英美曰小子何莫學(xué)夫詩可以興觀群怨邇父遠(yuǎn)之事君

Versification

of

English

PoetryBy

MengXihuaLead-in1.

Do

you

like

poetry？2.

Do

you

like

Chinese

poetry?3.

Do

you

like

English

poetry?詩子曰：“小子何莫學(xué)夫詩？詩可以興，可以觀， 可以群，可以怨。邇之事父，遠(yuǎn)之事君，多識(shí)于 鳥獸草木之名?！保?7.9）子曰：“興于詩，立于禮，成于樂?！保?.8）不學(xué)詩，無以言。始可與言詩已矣，告諸往而知來者。The

Charm

of

Poetry—詩歌之美One

shade

the

more,

one

ray

the

less,Had

half

impair’d

the

nameless

grace.——

G.

G.

Byron

“She

Walks

in

Beauty”增之一分則太長(zhǎng)，減之一分則太短，施朱則太赤，著粉則太白……——宋玉《登徒子好色賦》多少人曾愛慕你年輕時(shí)的容顏可是誰能承受歲月無情的變遷When

You

are

Oldby

William

Butler

YeatsWhen

you

are

old

and

gray

and

full

of

sleepAnd

nodding

by

the

fire,

take

down

this

book,And

slowly

read,

and

dream

of

the

soft

lookYour

eyes

had

once,

and

of

their

shadows

deep;How

many

loved

your

moments

of

glad

grace,And

loved

your

beauty

with

love

false

or

true;But

one

man

loved

the

pilgrim

soul

in

you,And

loved

the

sorrows

of

your

changing

face.And

bending

down

beside

the

glowing

bars,Murmur,

a

little

sadly,

how

love

fledAnd

paced

upon

the

mountains

overhead,And

hid

his

face

amid

a

crowd

of

stars.當(dāng)你老了葉慈當(dāng)你老了，頭白了，睡思昏沉，

爐火旁打盹，請(qǐng)取下這部詩歌，

慢慢讀，回想你過去眼神的柔和，回想它們過去的濃重的陰影；多少人愛你年輕歡暢的時(shí)候，愛慕你的美麗、假意或真心，只有一個(gè)人愛你那朝圣者的靈魂，愛你衰老了的臉上的痛苦的皺紋；垂下頭來，在紅光閃耀的爐子旁，凄然地輕輕訴說那愛情的消逝，

在頭頂?shù)纳缴纤従忰庵阶樱?/p>

在一群星星中間隱藏著臉龐。Versification

of

English

Poetry王力先生說過：

“（漢語）詩詞的格律主要就是聲律，而所謂聲律只有兩件事：第一是韻，第二是平仄?！倍捌截啤本褪窃姼璧囊环N節(jié)奏，其實(shí)英詩的格律也是這兩個(gè)因素：韻(rhyme)

和節(jié)奏

(rhythm)。I.

Rhythm漢語詩歌的基本單位是“字”，所以我們常說

“五言絕句”，“七言律詩”等。可是英語中沒有與漢語“字”相當(dāng)?shù)膯挝?，所以它的?jié)奏或者韻律的基本單位是“音節(jié)”（syllable)。而英語中沒有平仄，英詩正是通過重讀音節(jié)（stressed/accented

syllables)

與非重讀音節(jié)（unstressed/unaccented

syllables)

有規(guī)律的交替出現(xiàn)而形成節(jié)奏的。而這種賦予詩歌以節(jié)奏感的做小單位就是“詩步”(poetic

foot).1.

音步(foot)FOOT:

A

basic

unit

of

meter

consisting

of

a

setnumber

of

strong

stresses

and

light

stresses.

Usually,a

foot

consists

of

no

more

than

three

syllables

with

astressed

syllable.Each

unit

of

stress

and

unstressed

syllables

iscalled

a

“foot.”Four

Main

Types

of

FootThe

iambic

foot,or

the

iambus/抑揚(yáng)格：(the

most

frequently

used one)a

lightly

stressed

syllablefollowed

by

a

heavilystressed syllable.The

trochaic

foot,or

thetrochee/揚(yáng)抑格：a

stressed

followed

by

a light

syllableThe

anapestic

foot,or

theanapest/抑抑揚(yáng)格：two

light

syllables followed

by

a

stressed

syllableThedactylic

foot,orthe

dactyl/揚(yáng)抑抑格：a

stressed

syllable followed

by

two

lightsyllablesIambs

and

anapests,

since

the

strong

stress

is

at

the

end,

are

called“rising

meter”;

trochees

and

dactyls,

with

the

strong

stress

at

the

beginningwith

lower

stress

at

the

end,

are

called

“falling

meter.”

