IRENA-為公正的能源轉(zhuǎn)型尋找共同點(diǎn)：勞工和雇主的觀點(diǎn)（英）

Findingcommon

groundforajust

energytransition

Labourandemployerperspectives

?IRENA2023

Unlessotherwisestated,materialinthispublicationmaybefreelyused,shared,copied,reproduced,printedand/orstored,providedthatappropriateacknowledgementisgivenoftheauthor(s)asthesourceandIRENAasthecopyrightholder.Materialinthispublicationattributedtothirdpartiesmaybesubjecttoseparatetermsofuseandrestrictions,andappropriatepermissionsfromthesethirdpartiesmayneedtobesecuredbeforeanyuseofsuchmaterial.

ISBN:978-92-9260-536-0

Citation:IRENACoalitionforAction(2023),Findingcommongroundforajustenergytransition:Labourandemployerperspectives,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.

AbouttheCoalition

TheIRENACoalitionforActionbringstogetherleadingrenewableenergyplayersfromaroundtheworldwiththecommongoalofadvancingtheuptakeofrenewableenergy.TheCoalitionfacilitatesglobaldialoguebetweenthepublicandprivatesectorstodevelopactionstoincreasetheshareofrenewablesintheglobalenergymixandacceleratetheenergytransition.

Aboutthispaper

ThisbriefwasdevelopedjointlybymembersoftheCoalition’sWorkingGrouponSustainableEnergyJobs.Itbuildsonexchangesanddiscussionsamonglabourunionsandemployersthattookplaceduringaseriesofwebinarsonajusttransition.ThispaperisalsoinformedbyperspectivesfrommorethanadozentradeunionscoveringAsia-Pacific,Africa,Europe,theMiddleEast,andtheAmericasthatwereinterviewedundertheChathamHouserule.

Acknowledgements

Contributingauthors:GiedreViskantaite(IRENA),andKellyRigg(IRENAconsultant)undertheguidanceofRabiaFerroukhi(Director,IRENAKnowledge,PolicyandFinanceCentre).Beneficialinput,supportandreviewswereprovidedbyCeliaGarcía-Ba?os,DialaHawila,PaulKomor,DivyamNagpal,BishalParajuli,IlinaRadoslavovaStefanova,FaranRana,MirjamReiner,MichaelRennerandGondiaSokhnaSeck(IRENA).

Casestudiesandadditionalreviewswereprovidedby:NilsAsk?r-Hune(?rsted),IbtissemHammi(EnelGreenPower),ReshmiLadwa(GWEC),MartaMartinezSanchez(Iberdrola),AndreaRealRuiz(Acciona),andEstherWanza(RaynowEnergy).

Valuablereviewsandinputswerealsoprovidedby:IreneGiner-Reichl(GWNET),MoustaphaKamalGueye,MarekHarsdorff,andCamilaPereiraRegoMeireles(ILO),NamizMusafer(IntegratedDevelopment

AssociationKandy),RobertMarinkovic(IOE),BertdeWel(ITUC)andHannibalTesfahunegn(PowerforAll).TheIRENACoalitionforActionwouldalsoliketoexpressitsgratitudetoallthelabourunionandemployerrepresentativeswhoparticipatedintheeventsanddiscussionsthatinformedthisbrief.

ThisreportwaseditedbyJustinFrench-BrooksanddesignedbyRichardKubicz.

Disclaimer

Thispublicationandthematerialhereinareprovided“asis”.AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbyIRENAandtheIRENACoalitionforActiontoverifythereliabilityofthematerialinthispublication.However,neitherIRENA,theIRENACoalitionforAction,noranyofitsofficials,agents,dataorotherthird-partycontentprovidersprovidesawarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied,andtheyacceptnoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyconsequenceofuseofthepublicationormaterialherein.

TheinformationcontainedhereindoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofallMembersofIRENAorMembersoftheCoalition.Mentionsofspecificcompanies,projectsorproductsdonotimplyanyendorsementorrecommendation.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialhereindonotimplytheexpressionofanyopiniononthepartofIRENAortheIRENACoalitionforActionconcerningthelegalstatusofanyregion,country,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationoffrontiersorboundaries.

