汽車專業(yè)畢業(yè)設計-翻譯-中英文(全)quasiturbine-future-trends-in-automobile-engine

PAGEPAGE31Thisdocumentisavailableat

/QuasiturbineKALPESHPRADHAN0512.docSeminarReportQuasiturbineFutureTrends

in

AutomobileEngine

By

PRADHANKALPESHHEMANT(B.EMECHANICAL)N.D.M.V.P.S.’sCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING

GANGAPURROAD,NASIK-422013INDIA

kalp_pr13@kalpeshpradhan@January2006

ABSTRACTTheinventorshavemadeasystematicanalysisofengineconcepts,theirvalue,theirweaknesses,andtheirpotentialforimprovement.Allimprovementideasconvergedwhentheysuggestedmakingaturbo-shaftturbinehavingonlyoneturbineinoneplane...Inordertoachievethat,theinventorshadtoattachtheturbinebladesonetoanotherinachainlikeconfiguration,wheretherotoractsascompressorforaquarterofaturn,andasenginethenextquarterofaturn...ThisistheQuasiturbine!Manyresearchesaregoingontoincreaseenergyefficiencyonthelongtermwithpiston,hydrogen,fuelcell...Hybridconceptsarewaystoharvestpartofthe"lowpowerefficiencypenalty"ofthepistonengineusedinvehicle,butcounter-productivemeasureslimitthelongtermperspectiveuntiltheycouldefficientlyfuelfromtheelectricalgrid.Noneofthesesolutionsareshorttermstableandcompetitive.TheQuasiturbineinBeaudeRocha(Otto)cycleisarelativelysimpletechnologywhichcouldbewidelyusedwithinafewyearswithsubstantialefficiencybenefitsoverpistonenginesinmanyapplications.Largeutilityplantsconvertenergymoreefficientlythansmalldistributedunitsandshouldbefavoredwhenpossible,butonthelongterm,theQuasiturbinedetonationengine(ACmodelwithcarriages)isoneoftheveryfewmeanstomatchutilityefficiencythedistributedway,whilebeingaschemicallycleanaspossible.Byoppositiontodozensofnewenginedesigns,themostimportantatthistimeabouttheQuasiturbineisthefactthatitdoesunknotanewfieldofdevelopmentandoffersmeanstoachievewhatnootherenginedesignhassuggestedorisableto,andspeciallyfordetonationwherepistonenginehasfailedforover40years...INDEXWhatisQuasiturbine?Howitworks?Howdoesitturn?WhyistheQuasiturbineHydrogenEngine

superiortoconventionalICengine?

AdvantagesofQuasiturbineApplicationsofQuasiturbineConclusionReferences

WhatisQuasiturbine?TheQuasiturbine(Qurbine)isanocrankshaftrotaryenginehavinga4facesarticulatedrotorwithafreeandaccessiblecenter,rotatingwithoutvibrationnordeadtime,andproducingastrongtorqueatlowRPMunderavarietyofmodesandfuels.TheQuasiturbinedesigncanalsobeusedasanairmotor,steamengine,gascompressororpump.TheQuasiturbineisalsoanoptimizationtheoryforextremelycompactandefficientengineconceptsHowitWorksIntheQuasiturbineengine,thefourstrokesofatypicalcycledeBeaudeRochas(Otto)cyclearearrangedsequentiallyaroundanearoval,unlikethereciprocatingmotionofapistonengine.InthebasicsinglerotorQuasiturbineengine,anovalhousingsurroundsafour-sidedarticulatedrotorwhichturnsandmoveswithinthehousing.Thesidesoftherotorsealagainstthesidesofthehousing,andthecornersoftherotorsealagainsttheinnerperiphery,dividingitintofourchambers.

