新托福閱讀長難句120句(分析+譯文)

新托福閱讀長難句120句（分析+譯文）1.TotallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressureshundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth’ssurface，thedeep—oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans，insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteasthevoidofouterspace.(定語后置insomeways…)由于完全沒有光，而且承受著比在地球表面大數(shù)百倍的極大壓力，深海底部對人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)境，在某些方面就像外層空間一樣險惡和遙遠(yuǎn)。分句1：Totallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressures分句2：hundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth’ssurface分句3：thedeep—oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans分句4：insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteasthevoidofouterspace分句2修飾分句1結(jié)尾的短語intensepressures，分句1是分句3的原因狀語分句3是整個長句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定語，修飾分句3的ahostileenvironmenttohumans整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)是：原因狀語+主句+后置定語這是主句前后分別有狀語和定語的修飾成分，但是本句其實不是復(fù)合句。句子的核心意思是深海對于人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)境。2.BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth．(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Basictoanyunderstanding…is…)要理解二戰(zhàn)之后20年中的加拿大，就必須了解該國驚人的人口增長。分句1：BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar分句2：is分句3：thecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth分句1，2，3共同構(gòu)成倒裝句，正常的語序應(yīng)該是3，2，1，即：該句的正常語序是Thecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowthisbasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar．本句是一個簡單句，只不過使用了倒裝，謂語動詞是is.3.Asaresult，claimsthateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealthhavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore．(同位語從句claimsthat…)結(jié)果，那些認(rèn)為只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進(jìn)健康的觀點廣為人知，并成為一些民間說法的基礎(chǔ)。分句1：thateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealth分句2：claimshavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore分句2嵌套分句1，分句1作為分句2主語的同位語從句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句是claimshavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore.那些觀點廣為人知，并成為一些民間說法的基礎(chǔ)。同位語從句是thateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealth：只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進(jìn)健康4.Therearenumerousunsubstantiatedreportsthatnaturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones，thatfertilizedeggsarenutritionallysuperiortounfertilizedeggs，thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrainsandthelike．(并列同位語從句reportsthat…，that…，that…)關(guān)于天然維生素優(yōu)于人造維生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的營養(yǎng)價值更高，未經(jīng)熏蒸消毒處理的谷物比經(jīng)過處理的好等等報道屢見不鮮，但都沒有得到證實。分句1：Therearenumerousunsubstantiatedreports分句2：naturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones分句3：thatfertilizedeggsarenutritionallysuperiortounfertilizedeggs分句4：thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrainsandthelike分句1是整個長句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列關(guān)系，共同構(gòu)成分句1的同位語從句。本句的意思是有很多沒有經(jīng)過證實的報道，然后并列了三個未經(jīng)過證實的報道的從句。5·ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthatreconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsointheNorth，thoughlessspectacularly．(同位語從句factthat…)南方極為嚴(yán)重的困境使北方同樣需要開始重建(盡管不像南方那么引人注目)這一事實顯得不太重要。分句1.ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefact分句2.reconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsointheNorth分句3.thoughlessspectacularly（省略）1和2嵌套1和3并列6·Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl．