交通工程英語視聽說script修改

Unit1TrafficOneHowtoSolveTraffic(0:12)Hi.I’mheretotalkaboutcongestion,namelyroadcongestion.Roadcongestionisapervasivephenomenon.Itexistsinbasicallyallofthecitiesallaroundtheworld,whichisalittlebitsurprisingwhenyouthinkaboutit.Imean,thinkabouthowdifferentcitiesare,actually.Imean,youhavethetypicalEuropeancities,withadenseurbancore,goodpublictransportationmostly,notalotofroadcapacity.Butthen,ontheotherhand,youhavetheAmericancities.It'smovingbyitself,okay.Anyway,theAmericancities:lotsofroadsdispersedoverlargeareas,almostnopublictransportation.Andthenyouhavetheemergingworldcities,withamixedvarietyofvehicles,mixedland-usepatterns,alsoratherdispersedbutoftenwithaverydenseurbancore.Andtrafficnnersallaroundtheworldhavetriedlotsofdifferentmeasures:densecitiesordispersedcities,lotsofroadsorlotsofpublictransportorlotsofbikelanesormoreinformation,orlotsofdifferentthings,butnothingseemstowork.(1:10)Butalloftheseattemptshaveonethingincommon.They’rebasicallyattemptsatfiguringoutwhatpeopleshouldnsteadofrushhourcardriving.They’reessentially,toapoint,attemptsatnningwhatotherpeopleshoulddo,nningtheirlifeforthem.One(1:25)WhentheBerlinWallfell,anurbannnerinLondongotaphonecallfromcolleagueinMoscowsaying,basically,“Hi,thisisVladimir.I’dliketoknow,who’shargeofLondon’sbreadsupply?”(1:44)AndtheurbannnerinLondongoes,“Whatdoyoumean,who'sinchargeofLondon’s—Imean,nooneisharge.”“Oh,butsurelysomeonemustbeharge.Imean,it’saverycomplicatedsystem.Someonemustcontrolallofthis.”(1:55)“No.No.Nooneisharge.Imean,itbasically—Ihaven’treallythoughtofit.Itbasicallyorganizesitself.”(2:03)Itorganizesitself.That’sanexampleofacomplexsocialsystemwhichhastheabilityofself-organizing,andthisisaverydeepinsight.Whenyoutrytosolvereallycomplexsocialproblems,therightthingtodoismostofthetimetocreatetheentives.Youdon’tnthedetails,andpeoplewillfigureoutwhattodo,howtoadapttothisnewframework.(2:27)Andlet’snowlookathowwecanusethisinsighttocombatroad(2:32)ThisisamapofStockholm,myhometown.Now,Stockholmisamedium-sizedcity,roughlytwomillionpeople,butStockholmalsohaslotsofwandlotsofwatermeanslotsofbridges—narrowbridges,oldbridges—whieanslotsofroadcongestion.Andthesereddotsshowthemostcongestedparts,whicharethebridgesthatleadintotheinnercity.Andsomeonecameupwiththeideathat,apartfromgoodpublictransport,apartfromspendingmoneyonroads,let’strytochargedriversoneortwoeurosatthesebottlenecks.(3:04)Now,oneortwoeuros,thatisn’treallyalotofmoney,Imeancomparedtoparkingchargesandrunningcosts,etc.,soyouwouldprobablyexpectthatcardriverswouldn’treallyreacttothisfairlysmallcharge.Youwouldbewrong.Oneortwoeuroswasenoughtomake20percentofcarsdisappearfromrushhours.Now,20percent,well,that’safairlyhugefigure,youmightthink,butyou’vestillgot80percentleftoftheproblem,right?Becauseyoustillhave80percentofthetraffic.Now,that’salsowrong,becausetraffichappenstobeanonlinearphenomenon,meaningthatonceyoureachaboveacertaincapacitythresholdthencongestionstartstoreasereally,reallyrapidly.Butfortunay,italsoworkstheotherwayaround.Ifyoucanreducetrafficevensomewhat,thencongestionwillgodownmuchfasterthanyoumightthink.Now,congestionchargeswereintroducedinStockholmonJanuary3,2006,andthefirstpicturehereisapictureofStockholm,oneofthetypicalstreets,January2.Thefirstdaywiththecongestionchargeslookedlikethis.Thisiswhathappenswhenyoutakeaway20percentofthecarsfromthestreets.Youreallyreducecongestionquitesubstantially.