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01

02

03

04

Contents

Figures04

Boxes04

Abbreviations05

EXECUTIVESUMMARY06

INTRODUCTION08

SECTION1:ANENERGYTRANSITIONTHATWORKS

FORPEOPLEANDTHEPLANET10

1.1Implicationsofthetransitionfortheworldofwork11

1.2Avoidingmisalignmentsbetweenjobslostandjobsgained12

1.3Ajusttransitionforworkersandcommunities13

1.4Newdevelopmentmodelscompatiblewithclimate,

ecologicalandsocialsustainability23

SECTION2:CREATINGDECENTJOBS24

2.1Ensuringdecentjobsmeansthatallvoicesmustbeheard:

Socialdialogueandparticipation26

2.2Workingwithdignityandfairness:

Fundamentalhumanandlabourrights28

SECTION3:BUILDINGTHEWORKFORCEOFTHEFUTURE30

3.1Skills,education,andtraining31

3.2Workforcediversity34

SECTION4:MOBILISINGFINANCEFORAJUSTENERGYTRANSITION42

RECOMMENDATIONS47

REFERENCES50

Figures

FIGURE1:Evolutionofglobalrenewableenergyemploymentbytechnology2012-20211

1

FIGURE2:Jobmisalignments1

2

FIGURE3:Globalprogresstowardsuniversalenergyaccess1

8

FIGURE4:Holisticpolicyframeworks2

2

FIGURE5:Women’sshareintheenergyworkforce3

4

FIGURE6:Sourcesoffunds,intermediaries,instrumentsandpolicies4

5

Boxes

BOX1:ILOjusttransitionguidelines1

4

BOX2:Spaindevelopsjusttransitionagreementsforaffectedregions1

6

BOX3:TheBeyondOilandGasAlliance2

0

BOX4:?rstedandNABTUpartnership2

6

BOX5:Acciona’ssocialinitiatives

27

BOX6:Enel“StatutodellaPersona”2

8

BOX7:Skills2Power–buildingskillsintelligenceintheelectricitysector3

2

BOX8:WomeninWind-globalleadershipprogrammeandempoweringthefemaleworkforce3

5

BOX9:SchoolofElectriciansforwomen3

7

BOX10:TheEnergyTransitionEducationNetwork

39

BOX11:IberdrolaandUNICEFalliance

39

BOX12:Goodpracticesforyouthinclusion,trainingandqualityjobs–spotlightonEstherWanza4

0

BOX13:PetrochemicalplantsinLouisana,UnitedStates:"CancerAlley"Louisiana4

1

BOX14:Theroleofmultilateralbanksinthejusttransition4

6

Abbreviations

BOGA

BeyondGasandOilAlliance

DFI

developmentfinanceinstitution

DRE

decentralisedrenewableenergy

GWEC

GlobalWindEnergyCouncil

GWNET

GlobalWomen’sNetworkfortheEnergyTransition

ILO

InternationalLabourOrganization

IPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange

ITUCInternationalTradeUnionConfederation

kVkilovolt

kWpkilowattpeak

NABTU

NorthAmerica’sBuildingTradesUnions

NOWA

NationalOffshoreWindAgreement

PPA

powerpurchaseagreement

SDG

SustainableDevelopmentGoal

SEJPSustainableEnergyJobsPlatform

UNUnitedNations

UNICEF

UnitedNationsChildren’sEmergencyFund

VET

vocationaleducationandtraining

Executivesummary

07

Arapidtransitiontoarenewableenergysystemisimperativeiftheworldistoavoidtheworstimpactsofclimatechange;butajusttransition–wherenooneisleftbehind–iscriticaltomeetjusticeandequitydemandsandensurebroadsocialacceptanceoftheprofoundchangestheenergytransitionentails.

Intheshifttowardsarenewables-basedenergysystem,governments,businesses,labourunionsandworkersthemselvesallhavekeyrolestoplaynotonlyinacceleratingtheenergytransition,butalsoinshapinghowitwillunfold.Successwillbepredicatedonapproachingthetransitioninaninclusiveandparticipatoryway,meaningthatitisimportanttogivevoicetoallparticipants.Tothatend,thisbriefpresentslabourunionandemployerperspectivesonajusttransition,andoffersrecommendationsforachievingtheiraimsacrossdifferentgeographies,circumstancesandstartingpoints.

