寫作考試-Summary-Writing資料

SUMMARYWRITINGDefinitionandcharacteristicsStepsinwritingasummaryHowtowriteasummaryWritingPractice1.WhatIsSummary?Asummaryisashortenedpassage,whichretainstheessentialinformationoftheoriginal.Itisafairlybriefrestatement---inyourownwords---ofthecontentsofapassage.Note:Yousimplyreportbackwhatthewriterhassaid,withoutmakingvaluejudgments.2.CharacteristicsofagoodsummaryBriefnessOmitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.(length:1/4-1/3oforiginaltext)CompletenesstoincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyourownwordsinacondensedmannerCoherenceratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrase,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.Objectivitytocontainonlytheideasorinformationoftheoriginal.Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.SomeUsefulExpressionsofTransitionOnonehand,…….Ontheotherhand,……Onereasonis……Anotherreasonis……Stillanotherreasonis……Thefinalreasonis……Tobeginwith,……What’smore,……Inaddition,……Finally,……Inshort,Fromwhatismentionedabove,wecancometotheconclusionthat….3.StepsinWritingaSummaryReadthearticle1).Dividethearticleintosectionsofideas.Eachsectiondealswithoneaspectofthecentraltheme.2).Label(classify)eachsectionwithageneralphrasethatcapturesthesubjectmatterofthesection.3).HighlightorunderlinethemainideaandkeypointsTopic:_________Outlines:1.________a…..b…..c.….2.________3.________Beginwithapropercitationofthetitle,author,source,dateofpublicationandthemainideaofthearticlesummarized.Writeaccordingtoyouroutlines.Usetransitionsforasmoothandlogicalflowofideas.Compresssupportingdetails1).Omitthedetails2).Reducetheexamples3).Simplifythedescriptions4).Eliminateallrepetitions5).Compresswordysentencesandchangeclausesorsentencestophrasesandphrasestowords.6).Usegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords7).Usetheshortestpossibletransitions8).Avoidfigurative(比喻的)language9).PutthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeechBeginningaSummaryBeginyoursummarywithTheauthor’snameThearticle’sorchapter’snameTheauthor’sthesisstatement--ageneraloverview(survey概述)ofthearticleTheOpeningSentence:e.g.

Inthefeature(特寫；專題)article"FourKindsofReading,"theauthor,DonaldHall,explainshisopinionaboutdifferenttypesofreading.TheBody：Firstofall,theauthordescribes…………Hethenpointsoutthat……Inaddition,theauthortalksabout…..Finally,theauthorsuggests…………….Someotherintroductoryphrases1.(Theauthor)statesin(thisarticle)that...2.(Theauthor,in(thisarticle)showsthat...3.In(thisarticle),(theauthor)writesthat...4.As(theauthor)saysin(thisarticle),...5.Themainideaof(theauthor'sarticle)is6.Theauthorbelieves(holds;maintains;claims;argues;pointsout;suggests;proposes)that+clause7.Theauthortalksabout(explains;describes;reveals;discusses;focuseson)+n.寫作提示HowtousetransitionalwordsorphrasescorrectlyInordertoorganizeagoodparagraphorcomposition,youshouldlearntousetransitions（轉(zhuǎn)換詞）properly.Whenarunnerinarelayracepasseshiswand（接力棒）toanotherteammember,histeamkeepsmovingahead.Whenawriterusestransitions,hekeepshisideasmovingahead.Transitionsarewordsorphrasesthatjoinoneideatoanother.Theyaddcoherence(連貫性)towritingbyjoiningideastogether.Youcanwritegoodparagraphsbyusingtransitionscorrectly.thatinJapanesethewordforthenumberfouralsomeansdeath.InJapanfourandnineareveryunluckynumberswhichshouldbeavoidedbymarketers.Evenillustrationsneedtobecarefullyexamined.Apicturethatisculturallyoffensivecanruinanadvertisementevenifthewrittenmessageisproperlytranslated