(4:15)But,well,asIsaid,Imean,cardriversadapt,right?Soafwhiletheywouldallcomebackbecausetheyhavesortofgottenusedtocharges.Wrongagain.It’snowsixandahalfyearsagosethecongestionchargeswereintroducedinStockholm,andwebasicallyhavethesamelowtrafficlevelsstill.Two(4:33)Butyousee,there’saninterestinggaphereinthetimeseriesin2007.Well,thethingisthat,thecongestioncharges,theywereintroducedfirstasatrial,sotheywereintroducedinJanuaryandthenabolishedagainatofJuly,followedbyareferendum,andthentheywerereintroducedagainin2007,whichofcoursewasawonderfulscientificopportunity.Imean,thiswasareallyfunexperimenttostartwith,andweactuallygottodoittwice.Andally,Iwouldliketodothiseveryonceayearorso,buttheywon’tletmedothat.Butitwasfunanyway.(5:05)So,wefollowedup.Whathappened?Thisisthelastdaywiththecongestioncharges,July31,andyouseethesamestreetbutnowit’ssummer,andsummerinStockholmisaveryniceandlighttimeoftheyear,andthefirstdaywithoutthecongestionchargeslookedlikethis.Allthecarswerebackagain,andyouevenhavetoadmirethecardrivers.Theyadaptsoextremelyquickly.Thefirstdaytheyallcameback.Andthiseffecthangedon.So2007figureslookedlikethis.(5:35)Nowthesetrafficfiguresarereallyexcitingandalittlebitsurprisingandveryusefultoknow,butIwouldsaythatthemostsurprisingslidehereI'mgoingtoshowyoutodayisnotthisone.It'sthisone.ThisshowspublicsupportforcongestionpricingofStockholm,andyouseethatwhencongestionpricingwereintroducedinthebeginningofSpring2006,peoplewerefiercelyit.Seventypercentofthepopulationdidn'twantthis.Butwhathappenedwhenthecongestionchargeswerethereisnotwhatyouwouldexpect,thatpeoplehateditmoreandmore.No,onthecontrary,theychanged,uptoapointwherewenowhave70percentsupportforkeethecharges,meaningthat--Imean,letmerepeatthat:70percentofthepopulationinStockholmwanttokeepapriceforsomethingthatusedtobe.(6:21)Okay.Sowhycanthatbe?Whyisthat?Well,thinkaboutitthisway.Whochanged?Imean,the20percentofthecardriversthatdisappeared,surelytheymustbediscontentinaway.Andwheredidtheygo?Ifwecanunderstandthis,thenmaybewecanfigureouthowpeoplecanbesohappywiththis.Well,sowedidthishugeinterviewsurveywithlotsoftravelservices,andtriedtofigureoutwhochanged,andwheredidtheygo?Anditturnedoutthattheydon’tknowthemselves.(Laughter)Forsomereason,thecardriversare--theyareconfidenttheyactuallydrivethesamewaythattheyusedtodo.Andwhyisthat?It’sbecausethattravelpatternsaremuchlessstablethanyoumightthink.Eachday,peoplemakenewdecisions,andpeoplechangeandtheworldchangesaroundthem,andeachdayallofthesedecisionsaresortofnudgedeversoslightlyawayfromrushhourcardrivinginawaythatpeopledon’tevennotice.They’renotevenawareofthisthemselves.(7:17)Andtheotherquestion,whochangedtheirmind?Whochangedtheiropinion,andwhy?Sowedidanotherinterviewsurvey,triedtofigureoutwhypeoplechangedtheirmind,andwhattypeofgroupchangedtheirminds?Andafnalyzingtheanswers,itturnedoutthatmorethanhalfofthembelievethattheyhaven’tchangedtheirminds.They’reactuallyconfidentthattheyhavelikedcongestionpricingallalong.Whieansthatwearenowinapositionwherewehavereducedtrafficacrossthistollcordonwith20percent,andreducedcongestionbyenormousnumbers,andpeoplearen’tevenawarethattheyhavechanged,andtheyhonestlybelievethattheyhavelikedthisallalong.