美國(guó)憲法全文(中、英文版)

PAGEPAGE6《美國(guó)憲法》（中、英文版）（中文）序言我們美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的人民，為了組織一個(gè)更完善的聯(lián)邦，樹立正義，保障國(guó)內(nèi)的安寧，建立共同的國(guó)防，增進(jìn)全民福利和確保我們自己及我們後代能安享自由帶來的幸福，乃為美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)制定和確立這一部憲法。第一條第一款本憲法所規(guī)定的立法權(quán)，全屬合眾國(guó)的國(guó)會(huì)，國(guó)會(huì)由一個(gè)參議院和一個(gè)眾議院組成。第二款眾議院應(yīng)由各州人民每?jī)赡赀x舉一次之議員組成，各州選舉人應(yīng)具有該州州議會(huì)中人數(shù)最多之一院的選舉人所需之資格。凡年齡未滿二十五歲，或取得合眾國(guó)公民資格未滿七年，或於某州當(dāng)選而并非該州居民者，均不得任眾議員。眾議員人數(shù)及直接稅稅額，應(yīng)按聯(lián)邦所轄各州的人口數(shù)目比例分配，此項(xiàng)人口數(shù)目的計(jì)算法，應(yīng)在全體自由人民－－包括訂有契約的短期仆役，但不包括末被課稅的印第安人－－數(shù)目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。實(shí)際人口調(diào)查，應(yīng)於合眾國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)第一次會(huì)議後三年內(nèi)舉行，并於其後每十年舉行一次，其調(diào)查方法另以法律規(guī)定之。眾議員的數(shù)目，不得超過每三萬人口有眾議員一人，但每州至少應(yīng)有眾議員一人；在舉行人囗調(diào)查以前，各州得按照下列數(shù)目選舉眾議員:新罕布什爾三人、麻薩諸塞八人、羅德島及普羅維登斯墾殖區(qū)一人、康涅狄格五人、紐約州六人．新澤西四人、賓夕法尼亞八人、特拉華一人、馬里蘭六人、弗吉尼亞十人、北卡羅來納五人、南卡羅來納五人、喬治亞三人。任何一州的眾議員有缺額時(shí)，該州的行政長(zhǎng)官應(yīng)頒選舉令，選出眾議員以補(bǔ)充缺額。眾議院應(yīng)選舉該除議長(zhǎng)及其他官員；只有眾議院具有提出彈劾案的權(quán)力。第三款合眾國(guó)的參議院由每州的州議會(huì)選舉兩名參議員組成之，參議員的任期為六年，每名參議員有一票表決權(quán)。參議員於第一次選舉後舉行會(huì)議之時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)立即盡量均等地分成三組。第一組參議員的任期，到第二年年終時(shí)屆滿，第二組到第四年年終時(shí)屆滿，第三組到第六年年終時(shí)屆滿，俾使每?jī)赡暧腥种坏膮⒆h員改選；如果在某州州議會(huì)休會(huì)期間，有參議員因辭職或其它原因出缺，該州的行政長(zhǎng)官得任命臨時(shí)參議員，等到州議會(huì)下次集會(huì)時(shí)，再予選舉補(bǔ)缺。凡年齡未滿三十歲，或取得合眾國(guó)公民資格未滿九年，或於某州當(dāng)選而并非該州居民者，均不得任參議員。合眾國(guó)副總統(tǒng)應(yīng)為參議院議長(zhǎng)，除非在投票票數(shù)相等時(shí)，議長(zhǎng)無投票權(quán)。參議院應(yīng)選舉該院的其他官員，在副總統(tǒng)缺席或執(zhí)行合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)職務(wù)時(shí)，還應(yīng)選舉臨時(shí)議長(zhǎng)。所有彈劾案，只有參議院有權(quán)審理。在開庭審理彈劾案時(shí)，參議員們均應(yīng)宣誓或誓愿。如受審者為合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)，則應(yīng)由最高法院首席大法官擔(dān)任主席；在末得出席的參議員的三分之二的同意時(shí)，任何人不得被判有罪。