.McDonnellDouglasCorporationmadeanunfortunateerrorinanaircraftbrochureforpotentialcustomersinIndia.Itincludedapictureofmenwearingturbans,whichwasnotappreciatedbytheIndians.Acompanyspokesmanreported,“ItwaspolitelypointedouttousthatturbansweredistinctlyPakistaniMoslem.”TheartistfortheadhadusedanoldNationalGeographicmagazinetocopythepicture.29.WhyisthenewfragrancenotpopularinLatincountries?PeoplearenotinterestedinthisfragranceB.ThefragrancesuggestsfuneralinLatincountriesC.PeoplerefusetoacceptproductsmadeintheUSAD.Aterriblemistakewasmadeintranslation30.Whatdoesthephrase“pickup”meanhere?totakeholdofB.tochooseC.tobecomebetterD.tobecomeworse31.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?ThewordfornumberfourisunluckyinJapanB.OnethirdofP&GsaleisinoverseasmarketsC.CheerisnotsoeffectiveincoldwaterD.ThepictureMcDonnellDouglasCorp.usedisculturallyoffensive32.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?CulturaloversightscanbedisastrousB.ThelessonProcterandGamblelearnedC.ThesuperstitionaboutnumberD.WhatillustrationsshowPassageThreeAnAsianengineerisassignedtoU.Slaboratoryandalmostsuffersanervousbreakdown.AU.Sexecutivetellshisstaffhe’sgoingtotreatthemfairly,andcreatesdissension.AJapanesemanagerispromotedbyhisBritishpresident,butwithinsixmonthsasksforatransfer.Eachofthesereal-lifecasesinvolvedpeoplewhowereregardedassuperioremployees,butwereill-equippedtocopewiththecomplexitiesanddangersofinterculturalmanagement.“Multinationalcompanieshavestudiedeverythingelse,nowthey’refinallylookingatculture,”saysCliffordClarke,founderandpresidentoftheCalifornia-basedIRIInternationalInc.oneofasmallbutgrowingnumberofconsultingfirmsthatspecializeinteachingbusinesspeoplefromdifferingcultureshowtocommunicateandworkwitheachother.“NevershowthesoleofyourshoetoanArab,neverarriveontimeforapartyinBrazil,andinJapan,don’tthink‘yesmeansyes,”adviseU.S.consultantsLennieCoplandandLewisBrowhGriggs,whohaveproducedaseriesoffilmsandabooktohelpmanagersimprovetheirinternationalbusinessskills.Butsimplylearningthesocial“dos”and“don’ts”isnottheanswer,accordingtothenewculturespecialists.Thepenaltiesforignoringdifferentthinkingpatterns,theypointout,canbedisastrous.Forexample,theAmericanmanagerwhopromisedtobefairthoughthewastellinghisJapanesestaffthattheirhardworkwouldberewarded,butwhensomeworkersreceivedhighersalaryincreasesthanothers,therewerecomplaints.“Youtoldusyou’dbefair,andyouliedtous,”accusedonesalesman,“Ittookmeayearandhalf”sighedtheAmerican,“torealizethat‘fair’tomystaff,meantbeingtreatedequally”.TheAsianengineerwhosufferedinAmericawasthevictimofanothermistakenexpectation.HewasaccustomedtothewarmgroupenvironmentsotypicalinJapan,saidhisU.Smanager.Butinourcompany,we’reallexpectedtobeself-starters,whothriveonworkingalone.Forhim,itwasemotionalstarvation.He’smadetheadjustmentnow,buthe’dbehumiliatedifItoldyouhisname.That’sanotherculturaldifference.TheJapanesemanagerwhofailedtorespondtohispromotioncouldn’tbringhimselftousethemoredirectlanguageneededtocommunicatewithhisLondon-basedsuperiors.“Iusedtothinkallthistalkaboutculturalcommunicationwasalotofbaloney,”saysEugeneJ.Flath,presidentofIntelJapanLtd,asubsidiaryoftheAmericansemiconductormaker.“Now,Icanseeit’sarealproblem.”Miscommunicationhasslowedourabilitytocoordinateactionwithourhomeoffice.That’swhyIntel,withthehelpofconsultantClarke,begananinterculturaltrainingprogramthisspring,whichFlathexpectswilldramaticallyreducedecision-makingtimenowlostinmakingsuretheAmericansandtheJapaneseunderstandeachother.23.