(7:56)Thisisthepowerofnudgeswhentryingtosolvecomplexsocialproblems,andwhenyoudothat,youshouldn’ttrytolpeoplehowtoadapt.Youshouldjustnudgethemintherightdirection.Andifyoutright,peoplewillactuallyembracethechange,andifyoutright,peoplewillactuallyevenlikeit.Thankyou.ThreeSTSSchoolTransportAstheschooltransportservices,LLC,we’reproudofourselvesinbeingtheUAE’snumberoneISOcertifiedtransport.Withafleetover1600buses,STSistheofficialtransportproviderforover40schoolsacrosstheUAE.Ourunchallengedsafetyrecordprovidespeaceofmindtotheparentsofthe60,000studentswetaketoandfromschooleveryday.We’reproudtosaythatSTS’sachievementshavebeenrecognizednumeroustimes,ludingwinningtheDubaiQualityAppreciationProgramawardandDubaiawardforsustainabletransportinthecategoriesofsafetyinschooltransportation.Tosuccessfullydoourjob,weneedtoknowwhereourstudentsareatalltimes.Todothis,wedevelopedadvancedelectronicattendancesystemwhichislinkedtothestudentsIDcards.Uponenteringthebus,theIDcardisscannedallowingustoknowwhenandwherethestudententersourcar.Whenthedestinationisreached,allstudentsarescannedoutlingourownstudentsarrivedsafelyattheschool.ThedriverwillthenconductathoroughinspectionofthebusinshowingnostudentisleftbehindbeforescanninghisownFourAlstomTransportWehaveacontractinceinSouthWestTrainsfor1400partsandweuseanumberoftoolstohelpsupportthisavailabilitycontracttokeepthefleetinservice.Theavailabilitycontactisbasedonafixedpriceandit’salsobasedonstocklevels.SoIweintroducedPartsFoliotobeabletoimprovethereliabilityandtheavailabilityofthetrain.Theinitialideawasforustobeabletosearchforpartsandthenprogressintocingorders,enquiriesandchaseonfollowreportsonparts,usingthissystem.Whenthetrainscomeintheeveningandwithvariousdifferentfaults,thefittersandthemaintenanceguysatSouthWestTrainscanorderthematerialthefollowingmorningandcanhaveitherewithinthreeorfourhoursfromourAlstomdepotinordertogetthetrainsbackoutintoIhavetosaythatthisisaverygoodserviceforusthereanditmeansthatwecangettrainsbackintoservicequicker.SparePartsInthemorningSouthWestTrainsknowwhatmaterialtheyneedtoorderfromthenightbefore.TheirpurchasingteamwouldceanorderviaPartsFolio.ThiswouldthenautomaticallysendanotificationtothecustomerserviceinPrestonwhowouldcheckthestockandcreatethedeliverywhichwouldthengetpickedandboxedandpackagedandthensentoverthesamedayonthedeliverytoWimbledon.WehaveagreedalistofkeycriticalcomponentsandweusePartsFoliototopthestocksbackupforthefollowingevening.Soit’sacontinuousmovementofmaterialtomakesurethatthestocklevelsatWimbledonaresetattheircorrectlevel.Weareinthebusinessofkeetrainsonthetrackasmuchaspossible.Wehavecommitments.PartsFoliohashelpedusbecauseit’sgivenusbothaclearviewofwhatthebusinessneedsareandit’sallowedusbothtoworkclosertogether.Thiswillgiveusabetterpassengerserviceandbetterreliabilityforourcustomers.RepairsWe’verecentlyintroducedthereturnsprocess.SouthWestTrainsareabletogoontotheportalandcreatereturnspaper-workandreturnsdeliveryinformation.Sothat’scutdownalotofthetime.Wearealsolookingatcustomers’futureneedsregardingengineeringandthecontrolofationtokeepitalivepartscatalogue,updatedforthecustomertobeabletouseasearchtool.PartsFolioallowsSouthWestTrainstohavebigcashbenefits.Thereareobviouslybigpenaltiesifthetrainisnotoutinservice.AndalsothelevelofinventorythatSouthWestTrainsholdonthedepotisalotless.AnybodythatisdealingwithAlstomshouldlookatthisasagoodtooltohelpthemtoworkthroughtheirsystem.Idothinkthatwithinthatthereisalotofflexibilityandalotofjoinedupbitsthatwouldhelpeverybody.PartsFoliogivesAlstomauniqueservicewithintheUKandIrelandNoothercustomerhasanysortofweb-basedtoldtoordermaterialandtomaintainavailabilitycontracts.Wecanusethistowinfutureworkandfuturebusiness.Anythingthatmakesourjobquickerandeasierwillmakeanymaterialsmanagerhappier.AndIhavetosaythatthisisworkingtowardsthatendforme.AndreasRaptopoulos:NoRoads?There’saDronefor(0:12)Onebillionpeopleintheworldtodaydonothaveaccesstoall-seasonroads.Onebillionpeople.OneseventhoftheEarth’spopulationaretotallycutoffforsomepartoftheyear.Wecannotgetmedicothemreliably,theycannotgetcriticals,andtheycannotgettheirgoodstomarketinordertocreateasustainable e.Insub-SaharanAfrica,forinstance,85percentofroadsareunusableinthewetseason.Investmentsarebeingmade,butatthecurrentlevel,it’sestimatedit'sgoingtotakethem50yearstocatchup.IntheU.S.alone,there’smorethanfourmillionofroads,veryexpensivetobuild,veryexpensivetomaintaininfrastructure,withahugeecologicalfootprint,andyet,veryoften,congested.(1:03)Sowesawthisandwethought,cantherebeabetterway?Canwecreateasystemusingtoday’smostadvancedthatclowthispartoftheworldtoleapfroginthesamewaythey’vedonewith ephonesinthelast10years?Manyofthosenationshave municationstodaywithouteverputtingcopperlinesintheground.Couldwedothesamefortransportation?(1:27)Imaginethisscenario.ImagineyouareinamaternitywardinMali,andhaveanewborninneedofurgentmedication.Whatwouldyoudotoday?Well,youwouldcearequestviaphone,andsomeonewouldgettherequestimmediay.That’sthepartthatworks.Themedicationmaytakedaystoarrive,though,becauseofbadroads.That’sthepartthat’sbroken.(1:51)Webelievewecandeliveritwithinhourswithanelectricautonomousflyingvehiclesuchasthis.Thiscantransportasmallpayloadtoday,abouttwokilograms,overashortdistance,about10kilometres,butit’spartofawideworkthatmaycovertheentirecountry,maybeeventheentirecontinent.It’sanultra-flexible,automatedlogisticwork.It’sworkforatransportationofmatter.WecallitMatte.(2:18)Weusethreekey.Thefirstiselectricautonomousflyingvehicles.Thesecondisautomatedgroundstationsthatthevehiclesflyinandoutoftoswapbatteriesandflyfarther,orordeliverloads.Andthethirdistheoperatingsystemthatmanagesthewhole(2:36)Let’slookateachoneofthoseinabitmoredetail.Firstofall,theUAVs.Eventually,we’regoingtobeusingallsortsofvehiclesfordifferentpayloadcapacitiesanddifferentranges.Today,we’reusinallquads.Theseareabletotransporttwokilogramsover10kilometersinjustabout15minutes.Comparethiswithtryingtotrespassabadroadinthedeveloworld,orevenbeingstuckintrafficinadevelopedworldcountry.Theseflyautonomously.Thisisthekeytothetechnology.SotheyuseGPSandothersensorsonboardtonavigatebetweengroundstations.Everyvehicleisequippedwithanautomaticpayloadandbatteryexchangemechanism,sothesevehiclesnavigatetothosegroundstations,theydock,swapabatteryautomatically,andgooutagain.Thegroundstationsarelocatedonsafelocationsonground.Theysecurethemostvulnerablepartofthemission,whichisthelanding.Theyareatknownlocationsontheground,sothepathsbetweenthemarealsoknown,whichisveryimportantfromareliabilityperspectivefromthewholenetwork.Apartfromfulfillingtheenergyrequirementsofthevehicles,eventuallythey'regoingtobe ingcommercialhubswherepeoplecantakeoutloadsorputloadsintothenetwork.Thelastcomponentistheoperatingsystemthatmanagesthewholenetwork.Itmonitorsweatherdatafromallthegroundstationsandoptimizestheroutesofthevehiclesthroughthesystemtoavoidadverseweatherconditions,avoidotherriskfactors,andoptimizetheuseoftheresourcesthroughoutthenetwork.