彈劾案的判決，不得超過免職及取消其擔(dān)任合眾國(guó)政府任何有榮譽(yù)、有責(zé)任或有俸給的職位之資格；但被判處者仍須服從另據(jù)法律所作之控訴、審訊、判決及懲罰。第四款各州州議會(huì)應(yīng)規(guī)定本州參議員及眾議員之選舉時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)及程序；但國(guó)會(huì)得隨時(shí)以法律制定或變更此種規(guī)定，惟有選舉議員的地點(diǎn)不在此例。國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)至少每年集會(huì)一次，開會(huì)日期應(yīng)為十二月的第一個(gè)星期一，除非他們通過法律來指定另一個(gè)日期。第五款參眾兩院應(yīng)各自審查本院的選舉、選舉結(jié)果報(bào)告和本院議員的資格，每院議員過半數(shù)即構(gòu)成可以議事的法定人數(shù)；不足法定人數(shù)時(shí)，可以一天推一天地延期開會(huì)，并有權(quán)依照各該議院所規(guī)定的程序和罰則，強(qiáng)迫缺席的議員出席。參眾兩院得各自規(guī)定本院的議事規(guī)則，處罰本院擾亂秩序的議員，并且得以三分之二的同意，開除本院的議員。參眾兩院應(yīng)各自保存一份議事記錄，并經(jīng)常公布，惟各該院認(rèn)為應(yīng)保守秘密之部分除外；兩院議員對(duì)於每一問題之贊成或反對(duì)，如有五分之一出席議員請(qǐng)求，則應(yīng)記載於議事記錄內(nèi)。在國(guó)會(huì)開會(huì)期間，任一議院未得別院同意，不得休會(huì)三日以上，亦不得遷往非兩院開會(huì)的其他地點(diǎn)。第六款參議員與眾議員得因其服務(wù)而獲報(bào)酬，報(bào)酬的多寡由法律定之，并由合眾國(guó)國(guó)庫支付。兩院議員除犯叛國(guó)罪、重罪以及擾亂治安罪外，在出席各該院會(huì)議及往返各該院途中，有不受逮捕之特權(quán)；兩院議員在議院內(nèi)所發(fā)表之演說及辯論，在其它場(chǎng)合不受質(zhì)詢。參議員或眾議員不得在其當(dāng)選任期內(nèi)擔(dān)任合眾國(guó)政府任何新添設(shè)的職位，或在其任期內(nèi)支取因新職位而增添的俸給；在合眾國(guó)政府供職的人，不得在其任職期間擔(dān)任國(guó)會(huì)議員。第七款有關(guān)徵稅的所有法案應(yīng)在眾議院中提出；但參議院得以處理其它法案的方式，以修正案提出建議或表示同意。經(jīng)眾議院和參議院通過的法案，在正式成為法律之前，須呈送合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)；總統(tǒng)如批準(zhǔn)，便須簽署，如不批準(zhǔn)，即應(yīng)連同他的異議把它退還給原來提出該案的議院，該議院應(yīng)將異議詳細(xì)記入議事記錄，然後進(jìn)行復(fù)議。倘若在復(fù)議之後，該議院議員的三分之二仍然同意通過該法案，該院即應(yīng)將該法案連同異議書送交另一院，由其同樣予以復(fù)議，若此另一院亦以三分之二的多數(shù)通過，該法案即成為法律。但遇有這樣的情形時(shí)，兩院的表決均應(yīng)以贊同或反對(duì)來定，而贊同和反對(duì)該法案的議員的姓名，均應(yīng)由兩院分別記載於各該院的議事記錄之內(nèi)。如總統(tǒng)接到法案後十日之內(nèi)(星期日除外)，不將之退還，該法案即等於曾由總統(tǒng)簽署一樣，成為法律¨準(zhǔn)有當(dāng)國(guó)會(huì)休會(huì)因而無法將該法案退還時(shí)，該法案才不得成為法律。任何命令、決議或表決(有關(guān)休會(huì)問題者除外)，凡須由參議院及眾議院予以同意者，均應(yīng)呈送合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)；經(jīng)其此準(zhǔn)之後，方始生效，如總統(tǒng)不予批準(zhǔn)，則參眾兩院可依照對(duì)於通過法案所規(guī)定的各種規(guī)則和限制，各以三分之二的多數(shù)，再行通過。