很有潛力的。句型Itisthat...的轉(zhuǎn)換：(1)Itissaidthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.issaidtohavedonesth.據(jù)說某人已經(jīng)做了某事Itissaidthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.issaidtobedoingsth.據(jù)說某人正在做某事(2)Itisreportedthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.isreportedtobedoingsth.據(jù)報(bào)道某人正在做某事Itisreportedthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.isreportedtohavedonesth.據(jù)報(bào)道某人已經(jīng)做了某事(3)Itisbelievedthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.isbelievedtobedoingsth.人們相信某人正在做某事Itisbelievedthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.isbelievedtohavedonesth.人們相信某人已做了某事(4)Itisknownthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.isknowntobedoingsth.眾所周知某人正在做某事Itisknownthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.isknowntohavedonesth.眾所周知某人已經(jīng)做過某事了[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)提示，用it作形式主語單句寫作①Itdoesn'tmatter________hesays.②Itisnotclear________willattendtothismatter.③Itdoesn'tinterestme________ornotyousucceed.④很顯然，地球是圓的。(obvious)___________________________________________________________⑤我很榮幸被邀請(qǐng)參加你的生日聚會(huì)。(anhonour)___________________________________________________________⑥許多學(xué)生認(rèn)為英語是一門有趣的學(xué)科。(consider)___________________________________________________________whatwhowhetherItisobviousthattheearthisround.ItisanhonourthatIwasinvitedtoyourbirthdayparty.ItisconsideredbymanystudentsthatEnglishisaninterestingsubject.⑦他在這次墜機(jī)事件中幸免于難真是奇跡。(wonder)___________________________________________________________⑧人們常常建議生病時(shí)要多喝水。(suggest)___________________________________________________________⑨我們已經(jīng)決定將會(huì)議推遲到下周一。(decide)___________________________________________________________Itisawonderthathesurvivedtheplanecrash.Itisoftensuggestedthatone(should)drinkplentyofwaterwhenhe/sheissick.ItisdecidedthatthemeetinghasbeenputoffuntilnextMonday.開放課堂·自修自讀[詞語積累]①wipeout徹底消滅，全部摧毀②unusual/?n'ju??u?l/adj.特別的，不尋常的，罕見的[反義]usualadj.尋常的，通常的③varied/'ve?rid/adj.各種各樣的，不相同的；多變的④volcaniceruption火山噴發(fā)⑤asteroid/'?st?r??d/n.[C]小行星⑥decrease/d?'kri?s/n.[C，U]減少，降低，減少量vt.&vi.(使大小、數(shù)量等)減少，減小，降低⑦betoblame(forsth.)(對(duì)壞事)負(fù)有責(zé)任blamevt.歸咎于，責(zé)怪，指責(zé)⑧at...rate以……的速度raten．[C]速度；比率⑨causeforconcern擔(dān)憂的原因⑩basedadj.在……居住(或工作)?lookat思考，考慮，研究?factoryfarming工廠化養(yǎng)殖?overfishing/???v?'f????/n．[U]過度捕撈[構(gòu)詞法]over-可用作前綴，表示“太，過于”。overproductionn．[U]生產(chǎn)過剩overconfidentadj.過分自信的，自負(fù)的?affect/?'fekt/vt.影響[辨析]effectn．[C，U]效應(yīng)，影響?survivaln．[U]生存，存活survivevi.生存，存活?atrisk有危險(xiǎn)，冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?avoid(doing)sth.避免(做)某事?takeaction采取行動(dòng)[近義]takesteps/measures采取措施?endangered/?n'de?nd??d/adj.(物種)有滅種危險(xiǎn)的，瀕臨滅絕的?solaradj.太陽能的；太陽的solarenergy/power太陽能inshort總之，簡(jiǎn)言之[同義]inaword/inbrieflayeggs下蛋，產(chǎn)卵beginaprogramme開始一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃[拓展]programme構(gòu)成的常見搭配：develop/setup/launch/carryoutaprogramme擬訂/制訂/啟動(dòng)/實(shí)施計(jì)劃raisevt.飼養(yǎng)，培育hatchvi.孵化restore/r?'st??(r)/vt.使復(fù)原h(huán)abitat/'h?b?t?t/n.[C，U](動(dòng)植物的)生活環(huán)境，棲息地naturalhabitat天然棲息地wildlifehabitat野生動(dòng)植物的生存環(huán)境Extinctions,whereentirespeciesarewipedout①，arenotunusual②inourEarth'shistory.Infact,over90percentofallspeciesthateverlivedarenowextinct.Inthelast500million