Holisticpolicyframeworkstailoredtolocalconditionsmustbeputinplace,asthechallengesareinterconnectedandeachcountryrequiresdifferentapproachesovervariedtimeframes.Morejobswillbecreatedthanlost;however,proactiveeffortsandenablingpoliciesareneededtoaddresspotentiallabourmarketmisalignmentsanddistributionalimpacts,andtoprotectandreskillworkerswholosetheirjobs.Inaddition,givendifferentregionalexperiences,thereisnoone-size-fits-allsolution.Ajusttransitionrequiresdifferentapproachesforregionswithahighdependencyonfossilfuelsascomparedwiththoseinalowenergyaccesssetting.Economicdiversificationiskey,buildingonexistinginfrastructure,skillsandlocalstrengths.Atthesametime,socialequityimperativesmustbeaddressed.Energyisanessentialservice,soitwillbevitaltoensurethatenergyisaffordabletoall,andtolow-incomehouseholdsinparticular.Incountrieswhereenergyaccessislacking,ajusttransitionmustbepursuedwhilesimultaneouslyensuringmodernenergyservicesforall.

Ifthetransitionistogainthefullsupportofthelabourmovement,thefocusmustbeonqualitynotjustquantity.Governmentsarefacedwiththechallengeofcreatingtheconditionstogeneratedecentjobsinalow-carboneconomywhilesimultaneouslyprotectingworkers–alongwiththeirfamiliesandthecommunitiesthatdependonthem–asfossilfuel-basedindustriesarephasedout.Socialdialogueshouldplayagreaterroleinshapingenergytransitionlabourpolicy.Thisrequiresthemeaningfulengagementofworkersandlocalcommunities,aswellastheutmostrespectforfundamentalhumanandlabourrightsacrossvaluechains.Also,targetedmeasuresareneededforinformalworkers.

Inordertobuildaworkforceforthefuturegreeneconomy,trainingandeducationmustbeadaptedtomeetanticipatedneedsandeffortsmustbeorientedtowardsensuringgreaterworkforcediversityandinclusion.Tomaintainthemomentumofthetransitionandminimisedisruption,itisimportanttoidentifytheskillsthatwillbeneededandadjusteducationandtrainingprogrammestomeettheseevolvingdemands.Beyondpreparingthecurrentworkforceforthetransition,opportunitiesmustbecreatedfortheincreasedparticipationofwomen,ethnicminoritiesandyouth,reflectingthecompositionofoursocietiesandbroadeningthetalentpool.Thetransitionoffersopportunitiesforall,regardlessofbackground,experienceoreducation-whichmayrangefromSTEM(science,technology,engineeringandmathematics)togenericskillsets.Ifgovernments,industry,educationalinstitutionsandtradeunionscollaborateinthiscontext,theoutcomesaremorelikelytobesuccessful.

Adequatefinance-includingthroughincreasedinternationalco-operationtodirectinternationalfinancialflowsofpublicfunds-isessentialtoachievingajusttransition.Beyondinvestmentsinenergytransition-relatedtechnologiesandpolicies,fundingshouldflowinto:trainingandeducationtobuildcapacityandensuretheavailabilityofskillstomeetfutureneeds;supportforthedevelopmentoflocalindustries;anddeliveringtherequiredinfrastructure.Proactiveplanningisrequiredsothatfinanceisallocatedtodelivertheresultsmostbeneficialtosociety,includingtoachieveadecisiveshiftawayfrominvestmentinfossilfuelstowardsajusttransitiontorenewablesthatimprovessocio-economicoutcomes.IRENAmodellingresultsreflectbroadinternationalco-operationtoraisegrossdomesticproduct(GDP),employmentandwelfareinnumerouscountries-especiallyindevelopingandemergingeconomieshighlydependentonfossilfuels.Withtherightmeasuresinplace,theenergytransitionpresentsanunprecedentedopportunitytorenderourenergysystemsmoresustainable,equitableandinclusive.

Introduction

Governments,businesses,academiaandcivilsocietygroupsnowmakeroutinereferencesto“l(fā)eavingnoonebehind”andsimilarphrasesthatemphasisetheimportanceofjustandequitableoutcomestoprofoundsocietalchangessuchastheenergytransition.Thatsuchreferenceshavebecomepartoftheestablishedvocabularyisencouraging;itsignalsagrowingacceptancethattheenergytransitionmustgofarbeyondissuesoftechnologyandcostandmakesocio-economicdimensionsacoreconsideration.However,eventhoughtheconceptofajusttransitionisgainingtractioninclimatepoliciesanddiscussions,itremainstobeseenhowitstenetsareimplementedinpractice.