(4:08)Iwanttoshowyouwhatoneofthoseflightslookslike.HereweareflyinginHaitilastsummer,wherewe’vedoneourfirstfieldtrials.We’remodelinghereamedicaldeliveryinacampwesetupafterthe2010earthquake.Peopletherelovethis.(4:27)AndIwanttoshowyouwhatoneofthosevehicleslookslikeupclose.Sothisis$3,000vehicle.Costsarecomingdownveryrapidly.Weusethisinallsortsofweatherconditions,veryhotandverycoldclimates,verystrongwinds.They’reverysturdyvehicles.Imagineifyourlifedependedonthispackage,somewhereinAfricaorinNewYorkCity,afterSandy.Thenextbigquestionis,what’sthecost?(5:05)Well,itturnsoutthatthecosttotransporttwokilogramsover10kilometerswiththisvehicleisjust24cents.(5:16)(5:21)Andit’scounterintuitive,butthecostofenergyexpendedfortheflightisonlytwocentsofadollartoday,andwe’rejustatthebeginningofthis.Whenwesawthis,wefeltthatthisissomethingthatcanhavesignificantimpactintheworld.(5:35)Sowesaid,okay,howmuchdoesitcosttosetupanetworksomewhereintheworld?AndwelookedatsettingupanetworkinLesothofortransportationofHIV/AIDSsamples.Theproblemthereishowdoyoutakethemfromclinicswherethey’rebeingcollectedtohospitalswherethey’rebeinganalyzed?Andwesaid,whatifwewantedtocoveranareaspanningaround140squarekilometers?That’sroughlyoneandahalftimesthesizeofManhattan.Wellitturnsoutthatthecosttodothattherewouldbelessthanamilliondollars.Comparethistonormalinfrastructureinvestments.Wethinkthiscanbe…thisisthepowerofanewparadigm.(6:14)Sohereweare:anewideaaboutanetworkfortransportationthatisbasedontheideasoftheInternet.It’sdecentralized,it’speer-to-peer,it’sbidirectional,highlyadaptable,withverylowinfrastructureinvestment,verylowecologicalfootprint.Ifitisanewparadigm,though,theremustbeotherusesforit.Itcanbeusedperhapsinotherplacesintheworld.(6:40)Solet’slookattheotherendofthespectrum:ourcitiesandmegacities.HalfoftheEarth’spopulationlivesincitiestoday.Halfabillionofusliveinmegacities.Wearelivingthroughanamazingurbanizationtrend.ChinaaloneisaddingamegacitythesizeofNewYorkCityeverytwoyears.Theseareplacesthatdohaveroadinfrastructure,butit’sveryinefficient.Congestionisahugeproblem.SowethinkitmakessenseinthoseplacestosetupanetworkoftransportationthatisanewlayerthatsitsbetweentheroadandtheInternet,initiallyforlightweight,urgentstuff,andovertime,wewouldhopetodevelopthisintoanewmodeoftransportationthatistrulyamodernsolutiontoaveryoldproblem.It’sultimatelyscalablewithaverysmallecologicalfootprint,operatinginthebackground24/7,justliketheInternet.(7:34)Sowhenwestartedthisacoupleofyearsagonow,we’vehadalotofpeoplecometouswhosaid,“Thisisaveryinterestingbutcrazyidea,andcertainlynotsomethingthatyoushouldengagewithanytimesoon.”Andofcourse,we’retalkingaboutdrones,right,atechnologythat’snotonlyunpopularintheWestbuthathas eavery,veryunpleasantfactoflifeformanylivinginpoorcountries,especiallythoseengagedonflict.