(賓語從句whatwenowknowas)現(xiàn)在可以獲得這些環(huán)繞幾乎每個大城市邊緣地區(qū)的土地，這一可能性激發(fā)了一場房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)的熱潮并造成了我們現(xiàn)在稱為城區(qū)無計劃擴展的現(xiàn)象。分句1：Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueled分句2：whatwenowknowasurbansprawl分句1嵌套分句2，即分句1是主句，分句2是賓語從句，主句結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)過精簡應(yīng)該是Thenewaccessibilityoflandsparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledurbansprawl。本句的理解困難還來自于抽象詞fuel，它作為名詞的含義廣為人知，是能源、燃料，作為動詞的時候的意思就可以引申為促使、造成。7.Butthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestionofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth．(Of結(jié)構(gòu)作定語：ofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaurs…)但這些因素并不能解釋這個有趣的問題：為何在一個特定的地點會如此集中地出現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn)的懷孕魚龍群。分句1：Butthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestion分句2：ofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth分句1嵌套分句2.分句2是Of結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語修飾說明question的內(nèi)容。8.Amidrumorsthattherewereprehistoricmammothswanderingaroundtheunknownregionandthatsomewhereinitswildswasamountainofrocksalt80by45milesinextent，thetwocaptainssetout．(同位語從句rumorsthat…)當(dāng)時有一些傳言，說有史前的猛犸在這一陌生的區(qū)域活動，而且在這一區(qū)域的某個地方有一座巨大的鹽石山，其面積達(dá)80英里長50英里寬。就在這些傳言中，兩位上尉出發(fā)了。分句1：Amidrumors分句2：thattherewereprehistoricmammothswanderingaroundtheunknownregion分句3：andthatsomewhereinitswildswasamountainofrocksalt80by45milesinextent分句4：thetwocaptainssetout分句1和分句4構(gòu)成倒裝，正常的語序應(yīng)該是分句4+分句1，即thetwocaptainssetoutAmidrumors。分句1嵌套分句2和分句3，分句2和分句3是修飾分句1的rumors的同位語從句，用來說明謠言的具體內(nèi)容。分句2和分句3構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。9.Intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord，andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup，asupremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury．(同位語asupremacy)17世紀(jì)時風(fēng)琴、敲弦琴和撥弦琴成為鍵盤樂器類的主要成員，這種至高無上的地位一直由它們保持，直到18世紀(jì)末被鋼琴所取代。分句1：Intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord，andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup，分句2：asupremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury分句2是分句1的同位語從句，用來修飾說明分句1中的thechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup10．Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury,includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,theperfectionofametalframeandsteelwireofthefinestquality，finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound，fromaliquid，singingtonetoasharp,percussivebrilliance．(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)from…to…作定語)持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)的一系列機械上的改進(jìn)，包括引入踏板以維持音調(diào)或使其柔和，改善金屬框架，以及使用最佳牲能的鋼絲，最終產(chǎn)生了一種具備無數(shù)音調(diào)效果的樂器——這些效果涵蓋了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂音響，從明快流暢的吟唱音調(diào)到尖銳的打擊樂器的恢弘氣氛。分句1：Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury分句2：includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit分句3：theperfectionofametalframeandsteelwireofthefinestquality分句4：finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffects分句5：fromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound，分句6：fromaliquid，singingtonetoasharp,percussivebrilliance本句的真正的主句結(jié)構(gòu)其實是由分句1和分句4構(gòu)成，即Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcenturyfinallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffects，，分句2和分句3并列修飾說明分句1中的Aseriesofmechanicalimprovements，而分句5和分句6并列，修飾說明了分句4中的aninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffects11．ThelargestlaternamedPuebloBonito(PrettyTown)bytheSpanish,roseinfiveterracedstories，containedmorethan800rooms，andcouldhavehousedapopulationof1，000ormore．