TheThreeLawofThermodynamics熱力學(xué)的三個(gè)定律課件

Chapter18

Entropy,FreeEnergy,andEquilibriumChemistryEnglish100-2SemesterChapter18

Entropy,FreeEnerg18.1TheThreeLawofThermodynamics

熱力學(xué)的三個(gè)定律ThermodynamicsLawofThermodynamicsEnthalpy(DH)熱力學(xué)熱力學(xué)定義焓VocabularyandPhrase字與詞18.1TheThreeLawofThermody18.1TheThreeLawofThermodynamics

熱力學(xué)的三個(gè)定律DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀Thefirstlawofthermodynamics:Energycanbeconvertedfromoneformtoanother,butitcannotbecreatedordestroyed.ConvertCreateDestroy轉(zhuǎn)換創(chuàng)造毀滅中譯:熱力學(xué)第一定律:能量可已由一種形式轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種形式,但不能被創(chuàng)造或毀滅。18.1TheThreeLawofThermody18.1TheThreeLawofThermodynamics

熱力學(xué)的三個(gè)定律DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀Onemeasureofchangesinenergyistheamountofheatgivenofforabsorbedbyasystemduringaconstant-pressureprocess,whichchemistsdefineaschangeinenthalpy.GiveoffAbsorb散發(fā)吸收中譯:能量改變得一種計(jì)量方式是定壓程序中系統(tǒng)所發(fā)散或吸收的熱量也就是化學(xué)家所定義的焓的變化量。18.1TheThreeLawofThermody18.2SpontaneousProcess

自發(fā)程序SpontaneousNon-spontaneousSpontaneousreaction自發(fā)的非自發(fā)的自發(fā)的反應(yīng)VocabularyandPhrase字與詞18.2SpontaneousProcess自發(fā)程序S18.2SpontaneousProcess

自發(fā)程序DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀Areactionthatdoesoccurunderagivensetofconditionsiscalledaspontaneousreaction.中譯:一個(gè)反應(yīng)自一組特定條件下能發(fā)生即稱之為自發(fā)反應(yīng)。Ifareactionthatdoesnotoccurunderspecifiedconditions,itissaidtobenon-spontaneous.中譯:Self-test自我測試18.2SpontaneousProcess自發(fā)程序DSpontaneousprocessSpontaneousprocessNonspontaneousprocessSpontaneousprocessSpontaneous18.3Entropy

火商Entropy(S)Changeinentropy(DS)Microstate (S=klnW)Standardentropy火商火商

的變化量微狀態(tài)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)火商VocabularyandPhrase字與詞18.3Entropy火商Entropy(S)火商Vo18.3Entropy

火商DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀Entropyisoftendescribedasameasureofhowspreadoutordispersedtheenergyofasystemisamongthedifferentpossiblewaysthatsystemcancontainenergy.中譯:火商通常被描述為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。18.3Entropy火商Definitionand18.3Entropy

火商Thegreaterthedispersal,thegreatertheentropy.中譯:

Self-test自我測試Thegreaterthenumberofmicrostates,thegreateristheentropy.中譯:

18.3Entropy火商Thegreaterthe18.3Entropy

火商DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀Likeenthalpy,entropyisastatefunction.中譯:如同焓一樣,火商是一個(gè)狀態(tài)函數(shù)。18.3Entropy火商Definitionand18.3Entropy

火商DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀Asystemwithfewermicrostates(smallerW)amongwhichtospreaditsenergy(smalldispersal)hasalowerentropy.中譯:一個(gè)系統(tǒng)中能量能散佈的微狀態(tài)比較少時(shí)(W小,散佈小),該系統(tǒng)的火商值也較小。Asystemwithmoremicrostate(largerW)amongwhichtospreaditsenergy(largedispersal)hasahigherentropy.中譯:Self-test自我測試18.3Entropy火商Definitionand18.3Entropy