Recentevents,fromtheCOVIDpandemictothecurrentenergycrisis,aswellasperennialconcernsaboutcommunitiestrappedinpovertyintheabsenceofreliableandaffordableenergy,underscorethecloseinterlinkagesbetweenenergy,societiesandeconomies.Thereisaclearneedtotackleclimatechangehandinhandwithjusticeandequityconsiderations.

Theinternationalconsensusisthatweneedanenergytransitionthatisjust–greeningtheeconomyinafairandinclusiveway,providingdecentworkandleavingnoonebehind,asdefinedintheJustTransitionGuidelinesoftheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO).However,amultitudeofapproachesexiststotranslatethisinpractice.Implementationisregion-specificandentailsmanydimensions,suchasfinancing,accessandsocio-economicconsiderations.

Theterm“justtransition”originatedwithinthetradeunionmovementmorethan50yearsago,andisrecognisedintheParisAgreement:“Takingintoaccounttheimperativesofajusttransitionoftheworkforceandthecreationofdecentworkandqualityjobsinaccordancewithnationallydefineddevelopmentpriorities...”.Yeteventodayworkersarelargelyexcludedfromprocessesthathavefar-reachingconsequencesfortheirlivelihoods.

09

Allthreepillarsofthelabourmarket–workers,includingthoserepresentedbytradeunions;businesses;andgovernments–playacriticalroleineffortstoensurethatthetransitiontoarenewableenergyfutureisinpracticejust,equitableandinclusive.Manytradeunionsintheenergysectorandrelatedindustriessupportaclimate-safeenergytransition(“nojobsonadeadplanet”isafrequentlyheardunionslogan);bbutworkersarealsounderstandablyconcernedaboutthedetailsofhowthetransitionwillunfold.Meanwhile,employersdrivingtheenergytransitionarecallingforalevelplayingfieldandconsistentlong-termpoliciestoenablethecreationofthegreeneconomy,bridgeskillsgapsandmakeajusttransitionacoreconsideration.

IRENA’smodellingfindsthatmorenewjobswillbecreatedthanlostbytheenergytransition.Yetsuchmacro-levelfindingsdonotnecessarilymeanthatallaffectedcommunitiesandworkerswillexperienceasmoothtransition,givendisruptivetrendsandvarioustypesofmisalignment(temporal,spatial,sectoralandeducational)inlabourmarketsalongtheway.Inotherwords,jobsgainedwillnotnecessarilyexceedjobslostinanyspecificcommunity.

Whilstthenumberofjobscreatedisimportant,theirqualityisalsocriticalforajusttransition.Thisincludesdecentpayandretirementbenefits,occupationalhealthandsafety,overallworkplacepracticesandjobsecurity.Jobsinrenewablesdonotnecessarilypayaswellasthoseinconventionalenergy,particularlyintheminingandutilitysectorswherelabourrepresentationishigherandcollectivebargainingarrangementsaremoreestablished.Also,detaileddataarelacking;muchbetterinformationisneededtoinformdecisionmaking.

Theenergytransitionwillhavebroadimpactsonsociety,energyuseandincomeinequalityareinextricablylinked.Energysubsidyreformandcarbonpricingpoliciessuchastaxationwillbeneededtoshiftawayfromfossilfuels–whichtodayaccountfor80%oftheglobalenergysupply–andbringaboutnet-zeroemissionsby2050(IRENA,2022a).Theenergytransition’scostsandbenefitsmustbesharedequitably,avoidingregressivepoliciesthatcouldresultinhigherpricesforlow-incomehouseholdsthatspendalargershareoftheirincomeonenergyandrelatedbasicgoods,suchasfood,housingandtransport.Thegenderperspectiveisalsorelevantaslow-incomehouseholdshaveahigherproportionofwomen.Thecurrentenergycrisishasseencountriesexperienceincreasedsocialdeprivationandinequality,andfacesocialunrestandconflict.Socialequityconsiderationsinenergytransitionpoliciesarekeytogainingpublicsupportandavoidingdelaysandoppositiontoenergytransitionmeasures(ILO,2015).