最大的一座后來被西班牙人稱為PuebloBonito(美麗的城鎮(zhèn))，是一個五層梯式樓，有800多間房子，能夠容納1000人以上。分句1：Thelargestroseinfiveterracedstories，containedmorethan800rooms，andcouldhavehousedapopulationof1，000ormore分句2：laternamedPuebloBonito(PrettyTown)bytheSpanish分句1嵌套分句2，分句2用來修飾分句1的主語thelargest,分句1內(nèi)部是由三個并列的謂語構(gòu)成的句子。12．Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as“silent”，thefilmhasneverbeen，inthefullsenseoftheword,silent．(倒裝accustomedthoughweare…=thoughweareaccustomed…)雖然我們習(xí)慣于將1927年以前的電影叫做“無聲電影”，但是就“無聲’’這個詞的完整意義上說，電影從未真正的無聲過。分句1：Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as“silent”分句2：thefilmhasneverbeensilent分句3：inthefullsenseoftheword本句的難點是在分句1內(nèi)部有一個倒裝，正常的語序應(yīng)該是thoughweareaccustomedtospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927assilent.分句3是一個插入語，嵌套在分句2中，所以本句的真正強調(diào)的核心是thefilmhasneverbeensilent。13.Foranumberofyearstheselectionofmusicforeachfilmprogramrestedentirelyinthehandsoftheconductororleaderoftheorchestra，andveryoftentheprincipalqualificationfarholdingsuchapositionwasnotskillortastesomuchastheownershipofalargepersonallibraryofmusicalpieces．(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)not…SOmuchas…——與其說…不如說…)在好些年內(nèi)，為各部影片選擇配樂的權(quán)力完全掌握在樂隊指揮或隊長手中，而通常擔(dān)任這種職位的資格與其說是技巧或鑒賞品位，不如說是個人擁有音樂作品的豐富收藏。分句1：.Foranumberofyearstheselectionofmusicforeachfilmprogramrestedentirelyinthehandsoftheconductororleaderoftheorchestra分句2：andveryoftentheprincipalqualificationfarholdingsuchapositionwasnotskillortastesomuchastheownershipofalargepersonallibraryofmusicalpieces分句1和分句2構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，分句2的難點在于not……somuchas的結(jié)構(gòu)。14·Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity，thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem，tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being．(倒裝coincidentwithconcerns…h(huán)asbeen…=…h(huán)asbeencoincidentwithconcerns…)在對物種和動物棲息地加速消失表示關(guān)注的同時，人們也越來越認(rèn)識到生物多樣化，即一個特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的數(shù)量對地球的健康以及人類幸福的重要性。分句1：Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity分句2：thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem分句3：tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being分句1內(nèi)部構(gòu)成倒裝，正常語序應(yīng)該是concernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeencoincidentwithagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversitytothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being所以真正的主句經(jīng)過精簡之后是concernshasbeencoincidentwithagrowingappreciation分句2是一個插入語，用來解釋說明分句1結(jié)尾的biologicaldiversity15.Thefactthathalfoftheknownspeciesarethoughttoinhabittheworld'srainforestsdoesnotseemsurprising，consideringthehugenumbersofinsectsthatcomprisethebulkofthespecies．(同位語從句factthat…；定語從句thatcomprisethebulk…)考慮到組成大部分物種的昆蟲的巨大數(shù)量，認(rèn)為半數(shù)的已知物種棲息在世界的雨林中這一事實看起來并不令人吃驚。分句1：Thefactdoesnotseemsurprising分句2：thathalfoftheknownspeciesarethoughttoinhabittheworld'srainforests分句3：consideringthehugenumbersofinsects分句4：thatcomprisethebulkofthespecies分句1嵌套分句2，分句2解釋說明分句1的主語thefact,是同位語從句，分句3作為分句1的原因狀語，分句4是定語從句，修飾分句3的thehugenumbersofinsects16.Toappreciatefullythediversityandabundanceoflifeinthesea，ithelpstothinksmall．(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)ithelpsto…做…有幫助)要充分認(rèn)識海洋生命的多樣性和豐富性，從小的角度思考有幫助。目的狀語：Toappreciatefullythediversityandabundanceoflifeinthesea,主句：ithelpstothinksmall．（這里的it是形式主語，沒有實際意義）17.Scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks，butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse．(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)notanymorethan像…一樣不…)科學(xué)建立在事實上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但收集的事實不能被叫做科學(xué)，就像一堆磚不能被稱為房子一樣。