Quasiturbine

combustioncycleIntake(aqua),

Compression(fuchsia),

Combustion(red),

Exhaust(black).Asparkplugislocated

atthetop(green)Astherotorturns,itsmotionandtheshapeofthehousingcauseeachsideofthehousingtogetcloserandfartherfromtherotor,compressingandexpandingthechamberssimilarlytothe"strokes"inareciprocatingengine.However,whereasafourstrokepistonengineproducesonecombustionstrokepercylinderforeverytworevolutions,thechambersoftheQuasiturbinerotorgenerateheightcombustion"strokes"pertworotorrevolutions;thisiseighttimesmorethanafour-strokespistonengine.BecausetheQuasiturbinehasnocrankshaft,theinternalvolumevariationsdonotfollowtheusualsinusoidalenginemovements,whichprovideverydifferentcharacteristicsfromthepistonortheWankelengine.ContrarytotheWankelenginewherethecrankshaftmovestherotarypistonfaceinwardandoutward,eachQuasiturbinerotorfacerocksbackandforthinreferencetotheengineradius,butstaysataconstantdistancefromtheenginecenteratalltime,producingonlypuretangentialrotationalforces.Thefourstrokespistonhassuchalongdeadtime,itsaveragetorqueisabout1/8ofthepeaktorque,whichdictatetherobustnessofthepistonconstruction.SincetheQuasiturbinehasnotdeadtime,averagetorqueisonly30%lowerthanthepeaktorque,andforthisreason,therelativerobustnessoftheQuasiturbineneedbeonly1/5ofthatofthepiston,allowingforanadditionalengineweightsaving...WhydoesitTurn?ThisdiagramshowtheforcevectorinaQuasiturbinewhenoneortwoopposedchambersarepressurizedeitherbyfuelcombustion,orbyexternalpressurefluids.Becausethepressurevectorsareoffcenter,theQuasiturbinerotorexperiencesanetrotationalforce.Itisthatsimple!QuasiturbineasanImminentSolutionManyresearchesaregoingontoincreaseenergyefficiencyonthelongtermwithpiston,hydrogen,fuelcell...Hybridconceptsarewaystoharvestpartofthe"lowpowerefficiencypenalty"ofthepistonengineusedinvehicle,butcounter-productivemeasureslimitthelongtermperspectiveuntiltheycouldefficientlyfuelfromtheelectricalgrid.Noneofthesesolutionsareshorttermstableandcompetitive.TheQuasiturbineinBeaudeRocha(Otto)cycle(ModelSCwithoutcarriages)

QT-AC(Withcarriages)isintendedfordetonationmode,

wherehighsurface-to-volumeratio

isafactorattenuatingtheviolenceofdetonation.Byoppositiontodozensofnewenginedesigns,themostimportantatthistimeabouttheQuasiturbineisthefactthatitdoesunknotanewfieldofdevelopmentandoffersmeanstoachievewhatnootherenginedesignhassuggestedorisableto,andspeciallyfordetonationwherepistonenginehasfailedforover40years...WhyistheQuasiturbineHydrogenEngine

superiortoconventionalICengine?

PistonDeficienciesPistonenginedeservesrespectandshouldnotbearbitraryandgloballycondemns.Howeverithasdeficienciesthatnooneseemstobewillingtolist?Hereisourlistofthemainconceptualpistonenginedeficiencies:The4enginestrokesshouldnotbeofequalduration.Thepistonmakespositivetorqueonly17%ofthetimeanddrag83%ofthetime.Thegasflowisnotunidirectional,butchangesdirectionwiththepistondirection.

