語言學(xué)教程術(shù)語

語言學(xué)教程術(shù)語第一章語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論phonology音系學(xué)grammar語法學(xué)morphology形態(tài)學(xué)syntax句法學(xué)lexicology詞匯學(xué)generallinguistics普通語言學(xué)theoreticallinguistics理論語言學(xué)historicallinguistics歷史語言學(xué)descriptivelinguistics描寫語言學(xué)empiricallinguistics經(jīng)驗(yàn)語言學(xué)dialectology方言學(xué)anthropology人類學(xué)stylistics文體學(xué)signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics語素結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)/形態(tài)配列學(xué)syntacticcategories句法范疇syntacticclasses句法類別序列sub-structure低層結(jié)構(gòu)super-structure上層結(jié)構(gòu)opensyllable開音節(jié)closedsyllable閉音節(jié)checkedsyllable成阻音節(jié)rank等級level層次ding-dongtheory/nativistictheory本能論sing-songtheory唱歌說yo-he-hotheory勞動(dòng)喊聲說pooh-poohtheory感嘆說ta-tatheory模仿說animalcrytheory/bow-wowtheory模聲說Pragueschool布拉格學(xué)派Bilateralopposition雙邊對立Mutilateralopposition多邊對立Proportionalopposition部分對立Isolatedopposition孤立對立Privateopposition表缺對立Gradedopposition漸次對立Equipollentopposition均等對立Neutralizableopposition可中立對立Constantopposition恒定對立Systemic-functionalgrammar系統(tǒng)功能語法Meaningpotential意義潛勢Conversationalimplicature會(huì)話含義Deictics指示詞Presupposition預(yù)設(shè)Speechacts言語行為Discourseanalysis話語分析Contetualism語境論P(yáng)haticcommunion寒暄交談Metalanguage原語言Appliedlinguistics應(yīng)用語言學(xué)Nominalism唯名學(xué)派Psychosomatics身學(xué)第二章語音trachea/windpipe氣管tip舌尖blade舌葉/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌頂back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocalcords聲帶vocaltract聲腔initiator啟動(dòng)部分pulmonicairstreammechanism肺氣流機(jī)制glottalicairstreammechanism喉氣流機(jī)制velaricairstreammechanism腭氣流機(jī)制Adam’sapple喉結(jié)Voicelesssound清音Voicelessconsonant請輔音Voicedsound濁音Voicedconsonant濁輔音Glottalstop喉塞音Breathstate呼吸狀態(tài)Voicestate帶音狀態(tài)Whisperstate耳語狀態(tài)Closedstate封閉狀態(tài)Alveolarride齒齦隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼氣音Glottalisedstop喉塞音Impossive內(nèi)爆破音Click/ingressive吸氣音Segmentalphonology音段音系學(xué)Segmentalphonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental復(fù)音段Syntheticlanguage綜合型語言Diacriticmark附加符號(hào)Broadtranscription寬式標(biāo)音Narrowtranscription窄式標(biāo)音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology詞源Activearticulator積極發(fā)音器官M(fèi)ovablespeechorgan能動(dòng)發(fā)音器官Passivearticulator消極發(fā)音器官Immovablespeechorgan不能動(dòng)發(fā)音器官Lateral邊音Approximant[j,w]無摩擦延續(xù)音Resonant共鳴音Centralapproximant中央無摩擦延續(xù)音Lateralapproximant邊無摩擦延續(xù)音Unilateralconsonant單邊輔音Bilateralconsonant雙邊輔音Non-lateral非邊音Trill[r]顫音trilledconsonant顫輔音rolledconsonant滾輔音Labal-velar唇化軟腭音Interdental齒間音Post-dental后齒音Apico-alveolar舌尖齒齦音Dorso-alveolar舌背齒齦音Palato-alveolar后齒齦音Palato-alveolar腭齒齦音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization軟腭音化Voicing濁音化Devoicing清音化Purevowel純元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization單元音化Centringdiphthong央二合元音Closingdiphthong閉二合元音Narrowdiphthong窄二合元音Widediphthong寬二合元音Phoneticsimilarity語音相似性Freevariant自由變體Freevariation自由變異Contiguousassimilation臨近同化Juxtapostionalassimilation鄰接同化Regressiveassimilation逆同化Anticipatoryassimilation先行同化Progressiveassimilation順同化Reciprocalassimilation互相同化Coalescentassimilation融合同化Partialassimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primarystress主重音Secondarystress次重音Weakstress弱重音Stressgroup重音群Sentencestress句子重音Contrastivestress對比重音Lexicalstress詞匯重音Wordstress詞重音Lexicaltone詞匯