第八款國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)規(guī)定并徵收稅金、捐稅、關(guān)稅和其它賦稅，用以償付國(guó)債并為合眾國(guó)的共同防御和全民福利提供經(jīng)費(fèi)；但是各種捐稅、關(guān)稅和其它賦稅，在合眾國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)劃一徵收；以合眾國(guó)的信用舉債；管理與外國(guó)的、州與州間的，以及對(duì)印第安部落的貿(mào)易；制定在合眾國(guó)內(nèi)一致適用的歸化條例，和有關(guān)破產(chǎn)的一致適用的法律；鑄造貨幣，調(diào)議其價(jià)值，并厘定外幣價(jià)值，以及制定度量衡的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；制定對(duì)偽造合眾國(guó)證券和貨幣的懲罰條例；設(shè)立郵政局及延造驛路；為促進(jìn)科學(xué)和實(shí)用技藝的進(jìn)步，對(duì)作家和發(fā)明家的著作和發(fā)明，在一定期限內(nèi)給予專利權(quán)的保障；設(shè)置最高法院以下的各級(jí)法院；界定并懲罰海盜罪、在公海所犯的重罪和違背國(guó)際公法的罪行；宣戰(zhàn)，對(duì)民用船蘋頒發(fā)捕押敵船及采取報(bào)復(fù)行動(dòng)的特許證，制定在陸地和海面虜獲戰(zhàn)利晶的規(guī)則；募集和維持陸軍，但每次撥充該項(xiàng)費(fèi)用的款項(xiàng)，其有效期不得超過兩年；配備和保持海軍；制定有開管理和控制陸海軍隊(duì)的各種條例；制定召集民兵的條例，以便執(zhí)行聯(lián)邦法律，鎮(zhèn)壓叛亂和擊退侵略；規(guī)定民兵的組織、裝備和訓(xùn)練，以及民兵為合眾國(guó)服務(wù)時(shí)的管理辦法，但各州保留其軍官任命權(quán)，和依照國(guó)會(huì)規(guī)定的條例訓(xùn)練其民團(tuán)的權(quán)力；對(duì)於由某州讓與而由國(guó)會(huì)承受，用以充當(dāng)合眾國(guó)政府所在地的地區(qū)(不逾十哩見方)，握有對(duì)其一切事務(wù)的全部立法權(quán)；對(duì)於經(jīng)州議會(huì)同意，向州政府購得，用以建筑要塞、彈藥庫、兵工廠、船塢和其它必要建筑物的地方，也握有同樣的權(quán)力；－－并且為了行使上述各項(xiàng)權(quán)力，以及行使本憲法賦予合眾國(guó)政府或其各部門或其官員的種種權(quán)力，制定一切必要的和適當(dāng)?shù)姆?。第九款?duì)於現(xiàn)有任何一州所認(rèn)為的應(yīng)準(zhǔn)其移民或入境的人，在一八O八年以前，國(guó)會(huì)不得加以禁止，但可以對(duì)入境者課稅，惟以每人不超過十美元為限。不得中止人身保護(hù)令所保障的特權(quán)，惟在叛亂或受到侵犯的情況下，出於公共安全的必要時(shí)不在此限。不得通過任何褫奪公權(quán)的法案或者追溯既往的法律。除非按本憲法所規(guī)定的人口調(diào)查或統(tǒng)計(jì)之比例，不得徵收任何人口稅或其它直接稅。對(duì)各州輸出之貨物，不得課稅。任何有關(guān)商務(wù)或納稅的條例，均不得賦予某一州的港口以優(yōu)惠待遇；亦不得強(qiáng)迫任何開往或來自某一州的船蘋，駛?cè)牖蝰偝隽硪恢?，或向另一州納稅。除了依照法律的規(guī)定撥款之外，不得自國(guó)庫中提出任何款項(xiàng)；一切公款收支的報(bào)告和帳目，應(yīng)經(jīng)常公布。合眾國(guó)不得頒發(fā)任何貴族爵位:凡是在合眾國(guó)政府擔(dān)任有俸給或有責(zé)任之職務(wù)者，末經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)許可，不得接受任何國(guó)王、王子或外國(guó)的任何禮物、薪酬、職務(wù)或爵位。第十款各州不得締結(jié)任何條約、結(jié)盟或組織邦聯(lián)；不得對(duì)民用船蘋頒發(fā)捕押敵船及采取報(bào)復(fù)行動(dòng)之特許證；不得鑄造貨幣；不得發(fā)行紙幣；不得指定金銀幣以外的物品作為償還債務(wù)的法定貨幣；不得通過任何褫奪公權(quán)的法案、追溯既往的法律和損害契約義務(wù)的法律；也不得頒發(fā)任何貴族爵位。