Whilethepistondescents,theignitionthermalwavefronthashardtimetryingtocatchthegasmovinginthatsamedirection.Thevalvesopenonly20%ofthetime,interruptingtheflowsatintakeandatexhaust80%ofthetime.Thedurationofthepistonresttimeattopandbottomarewithoutnecessitytoolong.Longtopdeadcenterconfinementtimeincreasetheheattransfertotheengineblockreducingengineefficiency.Thenon-abilityofthepistontoproducemechanicalenergyimmediatelyafterthetopdeadcenter.Theproximityoftheintakevalveandtheexhaustvalvepreventsagoodmixturefillingofthechamberandtheopenoverlapletsgosomeun-burntmixtureintotheexhaust.Thenon-abilityofthepistontoefficientlyintakesmixturerightafterthetopdeadcenter.Thepistondoesnotstandfuelpre-vaporization,butrequiresfuelpulverizationdetrimentaltocombustionqualityandenvironment.Theinstantaneoustorqueimpulseisprogressive,andwouldgaintohaveaplateau.Thecomponentsusefactorislow,andthosecomponentswouldgaintobemultifunctional.Theaveragetorqueisonly15%ofthepeaktorque,whichimposesaconstructionrobustnessforthepeak7timestheaverage.Theflywheelisaserioushandicaptoaccelerationsandtothetotalengineweight.Theconnectingrodgivesanobliquepushcomponenttothepiston,whichthenrequiresalubricationofthepistonwall.Thelubricantisalsoheatcoolant,whichrequiresacumbersomepan,andimposeslowengineangleorientations.Theneedofcomplexsetofvalves,ofcameshaftandofinteractivesynchronizationdevices.Thevalvesinertiabeingaseriouslimitationtotheenginerevolution.Theheavypistonenginesrequiresomeresidualcompressedgasbeforetopdeadcentertocushionthepistonreturn.Theinternalengineaccessories(likethecameshaft)useasubstantialpower.Thepoorhomo-kineticgeometryimposesviolentaccelerationsandstopstothepiston.Completereversaloftheflowsfromintaketoexhaust.Quiteimportantnoiselevelandvibration.

Atlowloadfactor,theintakedepressurizationoftheOttocycledissipatespowerfromtheengine(vacuumpumpagainsttheatmosphericpressure).Withoutbeingpretentious,thefactisthattheQuasiturbinecorrectsorimproveseachofthesedeficiencies.SidebySideLikethepistonengine,theQuasiturbineisavolumemodulatorofhighintensity,andactsasapositivedisplacementengine.HereisadiagramshowingthePistonandtheQuasiturbinesidebyside.

Quasiturbinemaycompare1to1bydisplacement,

but1to8bytotalintakefuel-mixturevolumeandpower,

becausethechambersareused8timesmoreoftenbyrevolution.Bettertorquecontinuityandacceleration(exceedseventhe2strokesengines):Thecrankshaftandtheflywheelarethemainobstacletoengineacceleration,andsincetheflywheelareunabletostoreenergyatlowrpm,theenginetorqueatidleishighlyhandicappedbytheenginedeadtimes.Thepistonofa4strokesengineworksinpowermodeabout120degrees/720degrees(2turns),andthusconstitutesadrag80%oftime,periodduringwhichtheflywheelassumesarelativetorquecontinuity.TheQuasiturbinehasjointedtorqueimpulses,andpresentsaprofileofalmostflattorquecharacteristics,withouttheassistanceofaflywheel(Quasiturbinetorquecontinuitywouldcomparetoa16ormorepistonsconventionalengine).Lowrevolution-Reductionofgearboxratio:Thegearboxesareevilsnecessary(expensive,complicated,delicate,andenergyconsuming).TheRPMrequiredbythehumanactivityaregenerallylowerthattheperformanceoptimumspeedoftheengines(e.g.:anautomobilewheelgenerallydoesnotrotatetomorethan800or1000RPM,whichis4to5timeslessthantheengineRPM).AstheQuasiturbineturns4to5timeslessquicklythantheotherengines(includingtheWankel),thegearboxescanoftenberemoved(amongstotherthingsinthefieldoftransport)withanincreaseinefficiency.Continuouscombustionwithlowertemperature:AstheQuasiturbinestrokesarejointed(whatisnotthecasewiththeWankel),thelightingisnecessaryonlyinlaunching,sincetheflametransfersitselffromonechambertothefollowing.ThethermalisationoftheQuasiturbinebycontactswithrollers(ModelAC)ismoreeffective,andpreventshotpoint.Fromthethermalpointofview,theQuasiturbinedoesnotcontainanyinternalpartsrequiringcoolantfluid(likeoil).Betteroverlaps:Theintakeandexhaustportsbeingatdifferentendsofthecombustionchamber,itispossibletodoabetterfillingofthechamberbyhavingasimultaneousopenoverlappingofthetwoports,withoutriskingthataportionoftheintakegasgoesintotheexhaust,asitisthecasewiththepistonengine.PowerDensityHereisatablecomparingengines(orderofmagnitudeonly)onthebasisofsamecombustionchambervolumeandsamerpm.QuasiturbinemodelofseriesAC(withcarriages)

