醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)教程-生物醫(yī)學(xué)：Reading Unit 3A Body Defense Mechanisms

Unit3A

BodyDefenseMechanismsWarmingup

Question&AnswerVideoWatchingWhydosomepeoplegetill?Tips:Pathogensinvading.Whydomostpeoplekeepfit?Tips:Bodydefensemechanism.Q&

A

Watchthevideoandanswerthequestion:Whatkindofeffectivedefensemechanismarementionedinthevideo?WarmingupBodydefensemechanismskinmucosahemopoieticstemcellimmunesystemerythrocytesleukocytesneutrophilicleukocytesmacrophagocytesT-cellB-celli.TextStructureDevelopmentPara.2-13GeneralstatementwithsupportingdetailsIntroductionPara.1Humanbodyisarmedwithanumberofeffectivedefensemechanismstofightagainstbacterialinvasion.TheSkinandBodylinings(Para.2)BodyFluids/Cells(Para.3)Fever(Para.4)ImmuneSystem(Para.5-13)a.NaturalImmunity(5-9)b.AcquiredImmunity(10-13)Cluesforstructure:Bold-letteredwords/subtitlesGeneralstatementSupportingdetailsPara.1:IntroductionMainidea:

Humanbodyisarmedwithanumberofeffectivedefensemechanismstofightagainstbacterialinvasion.Para.1:Introduction“pose”:tocreateadifficultsituation.Herearesomeofthenounsfrequentlyusedwithit:danger,difficulty,dilemma,problem,risk,threat.E.g. Thetestingofnuclearmissilesposesagreatthreattotheregionalstability.Para.1:Introduction…thechancesofthisoccurringareactuallyquitesmall/slim.

“chances”means“possibility.”Thissentencepatternisusedtodescribeasituationthatisunlikelytohappen.E.g.

Thechancesofreachinganagreementbeforenextweekwillbesmallifbothpartieswouldnotcompromisetheirdifferences.“Theymustfirstovercomeanumberofeffectivebarriers,manyofwhichwereestablishedinthebodypriortobirth.”他們必須首先突破多重有效的防御屏障。其中，多道屏障出生前就已經(jīng)建立起來(lái)了。Para.1:IntroductionPara.2:TheSkinandBody

Linings1Howdoesthefirstlineofdefensefightagainstpathogens?TheFirstlineofDefenseSkinandBodyLiningsTheouterlayerofskincandefensethepathogens.Theskinsecretioniskillingpathogens.Therespiratory

mucosaissweepingpathogens.WritingSkill:ProcessDescriptionInthisparagraph,theauthordescribestheprocessofhowpathogenspenetratethefirstlineofdefense.Payattentiontotheprocessindicatorsandthecohesionbetweensentences.WritingSkill:ProcessDescriptionS1:Thefirst

of…istheskinitself.S2:Inordertopenetratethroughtheouterlayerofskin,thepathogensmustfirstsurvivetheacidityoftheskin,….S3:tears,saliva,andperspiration….S4:Eveniftheorganismsurvivesthis…,itmustthenfindarouteofentry….WritingSkill:ProcessDescriptionS5:Havinggainedinitialentry,thepathogenmustthenescapetheinternalmucosa….S6:Thismucosa….S7:Cilia…sweepoffendingmicroorganisms….S8:Pathogensthatsurvivetheseinitialbarriers…aredestroyed.S9:Thosethatarenotdestroyed….AwritingtaskWriteaparagraphusingprocessdescription.Youcandescribeaprocessofadiseaseattack,oraprocessoftreatment,etc.writeabout100words.Asmallreview過(guò)敏過(guò)敏的過(guò)敏原花粉疫苗免疫療法抗組胺劑病原體身體防御機(jī)制造成威脅Inordertopenetratethroughtheouterlayerofskin,thepathogenmustfirstsurvivetheacidityoftheskin.

為了能穿過(guò)皮膚的外層，病原體必須首先經(jīng)受住皮膚的酸性。Havinggainedinitialentry,thepathogenmustthenescapetheinternalmucosaofthebodylinings.

一旦進(jìn)入人體，病原體然后必須避開(kāi)襯于體腔的內(nèi)粘膜。Para.2:TheSkinandBody

Linings“Cilia,tinyhairlike

projectionsthatmoveinasweepingactiontowardbodycavities,attempttosweepoffendingmicroorganismstowardareaswheretheycanbeeliminated.”projection:thingthatjutsoutfromasurface凸出物:e.g.aprojectionofrockonacliff-face

懸崖表面凸出的巖石.纖毛是細(xì)小毛發(fā)狀的突起。它們以擺動(dòng)方式朝體腔運(yùn)動(dòng)，試圖將侵犯人體的細(xì)菌（微生物）掃向可以消滅它們的區(qū)域。Para.2:TheSkinandBody

LiningsPara.3:BodyFluids/Cells1Howdoesthebodyreacttothreatsfrominvadingorganisms,foreignobjects,andchemicalirritants?Key1cellactivitiesandproductionofenzymesandcompoundsTheSecondlineofDefense