未經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)同意，各州不得對(duì)進(jìn)口貨物或出口貨物徵收任何稅款，但為了執(zhí)行該州的檢查法律而有絕對(duì)的必要時(shí)，不在此限；任何州對(duì)於進(jìn)出囗貨物所徵的稅，其凈收益應(yīng)歸合眾國(guó)國(guó)庫使用；所有這一類的檢查法律，國(guó)會(huì)對(duì)之有修正和監(jiān)督之權(quán)。未經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)同意，各州不得徵收船舶噸位稅，不得在和平時(shí)期保持軍隊(duì)和軍艦，不得和另外一州或國(guó)締結(jié)任何協(xié)定或契約，除非實(shí)際遭受入侵，或者遇到刻不容緩的危急情形時(shí)，不得從事戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。第二條第一款行政權(quán)力賦予美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)?？偨y(tǒng)任期四年，總統(tǒng)和具有同樣任期的副總統(tǒng)，應(yīng)照下列手續(xù)選舉:每州應(yīng)依照該州州議會(huì)所規(guī)定之手續(xù)，指定選舉人若干名，其人數(shù)應(yīng)與該州在國(guó)會(huì)之參議員及眾議員之總數(shù)相等；但參譏員、眾議員及任何在合眾國(guó)政府擔(dān)任有責(zé)任及有俸給之職務(wù)的人，均不得被指定為選舉人。各選舉人應(yīng)於其本身所屬的州內(nèi)集會(huì)，每人投票選舉二人，其中至少應(yīng)有一人不屬本州居民。選舉人應(yīng)開列全體被選人名單，注明每人所得票數(shù)；他們還應(yīng)簽名作證明，并將封印後的名單送至合眾國(guó)政府所在地交與參議院議長(zhǎng)。參議院議長(zhǎng)應(yīng)於參眾兩院全體議員之前，開拆所有來件，然後計(jì)算票數(shù)。得票最多者，如其所得票數(shù)超過全體選舉人的半數(shù)，即當(dāng)選為總統(tǒng)；如同時(shí)不止一人得票過半數(shù)，旦又得同等票數(shù)，則眾議院應(yīng)立即投票表決，選畢其中一人為總統(tǒng)；如無人得票過半數(shù)，則眾議院應(yīng)自得票最多之前五名中用同樣方法選舉總統(tǒng)。但依此法選舉總統(tǒng)時(shí)，應(yīng)以州為單位，每州之代表共有一票；如全國(guó)三分之二的州各有一名或多名眾議員出席，即構(gòu)成選舉總統(tǒng)的法定人數(shù)；當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)者需獲全部州的過半數(shù)票。在每次這樣的選舉中，於總統(tǒng)選出後，其獲得選舉人所投票數(shù)最多者，即為副總統(tǒng)。但如有二人或二人以上得票相等時(shí)，則應(yīng)由參議院投票表決，選學(xué)其中一人為副總統(tǒng)。國(guó)會(huì)得決定各州選出選舉人的時(shí)期以及他們投票的日子；投票日期全國(guó)一律。只有出生時(shí)為合眾國(guó)公民，或在本憲法實(shí)施時(shí)已為合眾國(guó)公民者，可被選為總統(tǒng)；凡年齡未滿三十五歲，或居住合眾國(guó)境內(nèi)未滿十四年者，不得被選為總統(tǒng)。如遇總統(tǒng)被免職，或因死亡、辭職或喪失能力而不能執(zhí)行其權(quán)力及職務(wù)時(shí)，總統(tǒng)職權(quán)應(yīng)由副總統(tǒng)執(zhí)行之。國(guó)會(huì)得以法律規(guī)定，在總統(tǒng)及副總統(tǒng)均被免職，或死亡、辭職或喪失能力時(shí)，由何人代理總統(tǒng)職務(wù)，該人應(yīng)即遵此視事，至總統(tǒng)能力恢復(fù)，或新總統(tǒng)被選出時(shí)為止。總統(tǒng)得因其服務(wù)而在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)接受俸給，在其任期之內(nèi)，俸金數(shù)額不得增加或減低，他亦不得在此任期內(nèi)，自合眾國(guó)政府和任何州政府接愛其它報(bào)酬。