腐蝕與防護(hù)-課件

MaterialsCorrosionandProtection

1MaterialsCorrosionandProtec

Instructor:Dr.JingMADepart.ofMetallicMaterialsEngineeringOffice:A344MaterialBuildingE-mail:majingt@Instructor:Dr.JingMABilingualTeachingDemandofeconomicglobalization.ChinaMinistryofEducation“BilingualTeachingCourseReformPlan”,2001Toimprovestudents’learningandacquiringofmakethemcompetentforinternationalcommunicationintheirspecialtyfields.BilingualTeachingDemandofecContentsofthesubject:Chapter1IntroductionChapter2ElectrochemistryFundamentals

Chapter3

GeneralandLocalCorrosionChapter4

NatureCorrosionChapter5OxidationChapter6CorrosionControl

Contentsofthesubject:Chapte(1)楊德鈞，沈卓身,金屬腐蝕學(xué).冶金工業(yè)版(2)

/mestijaya/cmm/CorrosionandcorrosioncontrolByR.WinstonRevie

很有用的網(wǎng)址：

/bbsGoogle搜索：MITopencourse何業(yè)東，齊慧濱.材料腐蝕與防護(hù)概論.機(jī)械工業(yè)版

(1)楊德鈞，沈卓身,金屬腐蝕學(xué).冶金工業(yè)版Corros腐蝕源于拉丁文“corrdere”，意即“損壞”、“腐爛”Corrosioncanbedefinedasthedegradation

ofamaterial

duetoareaction

withitsenvironment.

材料與環(huán)境組分發(fā)生的物理的、化學(xué)和電化學(xué)作用而引起的變質(zhì)和破壞，稱之為腐蝕。

Materials

canbemetals,polymers(plastics,rubbers,etc.),ceramics(concrete,brick,etc.)orcompositesmechanicalmixturesoftwoormorematerialswithdifferentproperties.Chapter1

Questions:?Whatiscorrosion？腐蝕源于拉丁文“corrdere”，意即“損壞”、“腐爛”C

Questions:?WhyMetalscorrode？Metalscorrodebecauseweusetheminenvironmentswheretheyarechemicallyunstable.

mostmetals

arecommonly

intheformofvarious

chemicalcompounds(ores).Onlycopperandthepreciousmetals(gold,silver,platinum,etc.)arefoundinnatureintheirmetallicstate.smelting,refiningprocessescorrosionQuestions:?WhyMetalscorAllothermetalsareunstableandhaveatendencytoreverttotheirmorestablemineralforms.Somemetalsformprotectiveceramicfilms(passivefilms)ontheirsurfacesandtheseprevent,orslowdown,theircorrosionprocess.AnodizedtitaniumearringsThethicknessofthetitaniumoxideonthemetalsurfacerefractsthelightandcausestherainbowcolorsonherearrings.StainlesssteeleyeglassesThispassivefilmofonlyaboutadozenatomsthickcanbeprotective.Allothermetalsareunstable1兵器：長期貯存，使用環(huán)境惡劣2交通運(yùn)輸：對鐵軌、機(jī)車的腐蝕，對飛機(jī)零部件的腐蝕；（超高強(qiáng)度鋁合金-應(yīng)力腐蝕）船舶的海水腐蝕；3能源電力：火電有鍋爐和管道的腐蝕，水電有水輪機(jī)組的腐蝕；核電站蒸汽發(fā)生器的腐蝕；（高鎳合金-晶間腐蝕）煤礦安全；（井下濕度大、磨損腐蝕）石油，油氣開采和運(yùn)輸造成設(shè)備和管道的腐蝕。4機(jī)械電子產(chǎn)品:機(jī)床、電器5化工設(shè)備：管道、鍋爐、儲存、閥門、冷凝；6建筑物:鋼筋混凝土的鹽害7民生：自來水管的銹蝕；8環(huán)境污染…1兵器：長期貯存，使用環(huán)境惡劣UncontrolledcorrosionmayleadtodisastrousconsequencesUncontrolledcorrosionmayleaLosscausedbycorrosion在化學(xué)工業(yè)、石油化工、造紙等工業(yè)中，金屬腐蝕造成設(shè)備的跑、冒、滴、漏可造成大量有毒的物質(zhì)泄漏，污染環(huán)境，危害人民的健康。因此，研究與解決材料的腐蝕問題，與防止環(huán)境污染、保護(hù)人民的健康息息相關(guān).每年由于腐蝕可使大約10～20％的金屬損失掉了。2003年世界的鋼產(chǎn)量達(dá)到9.625億噸，中國的鋼產(chǎn)量高達(dá)2.2億噸，美國的鋼產(chǎn)量為0.914億噸。按下限計(jì)算，世界每年腐蝕掉的鋼大于美國的鋼產(chǎn)量；中國一年就有2200萬噸鋼被腐蝕掉了，相當(dāng)于腐蝕掉一個大型鋼鐵企業(yè)的年產(chǎn)量。Losscausedbycorrosion在化學(xué)工業(yè)、腐蝕事故舉例

