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神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的診斷治療專家共識(shí)
耿德勤
(徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)科)目的和意義常見(jiàn)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病均易伴發(fā)或共病抑郁焦慮障礙腦血管病和卒中認(rèn)知功能障礙帕金森病多發(fā)性硬化癲癇原發(fā)性頭痛
共病使得疾病遷延不愈、顯著地增加了疾病的負(fù)擔(dān)旨在提高醫(yī)師對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的認(rèn)識(shí)和處理,體現(xiàn)“以人為本”的醫(yī)學(xué)宗旨,更好地實(shí)踐生物-心理-社會(huì)的醫(yī)學(xué)模式概要流行病學(xué)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn)神經(jīng)科抑郁/焦慮狀態(tài)常見(jiàn)的軀體化表現(xiàn)頭痛和焦慮抑郁的關(guān)系抑郁和焦慮狀態(tài)的初查和識(shí)別抑郁癥的治療目標(biāo)神經(jīng)科抑郁焦慮障礙的治療抗抑郁劑的藥物相互作用流行病學(xué)流行病學(xué)
腦血管病和卒中后抑郁焦慮障礙1~6各研究報(bào)道的卒中后抑郁(PSD)發(fā)病率和患病率變異很大有研究認(rèn)為卒中后1個(gè)月是發(fā)病的高峰,但也有研究認(rèn)為卒中后3~6月是發(fā)病高峰社區(qū)研究:PSD在卒中急性期為33%,慢性期為34%醫(yī)院研究:PSD在卒中急性期為36%、恢復(fù)期為32%,慢性期為34%我國(guó)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PSD在卒中后1月為39%、3~6個(gè)月為53%、1年為24%1.
BenedettiF,BernasconiA,PontiggiaA.Depressionandneurologicaldisorders.
CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.
TuckerGJ.Neurologicaldisordersanddepression.SeminarsClinicalNeuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220.
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RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:anupdate.CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:294–298.4.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:Parkinson’sdisease,multiplesclerosis,andstroke.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5.
PohjasvaaraT,LeppavuoriA,SiiraI,etal.Frequencyandclinicaldeterminantsofpoststrokedepression.Stroke,1998,29:2311-2317.6.
HackettML,YapaC,ParagV,etal.Frequencyofdepressionafterstroke:Asystematicreviewofobservationalstudies.Stroke,2005,36:1330-1340.流行病學(xué)認(rèn)知功能障礙伴抑郁焦慮障礙1~3抑郁障礙多見(jiàn)于癡呆前期或早期,有研究認(rèn)為抑郁是癡呆的前驅(qū)癥狀或危險(xiǎn)因素有抑郁的輕度認(rèn)知障礙(MCI)者向老年性癡呆(AD)的轉(zhuǎn)化率是無(wú)抑郁者的2倍AD伴發(fā)抑郁的患病率可達(dá)75%,一般約為30%~50%血管性癡呆(VaD)或血管性認(rèn)知損害(VCI)者的抑郁癥狀的發(fā)生率約為40%~60%MCI的抑郁累計(jì)患病率約為26%1.
HoltzerR,ScarmeasN,WegesinDJ,etal.JAmGeriatrSoc,2005,53:2083-2089.2.
ModregoPJ,FerrándezJ..ArchNeurol,2004,61:1290-1293.3.PotterGG,SteffensDC.Contributionofdepression,Neurologist,2007,13:105–117.流行病學(xué)
帕金森?。≒D)伴抑郁焦慮障礙1~7PD患者的抑郁障礙患病率為8%~76%,平均25%~40%約40%患者有焦慮障礙有研究認(rèn)為抑郁和焦慮障礙可能先于患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀出現(xiàn)1.
BenedettiF,BernasconiA,PontiggiaA.Depressionandneurologicaldisorders.
CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.
TuckerGJ.Neurologicaldisordersanddepression.SeminarsClinicalNeuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220.