聲調(diào)Nucleartone核心聲調(diào)Tonetics聲調(diào)學(xué)Intonationcontour語調(diào)升降曲線Toneunits聲調(diào)單Intonology語調(diào)學(xué)Multilevelphonology多層次音系學(xué)Monosyllabicword多音節(jié)詞Polysyllabicword單音節(jié)次Maximalonsetprinciple最大節(jié)首輔音原則第三章詞匯liaison連音contractedform縮寫形式frequencycount詞頻統(tǒng)計(jì)aunitofvocabulary詞匯單位alexicalitem詞條alexeme詞位hierarchy層次性lexicogrammar詞匯語法morpheme語素nonomorphemicwords單語素詞polymorphemicwords多語素詞relativeuninterruptibility相對連續(xù)性aminimumfreeform最小自由形式themaximumfreeform最大自由形式variablewords可變詞invariablewords不變詞paradigm聚合體grammaticalwords(functionwords)^法詞/功能詞lexicalwords(contentwords)詞匯詞/實(shí)義詞closed-classwords封閉類詞opened-classwords開放類詞wordclass詞類particles小品詞pro-form代詞形式pro-adjective(so)代形容詞pro-verb(do/did)代副詞pro-adverb(so)代動(dòng)詞pro-locative(there)代處所詞/代方位詞determiners限定詞predeterminers前置限定詞centraldeterminers中置限定詞postdeterminers后置限定詞ordinalnumber序數(shù)詞cardinalnumber基數(shù)morpheme詞素morphology形態(tài)學(xué)freemorpheme自由詞素boundmorpheme黏著詞素root詞根affix詞綴stem詞干rootmorpheme詞根語素prefix前綴infix中綴suffix后綴boundrootmorpheme黏著詞根詞素inflectionalaffix屈折詞綴derivationalaffix派生詞綴inflectionalmorphemes屈折語素derivationalmorphemes派生語素word-formation構(gòu)詞compound復(fù)合詞endocentriccompound向心復(fù)合詞exocentriccompound離心復(fù)合詞nominalendocentriccompound名詞性向心復(fù)合詞adjectiveendocentriccompound形容詞性向心復(fù)合詞verbalcompound動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合詞syntheticcompound綜合性復(fù)合詞derivation派生詞morpheme語素phoneme音位morphonology形態(tài)語音學(xué)morphophomemics形態(tài)音位學(xué)morphemicstructure語素結(jié)構(gòu)phonologicalstructure音素結(jié)構(gòu)monosyllabic單音節(jié)polysyllabic多音節(jié)phonologicalconditioned音位的限制morphologicalconditioned形態(tài)的限制coinage/invention新創(chuàng)詞語blending混成法abbreviation縮寫法acronym首字母縮寫法back-formation逆序造次/逆構(gòu)詞法analogicalcreation類比構(gòu)詞法borrowing借詞法loanword借詞loanblend混合借詞loanshift轉(zhuǎn)移借詞loantranslation翻譯借詞loss脫落addition添加metathesis換位assimilation同化contactassimilation接觸性同化contiguousassimilation臨近性同化theoryofleasteffort省力理論non-contiguousassimilation非臨近性同化distantassimilation遠(yuǎn)距離同化morpho-syntacticchange形態(tài)-句法變化morphologicalchange形態(tài)變化syntacticalchange句法變化finiteelement有定成分semanticchange語義變化multisemous多種意義broadening詞義擴(kuò)大narrowing詞義縮小meaningshift詞義轉(zhuǎn)移classshift詞性變換folketymology俗詞源orthographicchange拼寫的變化conversion變換/變碼domain范圍/領(lǐng)域meaningshift意義轉(zhuǎn)移splitinfinitives分裂不定式(Shewastoldtoregularlyclasses)calque仿造詞語clipping截?cái)喾╩etanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代詞obviative(that)遠(yuǎn)指代詞non-productivity/unproductive非多產(chǎn)性semiotics符號(hào)學(xué)paradigmaticrelations聚合關(guān)系associativerelations聯(lián)想關(guān)系syntagmaticrelations組合關(guān)系sequentialrelations序歹。關(guān)系logogram語標(biāo)register語域passivevocabulary消極詞匯lexis/vocabulary詞匯表第四章句法number數(shù)gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative賓格genitive屬格dative與格ablative離格tense時(shí)aspect體perfective完成體imperfective未完成concord/agreement一致關(guān)系/協(xié)同關(guān)系government支配關(guān)系thegovernor支配者thegoverned被支配者signified能指signifier所systematicrelationship組合關(guān)系paradigmaticrelationship聚合關(guān)系associativerelationship聯(lián)想關(guān)系animatenoun有生名詞thetwoaxes兩根坐標(biāo)坐標(biāo)軸immediateconstituentanalysis(ICanalysisforshort)直接成分分析法linearstructure線性結(jié)構(gòu)hierarchicalstructure層級結(jié)構(gòu)construction結(jié)構(gòu)體constituent成分substitutability替換性labeledtreediagram標(biāo)簽樹形圖endocentric/headedconstruction