Samechamberdisplacement,samerpm.Highpowerdensityengine:TheWankelisalreadyknownasahighpowerdensityengine.Atcomparablepower,theQuasiturbinepresentsanadditionalreductionofvolume.Integratedintoause,thedensityfactorisevenmoreimpressive(noflywheel,lessgearboxratio,optionalcentralshaft...).Becauseofitsquasi-constanttorque,theusefactoroftheintakeandexhaustpipesis100%(stillbetterthantheWankel),implyingtubesofsmallerdimension,etc.Samedynamicpowerrangethanpistonengines:Justawordtorecallthattheconventionalgasturbinesareconceivedforapreciseaerodynamicflow,anddonotofferawidepowerrangewithreasonableefficiency.Foritspart,theQuasiturbinedoesnotuseaerodynamicflowcharacteristicontheblades,andkeepsitsexcellentefficiencyonawidepowerrange.ItisthesamewhentheQuasiturbineispropelledbysteam,compressedair,orbyfluidflow(PlasticQuasiturbineforhydro-electriccentrals,etc).Samerangeofnominalpower:Asthepistonengines,theQuasiturbinescanbemadetinyorhuge.Duetoconceptsimplicityandtheabsenceofgears,thesmallunitsshouldbestillmoretinythanpistonenginesorWankel.Ontheotherhand,nothinglimitstheconstructionofhugeQuasiturbineslikeforshippower,fixpowerplanstations,orlargeQuasiturbinesforthermalpowerplanornuclear,usingsteamorhydraulic.EfficiencyMoreeffectiveconversionintomechanicalenergy:Enginesthatusecrankshaftgeneratesinusoidalvolumeimpulsesduringwhichthepistonstaysarelativelylongtimeatthetopwhileitdeceleratesandreversesdirection,andstaysbrieflyatmid-course,whichiscontrarytothelogicofabetterengine(Compressionimpulsesshouldbeasshortaspossible,andthestayatmid-coursesthelongestpossibleforabettermechanicalenergyextraction).Ontheotherhand,theQuasiturbineismoreeffectivebecauseithaslessengineaccessoriestooperate(novalve,rocker,pushrod,cam,oilpump...).Inaddition,thepistonenginesuffersfromthesymmetryofthebackandforthpistonmovement.Ideally,thepistonshouldhavealongerdisplacementfortheexpansion(extractingthemostpossiblemechanicalenergy),andsmallerfortheadmission,withoutreductionofvolume.TheQuasiturbinehasthisasymmetrybycompressingthemixtureinasmallerangularzone,andbyusingagreaterangulardisplacementfortheexpansion.Theadmissionstrokeofthepistonpresentsalsoamajordefectinthesensethatitistaking-inlittlevolumeinitiallyandmostatmidcourse,whichdoesnotleavemuchtimetothemixturetoenterthecylinders(Theroleofturboisessentiallytocorrectthisdefault);foritsparttheQuasiturbineadmitsasignificantvolumeinitiallyandleavesmuchmoretimetoflowforabettereffectivefillingwhichcanevenbeextendedinthenextcyclewithoutflowback(Inthiscase,theturbowouldbearealimprovement,andnotadefaultcorrection).Atthetimeoftheexpansion,thissamedefectofthepistonstrokedoespreventthepistontoextractmechanicalenergyatthebeginningofthestroke,whichtheQuasiturbinemanagestodo.Also,withtheQuasiturbinethegearboxcanoftenberemovedwithanincreaseinefficiency,towhichthereductionofweightcanalsocontribute.Anotherfundamentalimprovementoverthepistonistheintakeandexpansioncharacteristics.Contrarytothepistonwhichmustreleaseitsresidualpressureattheendoftheexpansiontoavoidcounterpush,theQuasiturbineasymmetrydefinesapost-expansionconfinementzoneinwhichtheresidualpressurecanbemaintainedwithoutslowingdowntherotation,andduringwhichgastreatmentcanbedone,andtheresidualenergycanbeextracted,eitherthroughaturbineorinbuildingupacompressgasreserve.Multi-fuelandMulti-modeTheQuasiturbinecanbefed(ifadapted)byawholefuelrangegoingfrommethanolto