3.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:anupdate.CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:294–298.4.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:Parkinson’sdisease,multiplesclerosis,andstroke.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5.RingHA,Serra-MestresJ.Neuropsychiatryofthebasalganglia.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2002,72:12–21.6.OkunMS,WattsRL.DepressionassociatedwithParkinson’sdisease:.Neurology,2002,58(Suppl1):S63–S70.7.EhrtU,AarslandD.PsychiatricaspectsofParkinson'sdisease.CurrOpinPsychiatry,2005,18:335-341.流行病學(xué)多發(fā)性硬化(MS)伴抑郁焦慮障礙1~7終身患病率近50%,是普通人群的3倍社區(qū)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn)41%患者有抑郁,其中29%為中-重度抑郁對(duì)3000例16歲以上MS患者的死因調(diào)查顯示,15%的患者死于自殺流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示35.7%的患者合并各種焦慮,其中18.6%為廣泛性焦慮、10%為驚恐發(fā)作1.
BenedettiF,BernasconiA,PontiggiaA.Depressionandneurologicaldisorders.
CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.
TuckerGJ.Neurologicaldisordersanddepression.SeminarsClinicalNeuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220.
3.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:anupdate.CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:294–298.4.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:Parkinson’sdisease,multiplesclerosis,andstroke.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5.KesslerRC,BerglundP,DemlerO,etal.Theepidemiologyofmajordepressivedisorder:JAMA2003,289:3095–3105.6.JanssensAC,BuljevacD,vanDoornPA.Predictionofanxietyanddistressfollowingdiagnosis.MultScler,2006,12:794-801.7.SiegertRJ,AbernethyDA.Depressioninmultiplesclerosis:areview.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2005,76;469-475.流行病學(xué)癲癇伴抑郁焦慮障礙1~6抑郁癥的患病率為50%~55%住院患者中,控制良好者的抑郁發(fā)病率為10%、患病率為20%,控制不良者則分別為20%和60%癲癇患者發(fā)作間期的焦慮癥的患病率為10%~25%1.
BenedettiF,BernasconiA,PontiggiaA.Depressionandneurologicaldisorders.
CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.
TuckerGJ.Neurologicaldisordersanddepression.SeminarsClinicalNeuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220.
3.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:anupdate.CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:294–298.4.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:Parkinson’sdisease,multiplesclerosis,andstroke.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5.LambertM,RobertsonM.Depressioninepilepsy:etiology,phenomenologyandtreatment.Epilepsia,1999,40(suppl10):S21–S47.6.GaitatzisA,TrimbleMR,SanderJW.Thepsychiatriccomorbidityofepilepsy.ActaNeurologicaScandinavica,2004,110:207-220.流行病學(xué)原發(fā)性頭痛伴抑郁焦慮障礙1~2原發(fā)性頭痛門(mén)診患者調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)27%的患者有中-重度抑郁,其中偏頭痛人群為17.1%、轉(zhuǎn)化型偏頭痛為36.1%、緊張型頭痛(TTH)為28.3%;偏頭痛患者終身的抑郁障礙患病率約為30%~80%,是普通人群的3-4倍。同時(shí),易有驚恐和強(qiáng)迫等焦慮障礙;有先兆的偏頭痛和轉(zhuǎn)化型偏頭痛者的伴發(fā)率更高。頻發(fā)型和慢性TTH者抑郁焦慮障礙的伴發(fā)率可達(dá)2/3;青少年慢性頭痛者調(diào)查,有抑郁障礙30%(抑郁癥21%)、焦慮障礙36%、高度自殺危險(xiǎn)者20%1.
RadatF,SwendsenJ.Psychiatriccomorbidityinmigraine:areview.Cephalalgia,2005,25:165-178.2.
WangSJ,JuangKD,F(xiàn)uhJL,etal.