1966年某天然氣井的套管發(fā)生硫化物應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂，造成井噴和特大爆炸，人員傷亡，日產(chǎn)百萬立方米的高產(chǎn)氣井報廢。1971年某天然氣管線發(fā)生腐蝕斷裂，產(chǎn)生爆炸，直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失達(dá)7000萬元。1997年某化工廠年18個乙烯原料儲罐由于硫化物腐儲罐引起大火，停產(chǎn)半年，直接損失達(dá)2億多元，，間接損失巨大。1985年日本的一架波音747客機(jī)，由于應(yīng)力腐蝕斷裂，死亡500余人。腐蝕事故舉例

1966年某天然氣井的套管發(fā)生硫化物應(yīng)力腐蝕開塔里木油田某井油管CO2腐蝕形貌圖塔里木油田某井油管CO2腐蝕形貌圖含硫輸氣管線沿著焊縫開裂失效含硫輸氣管線沿著焊縫開裂失效按材料腐蝕形態(tài)均勻腐蝕不均勻腐蝕點(diǎn)蝕（孔蝕）縫隙腐蝕及絲狀腐蝕電偶腐蝕（接觸腐蝕）晶間腐蝕選擇性腐蝕局部腐蝕全面腐蝕Classificationofcorrosion按材料腐蝕形態(tài)均勻腐蝕點(diǎn)蝕（孔蝕）局部腐蝕全面腐蝕ClassCharacterofcorrosionbreakage:UniformCorrosion

(generalCorrosion)Thesurfaceeffectproducedbymostdirectchemicalattacks(e.g.,asbyanacid)isauniformetchingofthemetal.CharacterofcorrosionbreakagGalvanicCorrosion電偶腐蝕Galvaniccorrosionisanelectrochemicalactionoftwodissimilarmetalsinthepresenceofanelectrolyteandanelectronconductivepath.Itoccurswhendissimilarmetalsareincontact.GalvanicCorrosion電偶腐蝕Pittingcorrosion（點(diǎn)蝕）Pittingcorrosionislocalizedcorrosionthatoccursatmicroscopicdefectsonametalsurface.Thepitsareoftenfoundunderneathsurfacedepositscausedbycorrosionproductaccumulation.Pittingcorrosion（點(diǎn)蝕）PittingcCreviceCorrosion縫隙腐蝕Creviceorcontactcorrosionisthecorrosionproducedattheregionofcontactofmetalswithmetalsormetalswithnonmetals.Itmayoccuratwashers,atsandgrains,underappliedprotectivefilms（薄膜）,andatpocketsformedbythreadedjoints.CreviceCorrosion縫隙腐蝕CreviceFiliformCorrosion絲狀腐蝕Thistypeofcorrosionoccursonpaintedorplatedsurfaceswhenmoisturepermeatesthecoating.Longbranchingfilaments（細(xì)絲）ofcorrosionproductextendoutfromtheoriginalcorrosionpitandcausedegradationoftheprotectivecoating.FiliformCorrosion絲狀腐蝕ThistyIntergranularCorrosion