Dieseloils,includingthekerosene,naturalgasandpossiblyhydrogen.TheQuasiturbineshowscharacteristicssuperiorthanthe2strokesengine,withaqualityoftheexhaustsbetterthanthe4strokesengine.Notsensitivetothedetonation:ThepistonstrokedoesnotallowarapidincreaseinthevolumeoftheexpansionchamberinthevicinityoftheT.D.C.,andconsequentlybadlysupportsthedetonation.TheQuasiturbine(speciallytheACmodelwithcarriages)reactsbettertothedetonationthankstoanearlierexpansionprocess(whichmeanstheendofadditivestoincreasetheoctanerateofgasoline).Moreover,sincetheblowoccursatthetimeoftherobustsquareconfigurationoftheblades,andbecausethereisnoloadtransferonacentralshaft,theQuasiturbineiscandidatewiththe

detonationdrivingmode.Compatiblewithhydrogen:Thehighinflammabilityofhydrogenimposeson"hydrogen"engine(over15%hydrogen)astratifiedadmissionchamberdistinctfromthecombustionchamber(whichdisqualifiessomewhatthepistonengines).TheWankelenginesuccessfordirecthydrogencombustioncomesfromitsintakeandcombustionstratification,whichresultsmainlyfromearlyintake(likeQuasiturbine)anditsexcessivevolumeduringexpansion(withanefficiencylost).TheQuasiturbineengineoffersthesamehydrogenadvantagewithoutthelostofefficiency.TheQuasiturbinemeetsthefundamental

criteriaimposedbythe"hydrogen"engineofthefuture(coldintakearea,stratifiedintake,reducedconfinementtime,lowsensitivitytodetonation,lesspolluant,robustandenergyefficiency),andevensurpassestheWankelinthisrespect,sincetheintakesareseparatedby3strokesinsteadoftwo.FrequentinstabilitiesinthecombustionofhydrogenshouldnotappreciablyaffecttheQuasiturbineasitisnotsensitivetodetonation.MechanicalRobustandreliableconstruction:TheQuasiturbinedoesnotpresentthecriticalsealingproblemoftheWankelwherethe3sealsatthetopofatriangle(Apex)meetthehousingprofilewithavariableanglearoundthenormal(-60degreeswith+60degrees).AsthesealsoftheQuasiturbineareassembledonaswivelcarrier,theyarealmostnormal(perpendiculars)totheperimeterprofileinalltime.Therotaryenginesaregenerallyactivebetweenarobustexternalhousingandacentralshaftassembledmountedongoodbearings,abletotaketheloadontheshaftcreatedbythepressureduringcombustion.Foritspart,theQuasiturbinerequiresonlyonerobustexternalprofile,onwhichisalsoappliedtheloadcreatedbythepressureduringcombustion;thecentralshaftisoptionalandisonlyneededtotransferthetorquewhennecessary.Moreover,contrarytotheWankel,theQuasiturbinedoesnotrequireanysynchronizationgears(fragile,complicated,expensivetobuild,andpronetolubricationandwear!),noralightingsynchronizationsystem(particularlyifonemakesuseofthecontinuouscombustionoption).Inaddition,theaveragetorqueofa4strokespistonenginedoesnotexceed15%ofthemaximuminstantaneoustorque(whichdictatestherequiredenginestrength),whilefortheQuasiturbinetheaveragetorqueisequalat90%ofthemaximumtorque,thusillustratingthesubstantialinternalstressreductionandtheuniquehomo-kineticqualityoftheQuasiturbine.Submersible,becausenocrankcaseorlubricantcoolant:Lighting(piezoelectric)isnecessaryonlyinlaunching,sincethetransferofflameisdonefromonechambertothefollowing.Consequently,theQuasiturbineenginecanbeimmersedwithoutfearinganelectriclightingbreakdown,norawaterinfiltrationinthecrankcase(theQuasiturbinedoesnothaveone).TheQuasiturbineisthusanidealengineforuseinhostileenvironment(forexample,inboatpropulsion,thebladesofthepropellercouldbedirectlyweldedtotherotor,andthewholeengineimmersed,whichalsohastheadvantageofloweringthecenterofgravity).Theuseofhightechnology(ceramic)sealsmakesitpossibletoconceiveaQuasiturbinewithoutanylubrication,andwithoutmaintenance.Electricintegration:TheQuasiturbineallowsforthefirsttimearealmonolithicintegrationoftheelectricgeneratorwithfuelengines(highlyindemandforthehybridapplications,andwithoutvibration).SincethecenteroftheQuasiturbineisfree,themotionlesselectricalcomponentscanbelocatedonthecentralcoreandtheperipheralstator.Onlytheintermediateareaisinrotation.Reciprocally,iftheelectricalcomponentsarepartofamotor,theQuasiturbinebecomesanintegratedelectricmotor-drivenpump,oraBi-energypowergroup.AdvantagesofQuasiturbine