在他就職之前，他應(yīng)宣誓或誓愿如下:－－「我鄭重宣誓(或矢言)我必忠誠(chéng)地執(zhí)行合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)的職務(wù)，并盡我最大的能力，維持、保護(hù)和捍衛(wèi)合眾國(guó)憲法。第二款總統(tǒng)為合眾國(guó)陸海軍的總司令，并在各州民團(tuán)奉召為合眾國(guó)執(zhí)行任務(wù)的擔(dān)任統(tǒng)帥；他可以要求每個(gè)行政部門的主管官員提出有關(guān)他們職務(wù)的任何事件的書面意見，除了彈劫案之外，他有權(quán)對(duì)於違犯合眾國(guó)法律者頒賜緩刑和特赦?？偨y(tǒng)有權(quán)締訂條約，但須爭(zhēng)取參議院的意見和同意，并須出席的參議員中三分之二的人贊成；他有權(quán)提名，并於取得參議院的意見和同意後，任命大使、公使及領(lǐng)事、最高法院的法官，以及一切其他在本憲法中未經(jīng)明定、但以後將依法律的規(guī)定而設(shè)置之合眾國(guó)官員；國(guó)會(huì)可以制定法律，酌情把這些較低級(jí)官員的任命權(quán)，授予總統(tǒng)本人，授予法院，或授予各行政部門的首長(zhǎng)。在參議院休會(huì)期間，如遇有職位出缺，總統(tǒng)有權(quán)任命官員補(bǔ)充缺額，任期於參議院下屆會(huì)議結(jié)束時(shí)終結(jié)。第三款總統(tǒng)應(yīng)經(jīng)常向國(guó)會(huì)報(bào)告聯(lián)邦的情況，并向國(guó)會(huì)提出他認(rèn)為必要和適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧?，供其考慮；在特殊情況下，他得召集兩院或其中一院開會(huì)，并得於兩院對(duì)於休會(huì)時(shí)間意見不一致時(shí)，命令兩院休會(huì)到他認(rèn)為適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)期為止；他應(yīng)接見大使和公使；他應(yīng)注意使法律切實(shí)執(zhí)行，并任命所有合眾國(guó)的軍官。第四款合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)及其他所有文官，因叛國(guó)、賄賂或其它重罪和輕罪，被彈劾而判罪者，均應(yīng)免職。第三條第一款合眾國(guó)的司法權(quán)屬於一個(gè)最高法院以及由國(guó)會(huì)隨時(shí)下令設(shè)立的低級(jí)法院。最高法院和低級(jí)法院的法官，如果盡忠職守，應(yīng)繼續(xù)任職，并按期接受俸給作為其服務(wù)之報(bào)酬，在其繼續(xù)任職期間，該項(xiàng)俸給不得削減。第二款司法權(quán)適用的范圍，應(yīng)包括在本憲法、合眾國(guó)法律、和合眾國(guó)已訂的及將訂的條約之下發(fā)生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件；一切有關(guān)大使、公使及領(lǐng)事的案件；一切有關(guān)海上裁判權(quán)及海事裁判權(quán)的案件；合眾國(guó)為當(dāng)事一方的訴訟；州與州之間的訴訟，州與另一州的公民之間的訴訟，一州公民與另一州公民之間的訴訟，同州公民之間為不同之州所讓與之土地而爭(zhēng)執(zhí)的訴訟，以及一州或其公民與外國(guó)政府、公民或其屬民之間的訴訟。在一切有關(guān)大使、公使、領(lǐng)事以及州為當(dāng)事一方的案件中，最高法院有最初審理權(quán)。在上述所有其它案件中，最高法院有關(guān)於法律和事實(shí)的受理上訴權(quán)，但由國(guó)會(huì)規(guī)定為例外及另有處理?xiàng)l例者，不在此限。對(duì)一切罪行的審判，除了彈劫案以外，均應(yīng)由陪審團(tuán)裁定，并且該審判應(yīng)在罪案發(fā)生的州內(nèi)舉行；但如罪案發(fā)生地點(diǎn)并不在任何一州之內(nèi)，該項(xiàng)審判應(yīng)在國(guó)會(huì)按法律指定之地點(diǎn)或幾個(gè)地點(diǎn)學(xué)行。