BodyFluids/CellsThephagocytesareengulfinganddigestingtheinvaders細(xì)菌EnzymesThefunctionof

phagocytesThefunctionofenzymesPara.3:BodyFluids/Cells2Howisthecellactivitycarriedout?Key2First,thebloodsupplytotheareaincreases,bringmoreerythrocytes;thenleukocytesrushtothesiteofinfectiontofightthebacteria;andphagocytesalsorushtotheinfectedarea,fightingtheinvaders.Asignalofthewhitebloodcellactivityisthepyogenicbuildup.Whetherthreatenedbyaninvadingorganism,aphysicalobject,orachemicalirritant,thebodyreactsinasimilarwaytodefenditself.

不管威脅是來(lái)自入侵微生物，某一物體，還是化學(xué)刺激物，人體都以相似的方式作出反應(yīng)以自我防衛(wèi)。Inadditiontocellactivity,variousenzymesandcompoundsintheblooditselfcankillaninfectiousorganismbycausingittobreakopen,destroyingitscellwall,orpreventingitfrommultiplying.

除了細(xì)胞活動(dòng)外，血液中的各種酶和化合物可通過(guò)使細(xì)菌開(kāi)裂，摧毀細(xì)菌細(xì)胞壁或阻止其繁殖等手段殺死感染細(xì)菌。Para.3:BodyFluids/CellsRootsconcerningcolorsRootCombiningformExample白:leuk/leuko-白血病紅:erythr/erythro-紅霉素綠:chlor/chloro-綠色素瘤黑:melan/melano-黑病變黃:xanth/xantho-皮膚變黃灰:poli/polio-脊髓灰質(zhì)炎藍(lán):cyan/cyano-

藍(lán)藻細(xì)菌-emia-mycin

-oma-osis-derma-myel-itis-bacteriaFindsomemedicalwordsrelatedtocolorsinourtext.Erythrocyte紅細(xì)胞Leukocyte白細(xì)胞-cyte=cellerythro-紅leuko-白leukemiaerythromycin

chloromamelanosisxanthodermapoliomyelitiscyanobacteriaPara.4:Fever1Whatcausesafever?key1Feveriscausedbythetoxinssecretedpathogensthatinterferewiththecontrolofbodytemperature.2Whatisthefunctionofdevelopingafever?TheFunctionofFeverHarmfultothebodyhelpdestroysometypesofdisease-causingorganismsProducemoreleukocytestodestroyinvadersFeverReadthroughPara4,andlookforexpressionsfor“體溫升高”:“thiselevatedtemperature”“elevationofbodytemperature”“asbodytemperaturerises…”Thefunctionofthethiswritingskill:Toavoidrepetitionandtediousness;Toaddbeautytothewriting;Todemonstratethevarietyoflanguageexpressions.WritingSkill:LexicalreplacementirritationIrritationinapartofyourbodyisafeelingofslightpainanddiscomfortthere. 刺激，過(guò)敏，疼痛，不適E.g.

(1)Theseoilsmaycauseirritationtosensitiveskins...

(2)athroatirritation

Para.4:Fever“Althoughthiselevatedtemperatureisoftenharmfultothebody,itisbelievedtoactasaformofprotection.”

雖然體溫升高對(duì)身體有害，但它被認(rèn)為起著一種防衛(wèi)的作用。Para.4:FeverElevationsofbodytemperaturebyeven1to2degreesprovideanenvironmentthatdestroyssometypesofdisease-causingorganisms.體溫升高僅僅1-2度就會(huì)提供摧毀某些致病菌的環(huán)境。Para.4:FeverPara.5-13:TheImmune

System

Structure1.naturalimmunesystem(Para.5-9)2.acquiredimmunesystem(Para.10-13)Para.5-9:naturalimmunesystem1Howdoestheimmunesystemwork?2Whataretheoperativeprotectingagents?3Howdoesanautoimmunediseaseoccur?Key2Whitebloodcells.Immunesystemlymphocyteantibody

(antigen)stimulateproducecombinephagocytepathogenpathogendestroydestroyHowdoesautoimmunediseaseoccur?Sometimesthebodymakesamistakeandtargetsitsowntissueastheenemy,buildsupantibodiesagainstthistissueandattemptstodestroyit,whenthisoccurs,anautoimmunediseaseoccurs.Commonautoimmunediseases:胰島素依賴(lài)型糖尿?。↖nsulin-dependentdiabetesmellitus或diabetesmellitustype1，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)IDDM）系統(tǒng)性紅斑性狼瘡（SLE，SystemLupusErythematosus）修格連氏綜合癥或干燥綜合癥（Sjogren'ssyndrome）多發(fā)性硬化癥（MS，Multiplesclerosis）橋本氏甲狀腺炎（Hashimoto'sthyroiditis）葛瑞夫茲氏?。℅raves'disease）突眼性甲狀腺腫；甲狀腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)自發(fā)性血小板缺乏紫斑癥（idiopathicthrombocytopenicpurpura）類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎（RA，Rheumatoidarthritis）Para.5“Iftheabovesystemsarebreached,thebodyturnstoitsmostpowerfullineofdefense,theimmunesystem.”如果上述系統(tǒng)被突破，身體就會(huì)求助它最強(qiáng)大的防線(xiàn)----免疫系統(tǒng)?！癟hebodyrecognizesboththesizeandtheshapeofaninvadingantigenandproducesspecificantibodiesthatworktodestroyorlessentheeffectsoftheantigen.”人體識(shí)別入侵抗原的大小和形狀并生產(chǎn)特定的抗體以消滅抗原或削弱其影響。Para.5Para.7-9:immunediseasesautoimmunedisease(para.7)immunedeficiencysyndrome(para.8)Para.7:autoimmunediseaseCause:mistakeExamples:

rheumatoidarthritis,lupuserythematosus,Para.8:immunedeficiencysyndromeCause:failtowork

Examples:“bubbleboy”AIDS‘bubbleboy’:DavidVetter(1971–1984)avictimofSevereCombinedImmuneDeficiencySyndrome(SCID)(重癥聯(lián)合免疫缺陷)whowasforcedtoliveinasterileenvironmentPara.8“Perhapsthemostdramaticexampleofthiswasdemonstratedin1984,withthedeathofthe‘bubbleboy’,ayoungsterwholivedhislifeinsideaprotectedenvironmentbecauseexposuretotheoutsideworldwouldhaveprovedfatal.”

給人印象最深刻的例子就是1984年“泡泡男孩”的去世。他一直生活在受保護(hù)的環(huán)境中,因?yàn)榻佑|外部環(huán)境將是致命的。Para.9“Tovaryingdegrees,thisnaturaldefensemechanismisourstrongestallyinthebattleagainstdisease,beingwithusfrombirthuntildeath.”在不同程度上，這生來(lái)就有的防御機(jī)制從始至終陪伴著我們，是我們與疾病的斗爭(zhēng)中最強(qiáng)大的盟友?！癟hisformofartificialimmunityistermedacquiredimmunity,ascomparedtonaturalimmunity.”

term:toname,callordescribeascomparedto:asopposedto,asversus與自然免疫相對(duì)，這種人工的免疫被稱(chēng)為獲得性免疫。Para.9vaccines:livingvs.nonliving(Para.10-11)activeandpassiveimmunity(Para.12-13)Para.10-13:acquiredimmunesystemPara.10-11:vaccines:

livingvs.nonliving

1InwhatwayisSalkvaccinedifferentfromSabinvaccine?2Underwhatconditionscangivingvaccinesbecomedangerous?Key2Whenapersonisweakenbyotherdiseases;whenthediseaseiseliminatedfromtheenvironment.Key1InjectedVSorallytaken;killedVSweakened;effectiveVSevenmorepowerful.Para.10vaccines:livingornonlivingbyJonasSalk,1954:killedbyAlbertSabin:attenuated

Para.10“AlthoughtheSalkvaccinewastremendouslyeffective,theoralvaccinedevelopedafewyearslaterbyAlbertSabin,whichconsistedofweakenedpolioorganismsproducedinthelaboratory,providedanevenmorepowerfulmeansofstimulatingantibodyproduction.”雖然索爾克疫苗效果顯著，但是幾年后艾伯特.薩賓研發(fā)的口服疫苗提供了更加有力的方法以刺激抗體的產(chǎn)生。這種疫苗含有實(shí)驗(yàn)室制造的已經(jīng)弱化的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病菌。Para.11“Itwasbelievedthattheriskof

contracting

smallpoxfromthevaccinewasactuallygreaterthanwasthechanceof

gettingthediseaseinanenvironmentwhereitwasessentiallyeradicated.”人們認(rèn)為與在天花已基本上被消滅的環(huán)境中患上此病的幾率相比，因接種疫苗得上天花的可能性要大得多。Para.12-13:activeandpassiveimmunity1Whatdoesitmeanby“activeimmunity”?2Whatisthecharacteristicofpassiveimmunity?1.Whatdoesitmeanby“activeimmunity”?Ifyouareexposedtoanorganism,youwilleventuallydevelopanactiveacquiredimmunity,whichmeans,yourbodywillproduceitsownantibodies,andinmostcases,youwillnothavetoworryaboutthesubsequentexposurestothedisease.2.Whatisthecharacteristicofpassiveimmunity?Thistypeofimmunityisoftenshort-livedbutprovidesthenecessaryboostforapersontogetthroughapotentiallycriticalperiod.1.可在動(dòng)詞前加“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞，譯成漢語(yǔ)中帶有被動(dòng)意義的句子。Iftheabovesystemarebreached,thebodyturnstoitsmostpowerfullineofdefense,theimmunesystem.（Line1,Para5）身體就會(huì)求助于它最強(qiáng)大的防線(xiàn)——免疫