火商DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀Standardentropyistheabsoluteentropyofasubstanceat1atmand25℃.中譯:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)火商是物質(zhì)在1大氣壓下25℃時(shí)的絕對火商。TheunitsofentropyareJ/KorJ/Kmolfor1moleofthesubstance.Weusejoulesratherthankilojoulesbecauseentropyvaluesaretypicallyquitesmall.中譯:火商的單位是(焦耳/K)或是對一莫耳的物質(zhì)而言是(焦耳/Kmole)中譯:我們使用焦耳而非千焦是因?yàn)榛鹕痰臄?shù)值通常相當(dāng)?shù)男　?8.3Entropy火商DefinitionandMeltingVaporizationDissolvingHeatingSliquid>SsolidSvapor>SliquidSsolution>Ssolute+SsolventMeltingSliquid>SsolidSvapor>18.4TheSecondLawofThermodynamics

熱力學(xué)第二定律Entropychangeinthesystem

(DSsys)StandardentropyofreactionEntropychangeinthesurrounding(DSsurr)Thechangeinentropyoftheuniverse(DSuniv=DSsys+DSsurr)Thethirdlawofthermodynamics AbsoluteentropyVocabularyandPhrase字與詞系統(tǒng)火商變化量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)反應(yīng)火商環(huán)境火商變化量火商值總變化量熱力學(xué)第三定律絕對火商值18.4TheSecondLawofThermod18.4TheSecondLawofThermodynamics

熱力學(xué)第二定律DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀Thesecondlawofthermodynamics:Theentropyofuniverseincreasesinaspontaneousprocessandremainsunchangedinanequilibriumprocess.中譯:熱力學(xué)第二定律:宇宙的火商在自發(fā)程序中是增加的而在平衡中是保持不變的。18.4TheSecondLawofThermod18.4TheSecondLawofThermodynamics

熱力學(xué)第二定律DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀ForaspontaneousprocessForanequilibriumprocess18.4TheSecondLawofThermod18.3Entropy

火商DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀Standardentropy

ofreactionisgivenbythedifferenceinstandardentropiesbetweenproductsandreactants.中譯:反應(yīng)火商是產(chǎn)物與反應(yīng)物標(biāo)準(zhǔn)火商值的差。18.3Entropy火商DefinitionandEntropyintheSurroundingsAnexothermicprocesstransfersheatfromthesystemtothesurroundingsandresultsinanincreaseintheentropyofthesurrounding.Anendothermicprocessabsorbsheatfromthesurroundingsandtherebydecreasetheentropyofthesurrounding.EntropyintheSurroundingsAn18.4TheSecondLawofThermodynamics

熱力學(xué)第二定律DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀IfthechangeinentropyDSunivispositive,wepredictthereactionisspontaneousatthattemperature.中譯:當(dāng)總火商值(DSuniv)的變化量為正值,我們可預(yù)測在該溫度下反應(yīng)是自發(fā)的。18.4TheSecondLawofThermod18.4TheSecondLawofThermodynamics

熱力學(xué)第二定律DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀Thethirdlawofthermodynamics:Theentropyofaperfectcrystallinesubstanceiszeroattheabsolutezerooftemperature.中譯:熱力學(xué)第三定律:完美結(jié)晶物質(zhì)在溫度0時(shí)其火商值也為0。18.4TheSecondLawofThermod18.5GibbsFreeEnergy

(吉卜氏)自由能GibbsFreeEnergy(freeenergy) G=H-TS;DG=DH-TDSStandardFree-EnergyChanges(

)StandardfreeenergyofformationPhasetransitionVocabularyandPhrase字與詞自由能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)反應(yīng)自由能變化量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聲成自由能相變化18.5GibbsFreeEnergy(吉卜氏)自由PhasetransitionMeltVaporizationCondensationFreezeSublimationVapordepositionSolid

liquid

gas

PhasetransitionMeltVaporizati18.5GibbsFreeEnergy

自由能DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀G=H-TSGiscalledGibbsFreeEnergy,orsimplyfreeenergy.Ghastheunitsofenergy.LikeHandS,Gisastatefunction.中譯:

G稱為吉卜氏自由能或簡稱為自由能。中譯:自由能G具有能量的單位。中譯:如同焓H與火商S,G是狀態(tài)函數(shù)。18.5GibbsFreeEnergy自由能Defi18.5GibbsFreeEnergy