分句1.Scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks,分句2.butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse.1和2是并列分句（轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系）18.Thevariationbetweenthehemispherescorrespondstowhichsideofthebodyisusedtoperformspecificactivities．(從句whichside…isused…作correspondsto的賓語兩個半球之間的不同與身體的哪一部分用于進(jìn)行特定的活動是對應(yīng)的。分句1.Thevariationbetweenthehemispherescorrespondsto分句2.whichsideofthebodyisusedtoperformspecificactivities．1和2是嵌套1是主句，2做主句的賓語19.InaperiodcharacterizedbytheabandonmentofsomuchoftherealistictraditionbyauthorssuchasJohnBarth，DonaldBarthelme，andThomasPynchon,JoyceCarolOateshasseemedattimesdeterminedlyold-fashionedinherinsistenceODtheessentiallymimeticqualityofherfiction．(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)characterizedby…——以…為特征)盡管處于一個以拋棄大量現(xiàn)實主義傳統(tǒng)(以作家約翰·巴思、唐納德·巴塞爾姆和托馬斯．品欽為代表)為特征的時代，喬伊斯·卡羅爾·歐茨因為堅持自己小說本質(zhì)上模仿的特點，有時候看起來是一個堅定的守舊派。分句1.characterizedbytheabandonmentofsomuchoftherealistictraditionbyauthorssuchasJohnBarth，DonaldBarthelme，andThomasPynchon,分句2.JoyceCarolOateshasseemedattimesdeterminedlyold-fashionedinherinsistenceODtheessentiallymimeticqualityofherfiction．分句1做時間狀語“Inaperiod”的后置定語，補充修飾period，相當(dāng)于省略了“whichwas”的定語從句分句2是主句20．Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty，theywoulddevourallthefoodavailableinshorttimeandwouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence．(虛擬語氣)如果不是具有這種能力，它們就會在短時間內(nèi)吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能會因餓死而滅絕。分句1.Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty分句2.theywoulddevourallthefoodavailableinshorttime分句3.wouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence分句1是虛擬句的條件從句分句2、3是并列，主句light,新托福,分析,hundreds,without分享到:QQ空間騰訊微博騰訊朋友分享0收藏0支持0反對0樓主熱帖精華推薦邱政政托福聽力十大必備段子聽力20篇聽力新思維TOEFL作文模板15套新托福免費?？既媛犃Γㄔ?.pdf下載托福聽力必背的100個單詞新托福聽力小詞經(jīng)典100例新托福閱讀材料大禮包猴哥托福詞頻9000詞組1200（7.0版）免費下載貼（機經(jīng)）2010年新托福機經(jīng)（大陸和北美）－完整、清晰、很值得下載的資料新托福?？纪粨袈犃ε涮滓纛lToefl_IBT_ON_LINE_TEST（托福在線?？迹﹦⑽挠?001頁托福復(fù)習(xí)資料十天內(nèi)提高單詞量到20000分享到人人相關(guān)帖子•ETS官方解答新托?？忌铌P(guān)注的18個難題•新托?？谡Z：官方考情泄密•新托福寫作：官方考情泄密•新托?？谡Z考前30天練習(xí)進(jìn)度•托福口語真題：描述物品•你不可不知：新托福寫作的11種錯誤分析•如何練習(xí)新托福聽力•北美大學(xué)入學(xué)新托福錄取分?jǐn)?shù)線•【公告】全球iBT新托福閱讀部分時間設(shè)置進(jìn)行調(diào)整•新托福學(xué)術(shù)詞匯(爆搶分類整理)，與大家分享～使用道具舉報沉默卡星辰星辰當(dāng)前離線TOEFL成績143分最后登錄2012-1-13精華0主題19積分3519閱讀權(quán)限200注冊時間2011-8-25帖子64管理員TOEFL成績143分閱讀權(quán)限200主題19精華0積分3519帖子64串個門加好友打招呼發(fā)消息沙發(fā)發(fā)表于2011-8-3011:09:51|只看該作者21．Individualismisweaklydevelopedinfolkcultures，asaresocialclasses．(倒裝asaresocialclasses)’個人主義和社會階層在民間文化群體中的發(fā)展十分薄弱。分句1.Individualismisweaklydevelopedinfolkcultures分句2.asaresocialclasses1和2并列，2采用倒裝語序，as表示“也，和…一樣”22．PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation'seconomywouldbringsocialchaos．(同位語從句prospectthat…)19世紀(jì)的美國人因為害怕國家經(jīng)濟中史無前例的變化會帶來社會混亂這一前景而提心吊膽。分句1.PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospect分句2.unprecedentedchangeinthenation'seconomywouldbringsocialchaos．1和2嵌套，1是主句，2具體解釋說明prospect23．Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation'slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits．(倒裝Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethat…=Astructuralchange…wasaccompanyingthatgrowth)伴隨著這一增長的是一個結(jié)構(gòu)變化，它以經(jīng)濟的不斷多樣化和國家勞動力從農(nóng)業(yè)到制造業(yè)和其他非農(nóng)業(yè)職業(yè)的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為特征。分句1.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchange分句2.featuredincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation'slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits1和2是嵌套分句1是主句，且采用完全倒裝的形式分句2是定語從句，修飾change.