Additionally,

if

alineends

in

a

standard

iamb,

with

a

final

stressed

syllable,

it

is

said

to

havea

masculine

ending.

If

a

line

ends

in

a

lightly

stressed

syllable,

it

is

said

tobe

feminine.

To

hear

the

difference,read

thefollowing

examplesaloudandlisten

to

the

finalstress:Masculine

Ending:’T

was

the

night

before

Christmas,

and

all

through

the

house,Not

a

creature

was

stirring,

not

even

a

mouse.Feminine

Ending:’T

was

the

night

before

Christmas,

and

all

through

the

housing,Not

a

creature

was

stirring,

not

even

a

mousing.2.

詩行（Verseline）英詩分寫成詩行，而一個(gè)詩行是有若干個(gè)音步構(gòu)成的，一個(gè)詩行的音步數(shù)目一般不超過九個(gè)，從一個(gè)起分別叫做：一音步：one

foot,or

monometer二音步：two

feet,or

dimeter三音步：three

feet,or

trimeter四音步：four

feet,or

tetrameter五音步：five

feet,

or

pentameter六音步：sixfeet,orhexameter七音步：seven

feet,or

heptameter八音步：eight

feet,

oroctameter

九音步：nine

feet,or

nonameter音步律(meter)meter的意思在英詩中比較模糊。在這里，我們將詩行中的音步類型和數(shù)目叫做這個(gè)詩行的meter，我們翻譯為“音步律”，例如：抑揚(yáng)格五音步

(the

iambic

pentameter)

或者叫做五音步抑揚(yáng)格

(the

five

feet

iambus)，就是“英雄詩行”（the

heroic

verse)

的音步律。英雄詩行在英詩中的使用是最多的。Whˇen‵

yˇo‵u

aˇre

o‵

lˇd

an‵

dˇgr‵ay

and

full

of

sleepˇAnd‵

nˇ

od‵dˇin‵g

bˇy

th‵e

fireˇ,

t‵ake

down

this

book,ˇAnd‵sˇlo‵wlˇy

rea‵d,

ˇan‵dˇdr‵eam

of

the

softlookˇYou‵reyˇes‵hadˇ

o‵nceˇ,

a‵nˇd

of

‵their

shadows

deep;Noticea)音步的基礎(chǔ)是音節(jié)（syllable)而不是單詞（word)，所以一個(gè)音步可能是由一個(gè)詞組成的，也可能是由兩個(gè)詞組成的；一個(gè)詞可能屬于不同的音步，也可能屬于一個(gè)以上的音步:Thˇen

‵peˇop‵

le

lˇon‵gˇ

to‵gˇo

‵on

pilgrimagesNotice音步的這種輕讀音節(jié)和重讀音節(jié)交替出現(xiàn)是為了詩歌的節(jié)奏美，但是這并不是說一個(gè)詩行之中，輕讀的音節(jié)都輕成一樣，重讀音節(jié)都重成一樣，如果以這種缺乏變化的方式讀詩只會(huì)使詩歌聽起來單調(diào)乏味。重讀和輕讀只是在同一個(gè)音步里相對(duì)而言，有時(shí)一個(gè)音步里的輕讀音節(jié)可能比同一個(gè)詩行中某個(gè)重讀音節(jié)讀得還要重。在英詩中句子重音可以人為的變化以盡可能的適合詩歌的音步律，這就是為什么介詞在有些詩行中重讀，而在有些詩行中卻不重讀。Aˇnd‵noˇddin‵

gˇb‵

y

tˇhe

fi‵re,

taˇke‵

down

this

book,Noticed)

我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)英詩詩行中所謂的音步很類似于樂譜中的“小節(jié)”（bar):1=D

2/4‖:

3

5

3 2

︱3

2 3︱迎接

另一

個(gè)