自由能DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀中譯:定溫程序中系統(tǒng)的自由能變化量為焓變化量減去溫度乘以火商變化量。中譯:自由能是可以提供用以作功的能量。Thechangeinfreeenergyofasystemforaconstanttemperatureprocessis

DG=DH-TDS

Freeenergyistheenergyavailabletodowork.18.5GibbsFreeEnergy自由能DefiForaspontaneousprocessForaspontaneousprocess18.5GibbsFreeEnergy

自由能DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀中譯:定溫定壓下,以自由能變化量判定自發(fā)性與平衡的條件中譯:自由能變化為負(fù)值,正反應(yīng)為自發(fā)TheconditionsforspontaneityandequilibriumatconstanttemperatureandpressureintermsofDGDG<0 Thereactionisspontaneousintheforwarddirection.DG>0 Thereactionisnonspontaneous. Thereactionisspontaneousintheoppositedirection.DG=0 Thesystemisatequilibrium.Thereisnonetchange.中譯:自由能變化為正值,反應(yīng)不自發(fā),逆反應(yīng)方向?yàn)樽园l(fā)中譯:自由能變化為零,系統(tǒng)處於平衡狀態(tài),無淨(jìng)變化18.5GibbsFreeEnergy自由能Defi18.5GibbsFreeEnergy

自由能DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀中譯:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)反應(yīng)自由能是一個(gè)發(fā)生於標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀態(tài)下反應(yīng)的自由能變化量,(也就是)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀態(tài)下的反應(yīng)物轉(zhuǎn)化為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀態(tài)下的產(chǎn)物(的自由能變化量)。Thestandardfree-energyofreactionisthefree-energychangeforareactionwhenitoccursunderstandardstateconditions,whenreactantsintheirstandardstatesareconvertedtoproductsintheirstandardstates.18.5GibbsFreeEnergy自由能DefiConventionsforStandardStates

Gas 1atmpressureLiquid pureliquidSolid PuresolidElements DG=0Solution 1molarconcentrationConventionsforStandardState18.5GibbsFreeEnergy

自由能DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀中譯:一個(gè)化合物標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生成自由能,也就是該化合物由標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀態(tài)下的元素形成該化合物時(shí)的自由能變化。

isthestandardfree-energyofformationofacompound,thatisthefree-energychangethatoccurswhen1moleofthecompoundissynthesizedfromitselementsintheirstandardstates.18.5GibbsFreeEnergy自由能Defi18.5GibbsFreeEnergy

自由能DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀中譯:當(dāng)焓與火商的變化量均為正值,僅有在溫度乘以商變化的結(jié)果遠(yuǎn)大於涵變化量時(shí)自由能變化量才有可能為負(fù)值(自發(fā)),此一情況在高溫下較能符合。IfbothDHandDSarepositive,thenDGwillbenegativeonlywhenTDStermisgreaterinmagnitudethanDH.ThisconditionismetwhenTislarge.DG=DH-TDS18.5GibbsFreeEnergy自由能Defi18.5GibbsFreeEnergy

自由能DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀中譯:當(dāng)焓變化量為負(fù)而火商的變化量也為負(fù)值,僅有在溫度乘以商變化的結(jié)果小於焓變化量時(shí)自由能變化量才有可能為負(fù)值(自發(fā)),此一情況在低溫下較能符合。IfDHisnegativeandDSisnegative,thenDGwillbenegativeonlywhenTDStermissmallerinmagnitudethanDH.ThisconditionismetwhenTissmall.DG=DH-TDS18.5GibbsFreeEnergy自由能Defi18.5GibbsFreeEnergy

自由能DefinitionandReading定義與例句閱讀中譯:當(dāng)焓變化量均為正值而火商的變化量為負(fù)值,無論溫度為何,自由能變化量恆為正值(不自發(fā))。IfDHispositiveandDSisnegative,DGwillalwaysbepositive,regardlessoftemperature.中譯:IfDHisnegativeandDSispositive,thenDGwillalwaysbenegativeregardlessoftemperature.DG=DH-TDS18.5GibbsFreeEnergy自由能DefiDG=D