Whiletherearegoodexamplesofjusttransitionpoliciesbeingimplementedbygovernmentstoday,theyremaintoofewandfarbetween.Increasedsocialdialogue–betweengovernments,theprivatesectorandtradeunions–isimperativeasenergy,industrialandclimatepolicyandpublicinvestmentstrategiesarebeingshaped.

Between2020and2022,IRENAconsultedwithtradeunionsandenergysectoremployerstounderstandtheirconcernsandinformtheAgency’sworkonajusttransition.Akeyconclusiondrawnfromthisdialogueisthatallvoicesmustbeheard,especiallythoseofworkersandcommunitiesonthefrontlineofthetransitionwhowillbemostaffected.Theobjectiveofthisbriefistocaptureinsightsfromthesediscussionsonhowtheenergytransitioncanunfoldinajustmannerforworkersandcommunities.Thefirstchaptertakesabroadviewoftheenergytransition’simpactsontheworldofworkandhowpolicyframeworksshouldbeadaptedtoanticipatethesenewrealities.Thesecondchapterdissectstheessentialcomponentsofqualityjobsinalow-carbonfuture.Thethirdchapterexaminesthegreenskillsandeducation,trainingandreskillingeffortsneededtobuildtheworkforcepoweringtheenergytransition.Finally,thefourthchapterfocusesonfinanceflowsalignedwithajusttransitionimperative.Thesejusttransitionelementsandenablersareillustratedwithreal-worldexamplesofgovernments,companiesandpeopleturningprinciplesintopractice.

Section1

Anenergytransition

thatworksforpeople

andtheplanet

11

Millionjobs

Solar

photovoltaicBioenergya

Hydropowerb

Windenergy

Solarheating/cooling

Othersc

Theenergytransitionfromfossilfuel-basedsourcestolow-carbontechnologieswillrequireunprecedentedrestructuringofoureconomies.Industrialisedcountriesbecamewealthyinaneraofcheapandabundantenergyconsistinglargelyoffossilfuels.Virtuallyeveryfacetoftheireconomiesdepended(andstilldoes)insomewayonfossilfuels,whichaccountfor80%oftoday’sglobalenergysupply(IRENA,2023a).Theoilshocksofthe1970scatalysedconcernsabouttherisksofdependingonfossilfuels,butitwasnotuntilthethreatofclimatechangemovedupthepoliticalagendaintheearly1990sthatcallsforarenewableenergytransitionweremadeinearnest.

Atthattimetherewaslittleconfidenceinthefeasibilityofarenewableenergyfuture.Inthepastdecade,however,thescaleandspeedatwhichrenewableshavebecomemainstreamhavetakenmanybysurprise.Theadditionofnewcapacityhasregularlysurpassedthemostoptimisticprojections.Now,withtheclimateimperativebecomingincreasinglyurgentandthecostofrenewabletechnologiesfalling,thereisnoexcusefordelayingthephase-outoffossilfuels.

1.1IMPLICATIONSOFTHETRANSITIONFORTHEWORLDOFWORK

IRENAhascarriedoutextensivestudiesonarangeofdifferentaspectsoftherenewableenergytransition,andaspreviouslynoted,oneofitsmostimportantfindingsisthatarenewables-basedeconomywillyieldmorejobsthanarelostbyphasingoutoffossilfuels.

Alow-carboneconomywillcreatenewjobsinrenewables,energyefficiency,thecirculareconomyandrelatedsectorsasfossilfuelsarephasedout–yieldinganetincreaseinthenumberofenergysectorjobsoverall.

ThenumberofpeopleemployedintherenewableenergysectorhassteadilygrownoverthepastdecadesinceIRENAbeganmonitoringemploymenttrends:from7.3millionin2012,to12.7millionin2021–evenaccountingfortheeconomicdisruptionsresultingfromthepandemic(Figure1)(IRENAandILO,2022).