這個定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，由2個and連接三個并列的名詞性成分24．Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefined,sodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome．(倒裝sodid…)隨著男人和女人在社會中扮演的角色被限定得更加嚴(yán)格，他們在家中的角色也是如此。分句1.therolesbecamemorerigidlydefined分句2.menandwomenplayedinsociety分句3.sodidtheroles分句4.theyplayedinthehome．1和2嵌套，3和4嵌套1和3并列2和4分別作為定語從句修飾roles3是由so引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝句25.Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals，sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch，oftendistortedintogorgeous，weird，butalwaysfunctionalshapes．(倒裝Surroundingthecolumnare…)圍繞著蕊柱的是三個萼片和三個花瓣，有時很容易辨認(rèn)出來，但經(jīng)常被扭成華麗、奇特但總是有用的形狀。分句1.Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals分句2.sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch，oftendistortedintogorgeous，weird，butalwaysfunctionalshapes．1是主句，采用完全倒裝26．WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedit，youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression．(倒裝thanhadtheirpredecessors—比較結(jié)構(gòu)的第二部分)隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來的經(jīng)濟增長，年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人結(jié)婚成家更早，而且養(yǎng)育的家庭比他們的前輩更大。分句1.thegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWar分句2.theeconomicboomthatfollowedit分句3.youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlier分句4.begantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression．1和2并列，3和4并列1和2是伴隨狀語3和4是主句27．Therailroadcouldbeandwasadespoilerofnature；furthermore，initsmanifestationofspeedandnoise，itmightbeadespoilerofhumannatureaswell．(關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)couldbeandwas)鐵路可以，事實上也是自然的掠奪者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表現(xiàn)上也可能是人性的掠奪者。分句1.Therailroadcouldbeandwasadespoilerofnature分句2.itmightbeadespoilerofhumannatureaswell．1和2是并列（由分號連接的兩個并列分句）28．Intherailroads'primeyears，between1890and1920，therewereafewindividualsintheUnitedStates，mostofthemwithsolidrailroadingexperiencebehindthem，whomadeaprofessionofwritingaboutrailroading--worksofferingtheambienceofstations，yards，andlocomotivecabs．(同位語mostofthem；定語從句whomadeaprofessionofwriting)在1890年到1920年間鐵路的黃金時期，美國有幾個人(他們大多有豐富的鐵路經(jīng)驗)以寫鐵路題材為職業(yè)——作品圍繞車站、停車場和機車。分句1.therewereafewindividualsintheUnitedStates分句2.mostofthemwithsolidrailroadingexperiencebehindthem分句3.whomadeaprofessionofwritingaboutrailroading分句4.worksofferingtheambienceofstations，yards，andlocomotivecabs．1是主句2和3是嵌套2作為1中afewindividuals的同位語，對它進(jìn)一步解釋說明29．Ontheotherhand，whenitcomestosubstantive--particularlybehavioral-information，crowsarelesswellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspeciesand，forthatmatter，notafewquiteuncommonones：theendangeredCaliforniacondor，tociteoneobviousexample．(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)forthatmatter)另一方面，當(dāng)涉及實質(zhì)性的，特別是行為方面的信息時，烏鴉就不如許多比較而言很普通的鳥類那樣為人所知；而且，也不如許多很不尋常的鳥類，舉一個明顯的例子，如像瀕危的加利福尼亞大禿鷲那樣為人所知。分句1.whenitcomestosubstantive--particularlybehavioral-information分句2.crowsarelesswellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspeciesand,forthatmatter，notafewquiteuncommonones：theendangeredCaliforniacondor，tociteoneobviousexample．1和2是并列，分句1是時間狀語，2是主句，其中包含插入語結(jié)構(gòu)以及冒號連接的解釋說明的成分30．Keenobserversandquicklearners，theyareastuteabouttheintentionsofothercreatures，includingresearchers，andadeptatavoidingthem．(并列同位語keenobserversandquicklearners)烏鴉是敏銳的觀察家和快捷的學(xué)習(xí)者，它們對其他生物(包括研究人員)的意圖感覺非常敏銳，并且善于躲開它們。分句1.theyareastuteabouttheintentionsofothercreatures，includingresearchers分句2.andadeptatavoidingthem．