Psychiatriccomorbidityandsuicideriskinadolescentswithchronicdailyheadache.Neurology,2007,68:1468–1473.流行病學(xué)的啟示腦血管病和卒中、認(rèn)知功能障礙、帕金森病、多發(fā)性硬化、癲癇、原發(fā)性頭痛伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮比例高,使相關(guān)疾病地治療更加復(fù)雜、困難,延長(zhǎng)病程,同時(shí)增加了疾病負(fù)擔(dān);因此,有必要對(duì)神經(jīng)科常見(jiàn)伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮的患者進(jìn)行識(shí)別和診治。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn)定義抑郁障礙——各種原因引起的以顯著而持久的心境低落為主要特征的一類心境或情感障礙;
焦慮障礙——一種內(nèi)心緊張不安、預(yù)感到似乎將要發(fā)生某種不利情況而又難于應(yīng)付的不愉快情緒;本共識(shí)中抑郁障礙和焦慮障礙指抑郁和焦慮狀態(tài)即嚴(yán)重程度達(dá)中等或以上,超出患者所能承受或自我調(diào)整能力,并且對(duì)其生活和社會(huì)功能造成影響,但并不一定達(dá)到或符合精神科中的具體疾病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一些神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病所致的神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能改變,與情感障礙自然病程中發(fā)生的改變相似,因此可以產(chǎn)生類似的抑郁焦慮表現(xiàn)。這也解釋了神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病高發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的狀況目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-1(形態(tài)學(xué))
抑郁癥可能存在神經(jīng)解剖的易感性海馬杏仁核扣帶回皮質(zhì)前額葉皮質(zhì)目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-2(形態(tài)學(xué))
海馬體積和未治療的抑郁之間的關(guān)系38FemaleOutpatientsWithRecurrentDepressioninRemission*Significantinverserelationshipbetweentotalhippocampalvolumeandthelengthoftimedepressionwentuntreated.ShelineYI,etal.AmJPsychiatry.2003;160:1516-1518.海馬總體積(mm3)未治療的抑郁R2=0.28P=0.0006*01,0002,0003,0004,0003,0003,5004,0004,5005,0005,5006,000R2=0.28P=0.0006*目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-3(形態(tài)學(xué))抑郁癥與細(xì)胞凋亡BDNF=brain-derivedneurotrophicfactor.
1.SapolskyRM.ArchGenPsychiatry.2000;57:925-935.2.DumanRS,etal.BiolPsychiatry.2000;48:732-739.應(yīng)激2糖皮質(zhì)激素BDNF正常存活和生長(zhǎng)神經(jīng)元的萎縮/死亡樹(shù)突分支1目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-4(形態(tài)學(xué))治療能預(yù)防或逆轉(zhuǎn)損傷嗎?5-HT=serotonin;NE=norepinephrine;ECT=electroconvulsivetherapy.1.SapolskyRM.ArchGenPsychiatry.2000;57:925-935.2.DumanRS,etal.BiolPsychiatry.2000;48:732-739.應(yīng)激2糖皮質(zhì)激素BDNF正常存活和生長(zhǎng)神經(jīng)元萎縮/死亡BDNF增加存活和生長(zhǎng)5-HTandNE,DA糖皮質(zhì)激素??藥物治療,ECT,心理治療2樹(shù)突分支1目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-5(神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌學(xué))
抑郁,焦慮和HPA調(diào)控紊亂:腦-體的關(guān)系下丘腦杏仁核藍(lán)斑ACTH細(xì)胞因子可的松骨脂肪組織腎上腺交感神經(jīng)活動(dòng)增強(qiáng)前額葉皮層軀體感覺(jué)/情緒心血管代謝免疫與神經(jīng)元再激活認(rèn)知腎上腺素,NE骨質(zhì)疏松癥O’Connor,etal.QJM2000;93:323-33Miller,O’Callaghan.Metabolism2002:51:5-10抑郁障礙的主要臨床表現(xiàn)核心癥狀情緒低落興趣減退、愉快感喪失、持續(xù)疲乏其它癥狀:睡眠障礙軀體癥狀:各種疼痛、食欲減退、消化道癥狀出現(xiàn)焦慮或激越癥狀記憶力減退、注意力難集中焦慮障礙的主要臨床表現(xiàn)過(guò)份焦慮焦躁:經(jīng)常、無(wú)緣無(wú)故感到心煩緊張不安:經(jīng)常感到心情緊張、不能松弛過(guò)份擔(dān)心總是感到心神不寧,過(guò)度擔(dān)心一些小事卒中伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn)1~6研究認(rèn)為PSD為直接的腦損害所致,并提示優(yōu)勢(shì)半球和前部半球損害更容易發(fā)生PSD,但meta分析未見(jiàn)部位相關(guān)性“血管性抑郁”是老年期抑郁的重要病因,約占1/3,主要與額葉和底節(jié)部位的白質(zhì)病變、小血管病變及“無(wú)癥狀卒中”有關(guān)PSD雖然常見(jiàn),但由于患者常有失語(yǔ)、忽略或認(rèn)知損害而不被訴說(shuō)或識(shí)別1.