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe.BuildingBridgesOvertheCulturalRiversB.MultinationaltrainingforBusinessmenC.LearningDifferentThinkingPatterns.D.CommunicationProblemsandComplaints24.Fromthecontext,theword‘baloney’iscloseinmeaningto.balconyB.featC.nonsenseD.simplicity25.WhydidtheJapanesestaffcomplaintotheAmericanmanager?TheAmericanmanagerhadliedtothemB.ThesalaryincreaseswereinsufficientC.MoststaffhadnotreceivedsalaryincreasesD.Therewasamisunderstandingoftheword‘fair’26.Theculturalcommunicationproblemsarebecomingespeciallyurgentfor.AmericanmanagersB.multinationalcompaniesC.JapaneseemployeesD.consultingfirms27.Fromthepassage,theJapanesepeopleseemtobeaccustomedto.beingfrankanddirectB.thrivingonworkingaloneC.thewarmteamenvironmentD.highersalarythanothers28.WhydidthepromotedJapanesemanageraskforatransfer?HewasnotcompetentforthehigherpositionB.HewasnotaccustomedtoworkingbyhimselfC.HecouldnotmaketheadjustmenttohisnewjobD.HelackedadequatecommunicationwithhissuperiorsPassageOneWithournation’seconomiccompetitivenessslackeningandourproductivitylevelsnotkeepingpacewithourinternationalcompetitors,employersandpolicymakershavecalledforchangesandimprovementsinhowourschoolspreparestudents.Inmultiplesurveys,employerspointtoinadequaciesinacademicskillsandworkreadinessamongworkers,includingthelackofintegrityandofwillingnesstoassumeresponsibilityandworkcooperatively.Theyalsopointtotheincreasingneedforworkerstobelifelonglearners—aneedgeneratedbytheincreasingspeedwithwhichskillsbecomeobsoleteandbythefrequentchangesinjobsthataretypicallymadebyworkersduringtheirlifetimes(oneinfiveworkersleavetheirjobsonceeveryfiveyearsandyoungerworkersevenmoreoften).AccordingtotheCommitteeforEconomicDevelopment,“Employersinbothlargeandsmallbusinessesdecrythelackofpreparationforworkamongthenation’shighschoolgraduates.Toomanystudentslackreading,writing,andappropriatebehavioronthejob.Norhavetheylearnedhowtolearn,howtosolveproblems,makedecisions,orsetpriorities”.Thisviewofyoungworkerscontributestotheirpoorprospectsinthelabormarketasemployersseektohireolder,moreexperiencedworkers,evenforentry-levelpositions.Yetstudentshavecorrectlyascertainedthatthereislittle,ifany,relationshipbetweenhowwelltheydoinschoolandhowlikelytheyaretogetahigh-skill,high-payjob,orevenajobthatpaysgoodstudentsmorethantheircounterpartswhodolesswellinschool.Employersrarelybothertochecktheacademiccredentialsofyoungjobapplicants,nordoestheUShaveanexternallygradedcompetencyassessmentsystem,whichiskeytothesecondaryschoolcurriculum,asdomostotherindustrializednations.TheUSDepartmentofLaborSecretary’sCommissiononAchievingNecessarySkills(SCANS)recentlymadeastartondevelopingsuchasystembyidentifyingthefivecompetenciesthateffectiveworkerscanproductivelyuseandthethree-partfoundationofskillsandpersonalqualitiesthatcompetencerequires.1.Employersandpolicymakerscallforimprovementsineducationbecause____________.A.internationalcompetitiondemandscapableandresponsibleworkersB.economiccompetitivenessdemandsstudentswithadvancedtechnologyC.productivitycannotbefurtherraisedwiththepresenteducationallevelD.schoolsoveremphasizeworkingskillsattheexpenseofacademicskills2.Lifelonglearningismadeanecessitybythe____________.A.failureofschoolstoproducequalifiedstudentsB.needoftheworkerstoconstantlyrenewtheirskillsC.lackofpreparationforworkonthepartofthestudentsD.threatimpendingunemploymentimposesonskilledworkers3.