1和2是并列31．Theseresearchershavesoughttodemonstratethattheirworkcanbeavaluabletoolnotonlyofsciencebutalsoofhistory，providingfleshinsightsintothedailylivesofordinarypeoplewhoseexistencesmightnototherwisebesowelldocumented．(賓語從句demonstratethat…；特殊結(jié)構(gòu)otherwise)這些研究人員已經(jīng)力圖證實他們的工作不僅可以成為科學(xué)而且還是歷史的寶貴工具，為了解普通人的日常生活提供嶄新的觀點，否則這些普通人的生存狀態(tài)不可能被記載得這么好。分句1：Theseresearchershavesoughttodemonstratethat分句2：theirworkcanbeavaluabletoolnotonlyofsciencebutalsoofhistory分句3：providingfleshinsightsintothedailylivesofordinarypeople分句4：whoseexistencesmightnototherwisebesowelldocumented．分句1是整個長句子的主句分句2是分句1的賓語從句分句3是動詞同位語從句，以分詞形式表示伴隨狀態(tài)分句4補充說明，是3的從句。1和2嵌套1和3并列3和4嵌套32．LegendhasitthatsometimetowardtheendoftheCivilWar(1861--1865)agovernmenttraincarryingoxentravelingthroughthenorthernplainsofeasternWyomingwascaughtinasnowstormandhadtobeabandoned．(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)Legendhasitthat…=Thereisalegendthat…)傳說在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1861--1865)快結(jié)束的某個時候，一列載著牛群的政府的火車在穿過懷俄明州東部的北部平原時遇到了暴風(fēng)雪，因此不得不被遺棄。分句1：Legendhasitthat分句2：sometimetowardtheendoftheCivilWar(1861--1865)agovernmenttraincarryingoxentravelingthroughthenorthernplainsofeasternWyomingwascaughtinasnowstorm分句3：andhadtobeabandoned分句1是整個長句子的形式主句分句2是分句1的具體解釋，也是真正的主句。這里出現(xiàn)了幾個分詞形式，如“carryingoxen”“travelingthrough……”等，完全可以換成“that/whichcarries……”，但這里都作為修飾成分，從簡分析分句3是2的并列1和2、3嵌套2和3并列33．Itisalifelongprocess，aprocessthatstartslongbeforethestartofschoolandonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofone'sentirelife．(并列同位語aprocessthat…，andonethat…)教育是一個終生的過程，早在人們上學(xué)之前就開始了。它應(yīng)成為人的一生中不可缺少的一部分。分句1：Itisalifelongprocess，aprocess分句2：thatstartslongbeforethestartofschool分句3：andonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofone'sentirelife分句1是整個長句子的形式主句分句2是分句1的同位語從句，是對1的進(jìn)一步解釋說明分句3是2的并列句，同為對1的解釋說明1和2、3嵌套2和3并列34．Life'stransitionfromtheseatothelandwasperhapsasmuchofanevolutionarychallengeaswasthegenesisoflife．(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)asmuch…as；倒裝aswasthegenesisoflife)生命從海洋到陸地的過渡可能是一個像生命起源那樣的進(jìn)化挑戰(zhàn)。分句1：Life'stransitionfromtheseatothelandwasperhapsasmuchofanevolutionarychallenge分句2：aswasthegenesisoflife分句1是整個長句子的主句，雖然這一部分很長，但主謂賓只有一套，而且順序是正常的分句2是倒裝句，按正當(dāng)語序相當(dāng)于“thegenesisoflifewasas……（省略）”1和2嵌套35．Inagriculture，thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevators，thecottonpresses，thewarehouses，andthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtosomanyofthenation'sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem．(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)markedby；定語從句thatseemed…thevisiblesign…)在農(nóng)業(yè)上，這一變化的標(biāo)志是谷物升降機、皮棉打包機廠、貨棧和商品交換的出現(xiàn),對全國的眾多農(nóng)民來說它們是反對農(nóng)民的大陰謀的明顯標(biāo)志。分句1：Inagriculture，thetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevators，thecottonpresses，thewarehouses，andthecommodityexchanges分句2：thatseemedtosomanyofthenation'sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem分句1是整個長句子的主句，其中賓語部分是由幾個并列短語構(gòu)成的分句2是分句1的定語從句，進(jìn)一步解釋了這些東西何以成為了“標(biāo)志”1和2嵌套36．Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorshipsthatcoexistedwithinasinglebuilding．(where引導(dǎo)定語從句；what引導(dǎo)的從句作presidedover的賓語)仍然有像金屬制造廠一類的工廠，在那里個體承包商管理在同一幢樓里的本質(zhì)上是手工藝品所有人的工場。分句1：Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalwork分句2：whereindividualcontractorspresidedover分句3：whatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorships分句4：thatcoexistedwithinasinglebuilding分句1是整個長句子的主句分句2是分句1的定語從句分句3是2的賓語從句分句4是3的定語從句。1和2嵌套2和3嵌套3和4嵌套37．Butasthenumberofwageearner