向心結(jié)構(gòu)/中心結(jié)構(gòu)exocentricconstruction離心結(jié)構(gòu)subordinateconstruction主從結(jié)構(gòu)coordinateconstruction并歹|結(jié)構(gòu)recapitulation再現(xiàn)thedeclarative陳述句theinterrogative疑問句dativemovement與格移位morph-phonemicrule形態(tài)音位規(guī)貝0constituentmorphemes成分規(guī)貝0affixhopping詞綴越位nominalization名物化object-deletion賓語刪除subject-deletion主語刪除categories語類lexicon詞庫temporalsubject表時(shí)間的主語syntacticlimitation句法限制standardtheory標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論tracetheory語跡理論thesameindex帶同標(biāo)志government管轄binding約束arulesystem規(guī)則系統(tǒng)aprinciplesystem原則系統(tǒng)constituentcommand(C-commandforshort)成分統(tǒng)制plainEnglish普通英語anaphor照應(yīng)語pronominal指代語r-expression_r(referential-expression_r指旨稱語INFL(inflection)形態(tài)變化reciprocals(eachother)相互代詞accessiblesubject可及主語localdomain局部語域bindingdomain約束語域logophoricity主人公視角CS(computationalsystem計(jì)算系統(tǒng)Merger合并move移動(dòng)theme主位rheme述位emptysubject空主語objectiveorder客觀順序subjectiveorder主觀順序actualsentencedivision實(shí)義句子切分法functionalsentenceperspective功能句子觀communicativedynamism(CD)交際動(dòng)力bipartition二分法tripartiteclassification三分法representativefunction表達(dá)功能expressivefunction表情功能appellative/vocativefunction稱呼功能conativefunction意欲功能poeticfunction詩學(xué)功能ideationalfunction概念功能interpersonalfunction人際功能textualfunction語篇功能transitivity及物性actor動(dòng)作者moodsystem語氣系統(tǒng)thefiniteverbaloperator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陳語氣imperative祈使語氣mental-process(aprocessofsensing)心理過程(感覺過程)relationalprocess(aprocessofbeing)關(guān)系過程(屬性過程)verbalprocess(aprocessofsaying)言語過程(講話過程)existentialprocess生存過程empiricism經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義(洛克，白板說)rationalism理性主義(笛卡爾)mentalism心靈主義newempiricism新經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義(Bloomfield)priori先天綜合判斷(康德Kant)Cartesianlinguistics笛卡爾語言學(xué)派Syntacticstructure(SS)早期轉(zhuǎn)換句法時(shí)期Standardtheory(ST)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論時(shí)期ExtendedStandardtheory(EST)擴(kuò)展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論RevisedStandardtheory(REST)擴(kuò)展的休正標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論Thetheoryofgovernmentandbinding(GBtheory)管轄和約束理論時(shí)期(管約論)Minimalistprogram(MP)最簡方案時(shí)期Structuraldescription結(jié)構(gòu)描寫式Performancesystem應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)Modulartheory模塊理論Spell-out拼寫Languagefaculty語言機(jī)制/官能Mentalorgan心智器官Knowledgeoflanguage語言知識(shí)Meaningpotential意義潛勢Contextculture文化語境Field語場Tenor語旨Mode語式pivotwords軸心詞mentalconstruct心理構(gòu)念theoreticalcognitivepsychology理論認(rèn)知心理學(xué)psychologicalfaculty心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow語法自主(arbitrariness任意性，systemacity系統(tǒng)性,self-containedness自足性)typologicalfunctionalism類型學(xué)功能主義extremefunctionalism極端的功能主義externalfunctionalism外部功能主義integrativefunctionalism一體化功能注主義exceptionalcasemarking例外格標(biāo)記specifier標(biāo)定成分fall-categorymaximalprojection全語類的最大投射two-segmentcategory兩節(jié)語類complementdomain補(bǔ)足語區(qū)域minimaldomain最小區(qū)域internaldomain內(nèi)部區(qū)域checkingdomain檢驗(yàn)區(qū)域sisterhood姐妹關(guān)系minimizingchainlink最小語鏈聯(lián)結(jié)representationalsystem表達(dá)系統(tǒng)strictcyclicprinciple嚴(yán)格的層級條件structure-preservingprinciple結(jié)構(gòu)保存原則C-commandingcondition成分統(tǒng)領(lǐng)條件articulatory-perceptualsystem發(fā)音-聽音系統(tǒng)conceptual-intentionalsystem概念-意旨系統(tǒng)interfaceconditions中介條件full