晨

曦所以同一個(gè)詩行中每一個(gè)音步朗讀所需時(shí)間也是大致相等的，也就是每個(gè)音步的時(shí)值（time

value)大致相等。Noticee)英詩的詩行是按照音步律的要求由一定的音步組成的，所以一個(gè)詩行并不等同于一個(gè)句子。按照其表達(dá)的思想是否完整，詩行可以分成“結(jié)束性詩行”（end-stopped

lines）和“跨步詩行”（run-on

lines)兩類。結(jié)束性詩行在詩行的末尾用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，所以一個(gè)詩行相當(dāng)于一個(gè)分句，甚至一個(gè)句子。我們對(duì)此很熟悉：題城南莊崔護(hù)去年今日此門中，人面桃花相映紅。人面不知何處去，桃花依舊笑春風(fēng)。End–stopped

LinesHow

many

loved

your

moments

of

gladgrace,Andloved

your

beauty

with

love

false

ortrue;But

one

man

loved

the

pilgrim

soul

in

you,Andloved

the

sorrows

of

your

changing

face.Run-on

Lines跨步詩行行末沒有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，所以意思并未終結(jié)，不過，既然分行寫，讀的時(shí)候就應(yīng)該有所停頓:And

bending

down

beside

the

glowingbars,Murmur,

a

little

sadly,

how

love

fledAndpaced

upon

the

mountains

overhead,Andhid

his

face

amid

acrowd

ofstars.我們中國的新詩在引進(jìn)分行寫法的同時(shí)，也引進(jìn)了這種跨行的詩句，所以我們中國的

讀者對(duì)“跨步詩行”并不陌生：雨巷撐著油紙傘，獨(dú)自彷徨在悠長(zhǎng)，悠長(zhǎng)又寂寥的雨巷，

我希望逢著一個(gè)丁香一樣的

結(jié)著仇怨的姑娘。……—戴望舒一棵開花的樹如何讓你遇見我

在我最美麗的時(shí)刻為這我已在佛前求了五百年求佛讓我們結(jié)一段塵緣……補(bǔ)充卞之琳等人在翻譯英詩時(shí)，提出了“以頓代步”的理論，也就是用漢語的停頓代替英詩中的音步。其理論影響了一批中國現(xiàn)代詩人寫詩的實(shí)踐，也就形成了中國新詩除了平仄之外的另一種節(jié)奏：斷章——你站在橋上看風(fēng)景，看風(fēng)景的人在樓上看你。明月裝飾了你的窗子，你裝飾了別人的夢(mèng)。卞之琳雨巷撐著油紙傘，獨(dú)自彷徨在悠長(zhǎng)，悠長(zhǎng)又寂寥的雨巷，

我希望逢著一個(gè)丁香一樣的

結(jié)著仇怨的姑娘。……—戴望舒————最是那一低頭的溫柔，像一朵水蓮花不勝?zèng)鲲L(fēng)的嬌羞。道一聲珍重，

道一聲珍重，那一聲珍重里有蜜甜的憂愁沙揚(yáng)娜拉！徐志摩變格(variation

of

the

versification)一首詩中，通常自始至終主要使用四種主要音步類中的一種音步，這種音步就是這首詩的“基本節(jié)奏”(basicrhythmpattern)。但是在一首詩中除了占主導(dǎo)地位的音步以外，為了避免詩歌由于格律太嚴(yán)而讓人感覺單調(diào)，就常常出現(xiàn)一些“變格”的現(xiàn)象。先看一看

Samuel

Johnson

的一首打油詩：I

put︱my

hat

︱upon

︱my

headAnd

wal

︱ked

into

︱the

strand,And

there

︱I

met

︱ano

︱ther

manWhose

hat

︱was

in

︱his

hand.這首詩采用了抑揚(yáng)格，交替使用四音步詩行（第一、三行）和三音步詩行（第二、四行），而且在第二行中添加了額外的非重讀音節(jié)。為了把詩寫得活潑一點(diǎn)，除此之外，還有以下常見情況：a)單音節(jié)音步(monosyllabicfoot):四種常見的音步都是在一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)之前或者之后加上一個(gè)或兩個(gè)輕讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成，如果缺少了輕讀音節(jié)，只剩下一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)，那么就構(gòu)成了單音節(jié)音步：Break,