BenedettiF,BernasconiA,PontiggiaA.Depressionandneurologicaldisorders.
CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.
TuckerGJ.Neurologicaldisordersanddepression.SeminarsClinicalNeuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220.
3.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:anupdate.CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:294–298.4.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:Parkinson’sdisease,multiplesclerosis,andstroke.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5.RingHA,Serra-MestresJ.Neuropsychiatryofthebasalganglia.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2002,72:12–21.6.OkunMS,WattsRL.DepressionassociatedwithParkinson’sdisease:.Neurology,2002,58(Suppl1):S63–S70.癡呆伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn)1~6
皮質(zhì)下小血管病性VaD或VCI患者的抑郁障礙持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、難治.突出表現(xiàn):始動(dòng)性差、精神運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩和易伴執(zhí)行功能障礙AD伴發(fā)的抑郁障礙有隨病程延長(zhǎng)而逐漸減少的趨勢(shì)1.
BenedettiF,BernasconiA,PontiggiaA.Depressionandneurologicaldisorders.
CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.
TuckerGJ.Neurologicaldisordersanddepression.SeminarsClinicalNeuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220.
3.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:anupdate.CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:294–298.4.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:Parkinson’sdisease,multiplesclerosis,andstroke.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5.RingHA,Serra-MestresJ.Neuropsychiatryofthebasalganglia.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2002,72:12–21.6.OkunMS,WattsRL.DepressionassociatedwithParkinson’sdisease:.Neurology,2002,58(Suppl1):S63–S70.PD伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn)1~6常見(jiàn)的精神運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩、淡漠、興致缺乏、身體語(yǔ)言減少、自主神經(jīng)癥狀容易與抑郁混淆常見(jiàn)的失眠、注意差、疲乏、震顫、不安和自主神經(jīng)癥狀又容易與焦慮混淆。過(guò)多擔(dān)心可能是重要鑒別點(diǎn)PD患者可有明顯的情感波動(dòng),持續(xù)數(shù)分鐘,每天多次。晚期患者出現(xiàn)治療的“開(kāi)關(guān)”現(xiàn)象,有抑郁焦慮情緒,使得診斷困難。PD患者的情感障礙與腦內(nèi)多種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的改變有關(guān)1.
BenedettiF,BernasconiA,PontiggiaA.Depressionandneurologicaldisorders.
CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.
TuckerGJ.Neurologicaldisordersanddepression.SeminarsClinicalNeuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220.