(8:03)Sowhyarewengthis?Well,wechosetodothisonenotbecauseit’seasy,butbecauseitcanhaveamazingimpact.Imagineonebillionpeoplebeingconnectedtophysicalgoodsinthesamewaythatmunicationsconnectedthemtoinformation.Imagineifthenextbiworkwebuiltintheworldwasworkforthetransportationofmatter.Inthedeveloworld,wewouldhopetoreachmillionsofpeoplewithbettervaccines,reachthemwithbettermedication.ItwouldgiveusanunfairadvantagebattlingHIV/AIDS,tuberculosisandotherepidemics.Overtime,wewouldhopeitwould eanewtformforeconomictransactions,liftingmillionsofpeopleoutofpoverty.Inthedevelopedworldandtheemergingworld,wewouldhopeitwould eanewmodeoftransportationthatcouldhelpmakeourcitiesmorelivable.(9:01)Soforthosethatstillbelievethatthisissciencefiction,Ifirmlysaytoyouthatitisnot.Wedoneedtoengage,though,insocialfictiontomakeithappen.(9:12)Thankyou.(Apuse)（劃下劃線的部分是重復(fù)聽的內(nèi)容Unit2ContractBusinessContractBasics:ImportantPointstoRememberWhenPuttingTogetheraContractIfyouspendenoughtimedealingwithcustomers,youwillatsomepointhavetodealwiththecontractsrelatedtotheserviceyouprovidetothosecustomers.Atfirst,contractscanbeintimidating,butlikemostthingsinlifewanttogetabetterpractice,youwillbtdealingwiththeseagreements.Thefollowingslideswon’tteachyoutobealawyer,buttheywillprovideyousomerealworldinsightsthatwillhelpyouwhenitcomestimetodealwiththecontract.Youwon’tbelievehowmanycontractsIhaveseencomeacrossmydesk,butdidnothavethepropersignatures.WhatImeanbythepropersignaturesisthatthewhoisgettingtheproductortheservicehassignedthecontract,andthethatissupplyingthatproductorservicehasalsosignthesamecontract.Youhavetohavebothsignaturesonthesameinorderforittobeacontract.Alotofsmartcontractsnowhavethiswordingbelowthesignatureline:authoritytobindthe.Thiswordingservesasaremindertothewhowasactuallysigningthecontractthattheymusthavetheauthoritytocommittothetermsofthecontractthattheywereabouttosign.Basicallythebysigningitsays,yes,“IcanpayforthisproductorservicethatI’mabouttoreceive”,andthensubsequentlytherepresentativeisalsosaying,“Yes,Icandelivertheproductortheserviceasit’soutlined”inthecontract.AllcontractsshouldhavethesebasicNumberone:AstartWhenareyougoingtodelivertheproductortheNumbertwo:ContractThiscanbeanydurationoftimefromaday,aweek,amonth,sevenmonthsorevenfourNumberthree:DetailsoftheproductorThisitemcanneverhaveenoughdetail.Thegoalhereistomakesurebothpartiesknowexactlywhatistobedoneinthecontractrightdowntothefinestdetails.Itisimportanttomakesureeveryone’pectationsareabsoluycrystalclear.Numberfour:Yes,itisimportanttolistoutthepriceyouarechargingfortheserviceforthepartthatyouareselling.Makingsurethatcontractdetailswhatisludedisjustasimportantastowhatisnotludedintheprice.Whenyouthinkprice,thinknumberofunits,value,frequencyandanyandalldiscounts,andforhowlongthatpricewillbeineffectyoumaywanttoofferdiscountsarereasesinyourpriceifcertainconditionsapplysuchasacustomerwhobuysmorethanexpectedorlessthanagreedto.KeeptheseoptionsopenbecauseyouneverknowwhathappenintheNumberfive:PaymentIntheolddayswhenbusinesswasalocalexchangeofgoodsandservices,paymenttermsarepaidmuchcashwhenyouboughtorreceivedtheproductorservice.Asbusinessbecamemoreinternational,itbecameonvenienttopaycash,forsay,shiploadofironore,sopaymenttermsbecamepartofthecontract.Paymenttermsandsurethereisatimelybalancweenthedeliveryoftheservicetothepaymentforsuchservice.Somecompaniescanaffordtoextendpaymenttermsforbiggerdealsbutsomeneedtobepaidimmediay.Whenyouarenegotiatingpaymentterms,ensureyoucanaffordtotermsyouagreeto,otherwiseyoumayfindyourselfoverextendedcreditwiseandnotbeabletoaffordtopayyouremployeesorotherkeyproviders.Numbersix:MailingInyourcontractmakesureyouhavethemailingaddressesofthatwhosignedthecontractandthemailingaddressandnameoftheordepartmentyouweretosendthesto.Sameappliesifyou’regettingpaidmakesureyourcustomerknowswheretosendthechecked,eitherwayyouwillsavealotoftimeinminimizingconfusion,ifyou’reatthistothecontract.Numberseven:ApprovedNowwe’regoinerthisagainbutthisissimple.Makesurethepeoplewhosignedthecontracthavetheauthoritytocommittothetermsofthecontractwhenindoubt,askforproof.Don’twristdisappointmentorextracostbecauseyoudidn’tdothisstep.Whenitcomestocontractsandpromises,theonlyvalidpromiseisapromisethatiswrittenintothecontract.OneBusinessContractBasics:ImportantPointstoRememberWhenPuttingTogetheraContractEverythingelseissimplewords,unspokenwordsarenotbinding,whichtheywere,butthatisnotthecase.Sothecontractorssaywewillanddisposeofallaccessmaterial,getitinwriting,ifthesayswewillgiveyoumorebusiness,andifyoudeliverontime,havethemputthatinwriting.Itiseasytobelieveorhavefaithintheotherpartywhenyou’renegotiatingcontract.Youwanttotaketheirwordforeveryonewhohasgoodintentions,butsituationschange,peoplechange.Toensureeveryonerememberswhattheypromisedbyputtingitinwritingandorporatingitintothecontract.Itisnaturalthontractwillcallbackandforthbetweenyourandyour,iseachpartyfinetuneswhattheywillagreetoandwhattheywantchangeoradjustedintheElectronicallywrittencontractsforcanbeadjustedandoralteredwithouttheotherpartybeingtoldorbeingawareofit.Electronicallywrittencontractsorscanbeadjustedandoralteredwithouttheotherpartybeingtold,orevenbeingaware,youcangetaroundredlineinWords,likeitornot,it’safact.Soyouhavetoguardthispracticebyreviewingtheredlinecontractsthatcomebacktoyou.Mostpeoplewillconcentratetheirattentiononthesectionsthathavebeenredlined,butitisalwaysgoodpracticestoscantherestofatoensurenothingelsehaschanged.Onequickandeasywaytodothisistofirstensurethatyouhavethesamberofpagesinthecontract.Secondlyyoucanscanacontractbylookingforthesamewordsatthebeginningandendsofeachline,andcomparingthemtotheoriginalandthered-linedversion.Asyoucanseeinthisexamplethewordsanyandappearonthe3rdineightlinesasintheoriginal,alsowehaveballpointAthroughDinbothcopies,shecanbeprettysurethatthissectiononthecontracthasnotbeenaltered.Ifthatsectionhadwordsaddedorremovedandthewordswerenotlineupthesameway,thiswouldbeRBSwithgaspressurefunchangesaswell.Everycontractwillhavesomechangesmadetoit,whenitdoes,bothpartiesmustagreetothosechanges.Thechangesneedtobeinitiatedbybothpartiesorthechangeisnotdeemedacceptedintothecontract.Thisprocedurealsostopsonepartyfrommakingchangesafterthecontracthasbeensignedandensurestheintegrityothercontractprocess.Itisagoodideatoactuallywritesuchaclauseintoyourcontracttoensurethatbothpartiesunderstandthatallchangeshavetobemutuallyagreedto.Onewouldthinkthisisanobviouslie,butrealityhastaughtmequitedifferently.Hereisascenariotoconsider.JohnworksforasoftwareandJohngetspaidacommissionforeachof