Figure1Evolutionofglobalrenewableenergyemploymentbytechnology2012-2021

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0.43

0.27

0.18

0.82

0.16

0.24

0.94

0.23

0.50

0.22

0.89

3.18

0.75

2.88

1.66

2.50

4.29

3.98

2.40

3.37

3.09

2.77

2.27

1.36

0.77

1.37

2.37

0.82

1.25

2.18

0.80

1.16

2.05

0.83

1.16

2.06

0.76

1.03

2.04

0.81

1.15

1.99

1.17

1.96

1.08

2.16

0.83

2.21

0.20

3.68

3.44

3.05

2.99

2.49

3.58

3.52

3.75

2.74

0.19

0.18

2012201320142015201620172018201920202021

7.38.59.510.010.1

11.512.0

10.511.1

12.7Total

Source:(IRENAandILO,2022).

12

3

4

2

Toputthisincontext,approximately65millionpeopleareemployedintheenergysectorworldwide;8millionpeopleworkinoilsupply,over6millionincoalsupply,andnearly4millioningassupply(IEA,2022).Atpresent,thesejobsaredistributedunevenlyacrosstheworld.Asmallnumberofcountries,albeitrepresentinglargeproportionsoftheworld’spopulationandeconomy(China,Brazil,India,theUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnion)dominatethejobmarketforrenewableenergy.Chinaaloneaccountsfor42%ofthegloballabourmarket(IRENAandILO,2022)

AccordingtotheIRENAWorldEnergyTransitionsOutlook(IRENA,2022a),a1.5°C-alignedenergytransitioncouldcreatecloseto85millionadditionalenergytransition-relatedjobsby2030,providingopportunitiesforpeoplewitharangeofskillsandeducationallevels,assumingthenecessarylarge-scaleinvestmentsareundertakenandtherightpolicyframeworksareputinplace,asdetailedinsection4.

1.2AVOIDINGMISALIGNMENTSBETWEENJOBSLOSTANDJOBSGAINED

Despitethenetgainofjobsintherenewableenergytransition,therecouldbesignificanttemporal,spatial,sectoralandeducationalmisalignments(Figure2).Thephase-outofcoalalonecouldleadtothelossof12millionfossilfueljobs,ashiftthatposeschallengesforaffectedworkers,communities,businessoperatingthoseassetsandinvestorscountingonthereturns(IRENA,2020a).Intheshorterterm,challengesincoalregionsthatcurrentlyemploylargenumbersofworkerswillbeespeciallysignificantasitisunlikelythatthejobsincoalwillbedirectlyreplacedwithjobsinrenewableenergy.Educationandtrainingprogrammescancertainlyhelp,butneedtobepairedwithconsistent,smoothplanningtoavoidboomandbustcycles,increasingaccesstofinanceandtraining,adequateindustrialpolicymakingandstrongersocialprotectionschemes.

Figure2Jobmisalignments

1

2

3

4

Temporal.Thecreationofnewjobsdoesnotnecessarilytakeplaceonthesametimescaleasthelossofemployment.

Spatial.Newjobsarenotnecessarilybeingcreatedinthesamelocations-communities,regionsorcountries-wherelossesoccur.

Sectoral.Jobgainsandlossesmayafectdiferentsectorsoftheeconomy,givendiferentsupply-chainstructuresanddivergingsetsofinputsbetweenrisinganddecliningindustries.

Educational.Theskillsassociatedwithvanishingjobsdonotalwaysmatchthoserequiredbyemergingjobs.

Source:(IRENA,2020b).

Sectoral

Temporal

1

Spatial

Educational

Avoidingwidespreadmisalignmentswillrequiregovernmentstoadoptpolicyandregulatoryframeworksattunedtothetransition.Economicdiversificationwillbekey,buildingonexistinginfrastructure,skillsandlocalstrengths.Policieswillneedtobeaimedatupskillingandretrainingtheexistingworkforce,andequippingworkers(currentandfuture,includingyoungwomenandmen)withtheskillstomeetfuturedemands,amongothermeasures(IRENA,2022a).

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SECTION1ANENERGYTRANSITIONTHATWORKSFORPEOPLEANDTHEPLANET

1.3AJUSTTRANSITIONFORWORKERSANDCOMMUNITIES

ILOJustTransitionGuidelines(seeBox1)werenegotiatedataTripartiteMeetingofExpertsandthenapprovedbytheTripartiteconstituenciesin2013,includingthe186ILOmemberStates.TheywereincorporatedintolaterUNagreementsandarereflectedintheParisAgreementandsubsequentUNFCCCdecisions.Accordingtotheseguideli