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasaresultoftheemployers’disappointmentwithschoolgraduates?Thenationlackseconomiccompetitiveness.Productivitylevelscannotberaidsubstantially.Manyjobpositionsareleftunfilled.Employersarereluctanttohireschoolgraduates.4.Infaceofaccusation,schoolgraduatesdefendthemselvesbysaying___________.A.examinationresultscanneverreflectthetruecapabilityofstudentsB.goodacademicachievementisnoguaranteeforhigh-payjobsC.jobperformancehasnothingtodowithhowwelltheydoinschoolD.highschoolsneverattachmuchimportancetotrainingtheirhi-techskills5.Wecanspeculatethat,aftertheSCANShasdevelopedtheassessmentsystem,itislikelythat_______.A.improvementswillbemadeinhowschoolspreparestudentsB.workerswillcertainlyincreasetheircompetitivenessandproductivityC.theacademicfoundationofskillswillbemademoresolidD.morejobopportunitieswillbeopenedforschoolgraduatesPassageTwoThegrowthstrategyisacorporate-levelstrategythatseekstoincreasetheleveloftheorganization’soperations.Thisincludesincreasingsuchpopularquantitativemeasuresassalesrevenues,numberofemployees,andmarketshare.Growthcanbeachievedthroughdirectexpansion,verticalintegration,horizontalintegration,ordiversification.Growththroughdirectexpansionisachievedbyinternallyincreasingafirm’ssales,productioncapacity,orworkforce.Nootherfirmsareacquiredormergedwith;instead,thecompanychoosestogrowbyitselfthroughitsownbusinessoperations.Forinstance,McDonald’shaspursuedagrowthstrategybywayofdirectexpansion.Thecompanyhasgrownbyawardingfranchises(經(jīng)營許可)topeoplewhoarewillingtobetrainedintheMcDonald’swayandbyopeningcompany-ownedoutlets.Acompanymightalsochoosetogrowbyverticalintegration,whichisanattempttogaincontrolofinput(backwardverticalintegration),output(forwardverticalintegration),orboth.Inbackwardverticalintegration,theorganizationattemptstogaincontrolofitsinputsbybecomingitsownsupplier.Forinstance,UnitedAirlineshascreateditsownin-flightfoodservicebusiness.Inforwardverticalintegration,theorganizationgainscontrolofitsoutputs(productsorservices)bybecomingitsowndistributor.Forexample,GatewayComputer’sretailstoresareanexampleofanorganizationcontrollingitsdistribution.Inhorizontalintegration,acompanygrowsbycombiningwithotherorganizationsinthesameindustry―thatis,combiningoperationswithcompetitors.Forinstance,H,J,Heinz,Inc.,thefood-processingcompany,combinedoperationswithanorganicbabyfoodcompany,Earth’sBest,tohelpitsownHeinzbabyfoodsdivisionbecomemorecompetitive.Becausecombiningwithcompetitorsmightdecreasetheamountofcompetitioninanindustry,theU.S.FederalTradeCommissionassessestheimpactofsuchproposedgrowthactionandmustapproveanyproposedhorizontalintegrationstrategy.Othercountrieshavesimilarrestrictions.Finally,anorganizationcangrowthroughdiversification,eitherrelatedorunrelated.Relateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentbutrelatedindustries.Forexample,AmericanStandardCos.isinavarietyofbusinessesincludingbathroomfixtures,air-conditioningandheatingunits,plumbingparts,andbrakesfortrucks.Unrelateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentandunrelatedindustries.Forexample,LancasterColonyCorporationmakessaladdressing,carmatsandcandles.Theseindustriesaredifferentandunrelated.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?A.HowMcDonald’shasbecomesuccessful.B.Howcompanieshavebecomesuccessful.C.Howcompaniescandeveloptheirbusinesses.D.Howcompaniescompetewitheachother.Whatis“directexpansion”?A.Acompanydevelopsitsownbusinessintoabiggerscale.B.Acompanyacquiresanothercompany.C.Acompanymergeswithanothercompany.D.Acompanygrowswithoutincreasingitsworkforce.