3.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:anupdate.CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:294–298.4.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:Parkinson’sdisease,multiplesclerosis,andstroke.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5.RingHA,Serra-MestresJ.Neuropsychiatryofthebasalganglia.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2002,72:12–21.6.OkunMS,WattsRL.DepressionassociatedwithParkinson’sdisease:.Neurology,2002,58(Suppl1):S63–S70.MS及癲癇伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮障礙的特點(diǎn)1~6精神運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩、睡眠異常、認(rèn)知改變和疲乏是MS和抑郁共有的表現(xiàn)抑郁多見(jiàn)于復(fù)發(fā)和用激素治療期間MS患者的抑郁可能與病灶部位(額葉、顳葉)及炎癥有關(guān)抑郁可為癲癇發(fā)作和發(fā)作后表現(xiàn),但更多見(jiàn)于發(fā)作間期。顳葉癲癇和左側(cè)癇灶者容易發(fā)生抑郁。抑郁與癲癇的關(guān)系是雙向的,病因多重而復(fù)雜1.
BenedettiF,BernasconiA,PontiggiaA.Depressionandneurologicaldisorders.
CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:14–18.2.
TuckerGJ.Neurologicaldisordersanddepression.SeminarsClinicalNeuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220.
3.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:anupdate.CurrOpinPsychiatry,2006,19:294–298.4.
RickardsH.Depressioninneurologicaldisorders:Parkinson’sdisease,multiplesclerosis,andstroke.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5.RingHA,Serra-MestresJ.Neuropsychiatryofthebasalganglia.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry,2002,72:12–21.6.OkunMS,WattsRL.DepressionassociatedwithParkinson’sdisease:.Neurology,2002,58(Suppl1):S63–S70.KroenkeK,etal.ArchFamMed.1994;3:774-779.神經(jīng)科抑郁焦慮患者特點(diǎn):軀體癥狀多神經(jīng)科就診抑郁焦慮患者特點(diǎn)不主動(dòng)敘述情緒癥狀多見(jiàn)主述為睡眠問(wèn)題、疲乏及不確定位置的軀體疼痛癥狀易與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)原發(fā)疾病相互影響,注意鑒別KroenkeK,etal.ArchFamMed.1994;3:774-779.0102030405060708090軀體癥狀的個(gè)數(shù)*抑郁患病率(%)其他精神障礙情緒障礙(焦慮/抑郁)0to1(n=215)2to3(n=225)4to5(n=191)6to8(n=230)9(n=139)神經(jīng)科抑郁焦慮患者特點(diǎn):軀體癥狀多*常見(jiàn)軀體癥狀:頭痛頭暈疲乏失眠背痛四肢或關(guān)節(jié)痛月經(jīng)紊亂消化道不適腹痛胸痛性功能障礙多個(gè)軀體癥狀可能預(yù)示抑郁癥TableTheFrequencyofSymptomsinHysteriaNeurosisSymptom%Symptom%
Dyspnea72Weightloss28Palpitation60Anorexia60Chestpain72Nausea80Dizziness84Vomiting32Headache80Abdominalpain80Anxietyattacks64Abdominalbloating68Fatigue84Foodintolerances48Blindness20Diarrhea20Paralysis12Constipation64Anesthesia32Dysuria44Aphonia44Urinaryretention8Lumpinthroat28DysmenorrheaFitsorconvulsions20(premaritalonly)4Faints56DysmenorrheaUnconsciousness16(prepregnancyonly)8Amnesia8Dysmenorrhea(other)48Visualblurring64Menstrualirregularity48Visualhallucination12Excessivemenstrualbleeding48Deafness4Sexualindifference44Olfatoryhallucination16Frigidity(absenceoforgasm)24Weakness84Dyspareunia52SuddenfluctuationsBackpain88Inweight16Jointpain84Extremitypain84Burningpainsinrectum,vagina,mouth28Otherbodilypain36Depressedfeelings64Phobias48VomitingallninemonthsNervous92ofpregnancy20HadtoquitworkingCriedalot60Becausefeltbad44Feltlifewashopeless28AlwayssicklyThoughtofdying48(mostoflife)40Wantedtodie36Thoughtofsuicide28Attemptedsuicide12
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