break,

breakOn

thy

cold

gray

stones,

o

sea！抑揚(yáng)格和抑抑揚(yáng)格都是上升的音步

(risingmeter)，所以可以在詩行中互換使用，如上例的第二行：揚(yáng)抑格和揚(yáng)抑抑格都是“下降的音步”(falling

meter)，所以在詩行中可以互換使用。d)超音步音節(jié)(hypermetrical

syllable):抑揚(yáng)格和抑抑揚(yáng)格都是以重讀音節(jié)結(jié)尾，但偶爾在這個(gè)重讀音節(jié)之后還會(huì)由一個(gè)輕讀音節(jié)，這個(gè)輕讀音節(jié)就叫“超音步音節(jié)”，例如：A

thingof

beauty

is

a

joyforevere)行首輕音節(jié)(anacrusis):揚(yáng)抑格和揚(yáng)抑抑格都是以重讀音節(jié)開始的，但是偶爾在這個(gè)重讀音節(jié)之前還會(huì)有一個(gè)輕讀音節(jié)，這個(gè)輕讀音節(jié)就叫做“行首輕音節(jié)”，例如：Birdsfindrest,

innarrow

nest,When

weary

of

their

winged

quest;II.

RhymeRHYME

(from

Old

French,

rime

meaning

"series,"

inturn

adopted

from

Latin

rithmus

and

Greek

rhythmos):Also

spelled

rime,

rhyme

is

a

matching

similarity

ofsounds

in

two

or

more

words,

especially

when

theiraccented

vowels

and

all

succeeding

consonants

areidentical.For

instance,

the

word-pairs

listed

here

are

all

rhymes:skating/

dating,

emotion/

demotion,

fascinate/

deracinate,and

plain/stain.韻(rhyme)頭韻(alliteration)腹韻(assonance)尾韻(rhyme)Broadly-defined

rhyme(Narrowly-defined)

rhyme從押韻的音節(jié)數(shù)目上分：1.

陽性韻

(masculine

rhyme)，也叫單音節(jié)韻

(monosyllabic

rhyme):wife-life注意：see和sea不押韻陰性韻(feminine

rhyme):雙音節(jié)韻(double

rhyme):borrow-sorrow三音節(jié)韻(triple

rhyme):beautiful-dutiful(Narrowly-defined)

rhyme從韻腳在詩行中的位置上分：1.

行末韻(end

rhyme)Birds

find

rest,

in

narrow

nest,When

weary

of

their

winged

quest;1.

行內(nèi)韻(internal

rhyme)(Narrowly-defined)

rhyme從是否滿足韻腳的要求上分：1.

完全韻(perfect

rhyme)不完全韻近似韻(near

rhyme):grass-was眼韻(eye

rhyme):

far-warIII.

StanzaSTANZA:

An

arrangement

of

lines

of

verse

in

apattern

usually

repeated

throughout

the

poem.Typically,

each

stanza

has

a

fixed

number

of

verses

orlines,

a

prevailing

meter,

and

a

consistent

rhyme

scheme.

Astanza

may

be

a

subdivision

of

a

poem,

or

it

mayconstitute

the

entirepoem.RHYME

SCHEME:

The

pattern

of

rhyme.

The

traditionalway

to

mark

these

patterns

of

rhyme

is

to

assign

a

letter

of

thealphabet

to

each

rhyming

sound

at

the

end

of

each

line.

Forinstance,

here

is

the

first

stanza

of

James

Shirley’s

poem

“OfDeath,”

from

1659.

I

have

marked

each

line

from

the

first

stanzawith

an

alphabetical

letter

at

the

end

of

each

line

to

indicaterhyme:The

glories

of

ourblood

and

state

---------------AAre

shadows,

not

substantial

things;

-------------BThere

is

no

armor

against

fate;

-------------------ADeath

layshisicy

handonkings:

----------------BScepter

and

crown

---------------------------------CMust

tumble

down,

---------------------------------CAnd

in

the

dust

be

equal

made

--------------------DWith

the

poor

crooked

scythe

and

spade.

-------DThus,

the

rhyme

scheme

for

each

stanza

in

the

poem

above

isABABCCDD.為了方便，在今后的學(xué)習(xí)中我們標(biāo)記押韻格式的方法要更復(fù)雜，更詳細(xì)：除了壓同一個(gè)韻的詩行用同一個(gè)英文字母表示外，還要將各行的音步數(shù)