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueof“verticalintegration”?A.Acompanyattemptstosupplyitsowninputs.B.Acompanyattemptstosellitsownproducts.C.Acompanyattemptstoprovideservice.D.Acompanyattemptstoenteranotherindustry.Ifacompanyadoptsthemethodof“horizontalintegration”,itattemptsto__________.A.acquireaverydifferentcompanyB.acquireasimilarcompanyC.acquireasalescompanyD.acquireadistributioncompanyWhichofthefollowingphrasesisclosestinmeaningtotheword“diversification”?A.mergingwithoracquiringfirmsB.eitherrelatedorunrelatedC.avarietyofbusinessesD.acompanygrows雅思閱讀題：Searchbeginsfor'Earth'beyondsolarsystem1.AEuropeanspacecrafttookofftodaytospearheadthesearchforanother"Earth"amongthestars.2.TheCorotspacetelescopeblastedoffaboardaRussianSoyuzrocketfromtheBaikonurcosmodromeinKazakhstanshortlyafter2.20pm.3.Corot,shortforconvectionrotationandplanetarytransits,isthefirstinstrumentcapableoffindingsmallrockyplanetsbeyondthesolarsystem.Anysuchplanetsituatedintherightorbitstandsagoodchanceofhavingliquidwateronitssurface,andquitepossiblylife,althoughaleadingscientistinvolvedintheprojectsaiditwasunlikelytofind"anylittlegreenmen".4.DevelopedbytheFrenchspaceagency,CNES,andpartneredbytheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA),Austria,Belgium,Germany,BrazilandSpain,Corotwillmonitoraround120,000starswithits27cmtelescopefromapolarorbit514milesabovetheEarth.Overtwoandahalfyears,itwillfocusonfivetosixdifferentareasofthesky,measuringthebrightnessofabout10,000starsevery512seconds.5."Atthepresentmomentwearehopingtofindoutmoreaboutthenatureofplanetsaroundstarswhicharepotentialhabitats.Wearelookingathabitableplanets,notinhabitedplanets.Wearenotgoingtofindanylittlegreenmen,"ProfessorIanRoxburgh,anESAscientistwhohasbeeninvolvedwithCorotsinceitsinception,toldtheBBCRadio4Todayprogramme.6.ProfRoxburghsaiditwashopedCorotwouldfind"rockyplanetsthatcoulddevelopanatmosphereand,iftheyaretherightdistancefromtheirparentstar,theycouldhavewater".7.Tosearchforplanets,thetelescopewilllookforthedimmingofstarlightcausedwhenanobjectpassesinfrontofastar,knownasa"transit".Althoughitwilltakemoresophisticatedspacetelescopesplannedinthenext10yearstoconfirmthepresenceofanEarth-likeplanetwithoxygenandliquidwater,Corotwillletscientistsknowwheretopointtheirlenses.8.MeasurementsofminutechangesinbrightnesswillenablescientiststodetectgiantJupiter-likegasplanetsaswellassmallrockyones.Itistherockyplanets-thatcouldbenobiggerthanabouttwicethesizeoftheEarth-whichwillcausethemostexcitement.Scientistsexpecttofindbetween10and40ofthesesmallerplanets.9.Corotwillalsoprobeintostellarinteriors（星球內(nèi)部）bystudyingtheacousticwaves（聲波）thatripple（形成波痕）acrossthesurfaceofstars,atechniquecalled"asteroseismology"（星震學(xué)）.10.Thenatureoftheripplesallowsastronomerstocalculateastar'sprecisemass,ageandchemicalcomposition.11."Aplanetpassinginfrontofastarcanbedetectedbythefallinlightfromthatstar.Smalloscillations（震動振幅）ofthestaralsoproducechangesinthelightemitted,whichrevealwhatthestarismadeofandhowtheyarestructuredinternally.Thisdatawillprovideamajorboosttoourunderstandingofhowstarsformandevolve,"ProfRoxburghsaid.12.Sincethediscoveryin1995ofthefirst"exoplanet"-aplanetorbitingastarotherthantheSun-morethan200othershavebeenfoundbyground-basedobservatories.13.Untilnowtheusualmethodoffindingexoplanetshasbeentodetectthe"wobble"（擺動搖晃）theirgravityimpartsonparentstars.Butonlygiantgaseousplanetsbigg