MatchingEngineWithApplicationEngineefficiencyisalargedomainofactivitywhichextendsfarbeyondengines.Forexample,thepresenceofanengineinavehicleaddsaccessoriesandweightswhichhavetobecarriedbythepowerofthatsameengine(thenetusablepowerisreducedbythepresenceoftheengineitself).Thepresenceoftheengineisanecessity,butalsoafactorofinefficiency.Theidealvehiclewouldnotbothertohaveanonboardengine!Thisistoshowthatnotonlyengineefficiencyisimportantonthebenchtest,butmustalsoreducetotheminimumitsself-inefficiencyinapplication.Itwouldbeworthlesstohavea70%efficiencygasengineformobileapplication,ifsucha30HPenginewouldweight3tons!However,thiscouldstillbevaluableforstationaryapplications.Engineneedstobeproperlymatchedinallapplication,andthemostversatilewins!QTParticularitiesQuasiturbineenginesaresimpler,andcontainnogearsandfarfewermovingparts.Forinstance,becauseintakeandexhaustareopenportsintothewallsoftherotorhousing,thereisnovalveorvalvetrains.Thissimplicity,smallsizeandweightallowalsoforasavinginconstructioncosts.Becauseitscenterofmassisimmobileduringrotation,theQuasiturbinehasverylittleornovibration.Duetotheabsenceofdeadtimebetweenstrokes,theQuasiturbinecanbedrivenbycompressedairorsteamwithoutsynchronizedvalve,andalsowithliquidashydraulicmotororpump.Otheradvantagesincludehightorqueatlowrpm,combustionofhydrogen,andcompatibilitywithdetonationmodeinQuasiturbinewithcarriages.Pneumaticandsteamoptimumefficiencyindependentoftherpmandtheloadisalsoquiteauniquecharacteristic.EfficiencyConsiderationsNotallenginesareorneedtobeequallyefficient.Amilitarystrategicapplicationmayrequireanenginelifetimetobeonlyfewseconds,andnotcareaboutefficiency.Attheopposite,aspacecraftStirlingenginemaycommandforextremelyhighefficiency.Generally,economicconsiderationsbalancethevalueoftheenginewiththevalueoftheenergyflowingintoitoveritslifetime.Thiscommandsubstantialefficiencyforautomotiveorstationaryapplicationshavinghighusefactoroveryears.Sincetheefficiencyiscloselytiedtotheapplicationandcannotbefullyappreciatedoutsideaspecificintegration,theefficiencycriteriaarenotalwaysobvioustoapply.Forexample,oneoftheparadoxesoftodayhybridvehicleconceptis:Howmuchadditionalequipmentcanbeaddedtoavehicletoreachthepointwherethisequipmenthasworthlessnetsavingeffectinactualapplication?Inmanyapplications,torque,rpm,orpowermodulationcapabilitybecomeadominantcriteria.HighTorqueVersatilitySeveralenginesmaymatchinpower,butnotinrpmortorque.Gasorsteamturbinesmayrotateover10,000rpm,butiftheuserneedsthepowerat900rpm,anotherkindofenginemaybemoresuitable?Humanneedisgenerallylowrpm.Forexample,acarwheelonthehighwayturnsaround800to1400rpm.Gearboxesareusedtomatchtorqueandrpmwithengine,buttheyarecostly,sensitive,heavy,energyconsumingandmaintenanceintensive...Thereisastrongdemandforhightorqueatlowrpm,aconditionnoteasytoproducedirectlywithinanengine.TheQuasiturbineisexceptionalinthisregard.PowerModulationCapabilityContrarytotheconventionalturbine,pneumaticandsteamQuasiturbineoptimumefficiencyisoptimuminalargegapofrpmandload,whichisalsoaquiteuniquecharacteristichighlyindemandintheworldofengine.Forsolarsteamplantforexample,thesameQuasiturbinedrivengeneratorcanworkefficientlyatpeakpower,aswellasatovernightidlepower,oratvariablesunnyconditions!LightandCompactAirplanes.Nowhereahighspecificenginepowerissowelcome.Zerovibrationisalsoagreatadvantagetoreducefatigueandinstrumentfailureinairplanes.Compactenginealsomeansareducedragcross-sectionandfasterplanes.TheQuasiturbineisalsomostsuitableforportabletools,generator.VehiclealsobenefitsfromthelightandcompactcharacteristicsoftheQuasiturbine,whichpermitsnewinnovativelayoutsandpowertrainsetup(BecausetheQuasiturbinecanruninallorientation,itcouldbemountedstraightonadifferentialshaftorientedupward,orbetter,concentrictothewheelshaftbecausetheQuasiturbinecenterisfreeofanymechanism).EnvironmentalWhereenvironmentalconditionscommandazeropollutionengine,thepneumaticandsteamQuasiturbinecanprovideapracticalsolution,likeinside-shop,orinundergroundmines.Vibrationisanimportantenvironmentalfactorforhandtoolslikechainsaws,whichtheQuasiturbinecanreducetozero.Multi-fuelisalsoanenvironmentalconsiderationincountrieswheregasanddieselisnotcurrentlyavailable,orwhereimportsareoutofprice.Hydrogen:NotZeroPollutionExcludesNOxandH2Senvironmentalconcerns.Fossilfuelcontainscarbonandhydrogen.CarboncombustionproducesCO2whichthephotosynthesisfixesthecarbonintothebiomass,andreturnstheO2totheatmosphere.HydrogencombustionfixestheO2fromtheairintowater,whichoxygenisalsoliberatedbackintheatmospherebyphotosynthesis.SincethereisnotenoughphotosynthesistodigestalltheCO2,thereisnotenougheitherdoprocessallthissyntheticwater.Massivehydrogenusehastheneteffectofremovingoxygenfromtheatmosphereofourplanetandfixingitintowater.CO2problemisnotdissociablefromOxygendepletion.Hydrogenproducedfromwater(avoidingelectrolysesdegradationofpreciouselectricity)willdothesameiftheoxygenisnotliberatedtotheatmosphereatthetimeofproduction,whichisunlikely,consideringthatoxygenispreciousforindustrialprocessandwillratherbefixedbyotherchemicalprocess,unlesswecouldnotmakeuseofallthemassivequantityproduced?Asaresult,unlessoxygenismadefreetotheatmospherewhenproduce,wecannotsaythattransforminghydrogenintowatervapor(includingbycombustionorfuelcells)ispollutionfree,when2Hdoesdefinitivelyremoved1preciousoxygenatomformthesurfaceofourplanet!(Somecalculationshowthisisnotanissue,but?).BothCO2andoxygendepletionareconcerns.SyntheticfuelmadeoutofCO2fromtheairorotherenvironmentwouldbe