晶間腐蝕Intergranularcorrosionisanattackonor

adjacenttothegrainboundaries（晶界）

ofametaloralloy.IntergranularCorrosion晶間腐蝕InStressCorrosionCracking

應(yīng)力腐蝕斷裂Stresscorrosioncracking(SCC)iscausedbythesimultaneouseffectsoftensilestress（拉應(yīng)力）andaspecificcorrosiveenvironment.Stressesmaybeduetoappliedloads,residualstressesfromthemanufacturingprocess,oracombinationofboth.StressCorrosionCracking

應(yīng)力腐蝕CorrosionFatigue

腐蝕疲勞Corrosionfatigueisaspecialcaseofstresscorrosioncausedbythecombinedeffectsofcyclicstress（循環(huán)應(yīng)力）andcorrosion.Nometalisimmunefromsomereductionofitsresistancetocyclicstressingifthemetalisinacorrosiveenvironment.CorrosionFatigue腐蝕疲勞CorrosioFrettingCorrosion

微動腐蝕Therapidcorrosionthatoccursattheinterfacebetweencontacting,highlyloadedmetalsurfaceswhensubjectedtoslightvibratorymotionsisknownasfrettingcorrosion.FrettingCorrosion微動腐蝕TherapErosionCorrosion磨損腐蝕Erosioncorrosionistheresultofacombinationofanaggressive（侵蝕性）chemicalenvironmentandhighfluidsurfacevelocities.ErosionCorrosion磨損腐蝕ErosionDealloying脫合金成分腐蝕Dealloyingisarareformofcorrosionfoundincopperalloys,graycastiron,andsomeotheralloys.Dealloyingoccurswhenthealloylosestheactivecomponentofthemetalandretainsthemorecorrosionresistantcomponentinaporous“sponge”（海綿）onthemetalsurface.Dealloying脫合金成分腐蝕DealloyingiHydrogenDamage氫損傷Hydrogenembrittlementisaproblemwithhighstrengthsteels,titanium,andsomeothermetals.Controlisbyeliminatinghydrogenfromtheenvironmentorbytheuseofresistantalloys.HydrogenDamage氫損傷HydrogenemMicrobialCorrosion微生物腐蝕Microbialcorrosion(alsocalledmicrobiologically-influencedcorrosionorMIC)iscorrosionthatiscausedbythepresenceandactivitiesofmicrobes（微生物）.Thiscorrosioncantakemanyformsandcanbecontrolledbybiocides（殺菌劑）orbyconventionalcorrosioncontrolmethods.MicrobialCorrosion微生物腐蝕MicroConcentrationCell

Corrosion濃差電池腐蝕Concentrationcellcorrosionoccurswhentwoormoreareasofametalsurfaceareincontactwithdifferentconcentrationsofthesamesolution.ConcentrationCell

Corrosion濃CorrosioninConcrete

混凝土腐蝕Concreteisawidely-usedstructuralmaterialthatisfrequentlyreinforcedwithcarbonsteelreinforcingrods（鋼筋）,post-tensioningcableorprestressingwires.Thesteelisnecessarytomaintainthestrengthofthestructure,butitissubjecttocorrosion.CorrosioninConcrete混凝土腐蝕ConClassificationofcorrosionAccordingtocorrosionenvironments(腐蝕環(huán)境)Acorrosioninnatureenvironments(自然環(huán)境中的腐蝕)大氣腐蝕、淡水和海水腐蝕、土壤腐蝕、細(xì)菌腐蝕Bcorrosioninindustrialenvironments(工業(yè)環(huán)境介質(zhì)中的腐蝕)在酸性溶液中、堿性溶液中、鹽類溶液、工業(yè)水、熔鹽中的腐蝕。ClassificationofcorrosionAcc腐蝕分類腐蝕分類Accordingtocorrosionmechanism(腐蝕反應(yīng)機(jī)理)Ch