第三款只有對(duì)合眾國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，或投向它的敵人，予敵人以協(xié)助及方便者，方構(gòu)成叛國(guó)罪。無論何人，如非經(jīng)由兩個(gè)證人證明他的公然的叛國(guó)行為，或經(jīng)由本人在公開法庭認(rèn)罪者，均不得被判叛國(guó)罪。國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)宣布對(duì)於叛國(guó)罪的懲處，但因叛國(guó)罪而被褫奪公權(quán)者，其後人之繼承權(quán)不受影響，叛國(guó)者之財(cái)產(chǎn)亦只能在其本人生存期間被沒收。第四條第一款各州對(duì)其它各州的公共法案、記錄、和司法程序，應(yīng)給予完全的信賴和尊重。國(guó)會(huì)得制定一般法律，用以規(guī)定這種法案、記錄、和司法程序如何證明以及具有何等效力。第二款每州公民應(yīng)享受各州公民所有之一切特權(quán)及豁免。凡在任何一州被控犯有叛國(guó)罪、重罪或其它罪行者，逃出法外而在另一州被緝獲時(shí)，該州應(yīng)即依照該罪犯所逃出之州的行政當(dāng)局之請(qǐng)求，將該罪犯交出，以便移交至該犯罪案件有管轄權(quán)之州。凡根據(jù)一州之法律應(yīng)在該州服役或服勞役者，逃往另一州時(shí)，不得因另一州之任何法律或條例，解除其服役或勞役，而應(yīng)依照有權(quán)要求該項(xiàng)服役或勞役之當(dāng)事一方的要求，把人交出。 第三款國(guó)會(huì)得準(zhǔn)許新州加入聯(lián)邦；如無有關(guān)各州之州議會(huì)及國(guó)會(huì)之同意，不得於任何州之管轄區(qū)域內(nèi)建立新州；亦不得合并兩州或數(shù)州、或數(shù)州之一部分而成立新州。國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)處置合眾國(guó)之屬地及其它產(chǎn)業(yè)，并制定有關(guān)這些屬地及產(chǎn)業(yè)的一切必要的法規(guī)和章則；本憲法中任何條文，不得作有損於合眾國(guó)或任何一州之權(quán)利的解釋。第四款合眾國(guó)保證聯(lián)邦中的每一州皆為共和政體，保障它們不受外來的侵略；并且根據(jù)各州州議會(huì)或行政部門(當(dāng)州議會(huì)不能召集時(shí))的請(qǐng)求，平定其內(nèi)部的暴亂。第五條舉凡兩院議員各以三分之二的多數(shù)認(rèn)為必要時(shí)，國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)提出對(duì)本憲法的修正案；或者，當(dāng)現(xiàn)有諸州三分之二的州議會(huì)提出請(qǐng)求時(shí)，國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)召集修憲大會(huì)，以上兩種修正案，如經(jīng)諸州四分之三的州議會(huì)或四分之三的州修憲大會(huì)批準(zhǔn)時(shí)，即成為本憲法之一部分而發(fā)生全部效力，至於采用那一種批準(zhǔn)方式，則由國(guó)會(huì)議決；但一八○八年以前可能制定之修正案，在任何情形下，不得影響本憲法第一條第九款之第一、第四兩項(xiàng)；任何一州，沒有它的同意，不得被剝奪它在參議院中的平等投票權(quán)。第六條合眾國(guó)政府於本憲法被批準(zhǔn)之前所積欠之債務(wù)及所簽訂之條約，於本憲法通過後，具有和在邦聯(lián)政府時(shí)同等的效力。本憲法及依本憲法所制定之合眾國(guó)法律；以及合眾國(guó)已經(jīng)締結(jié)及將要締結(jié)的一切條約，皆為全國(guó)之最高法律；每個(gè)州的法官都應(yīng)受其約束，任何一州憲法或法律中的任何內(nèi)容與之抵觸時(shí)，均不得有違這一規(guī)定。前述之參議員及眾議員，各州州議會(huì)議員，合眾國(guó)政府及各州政府之一切行政及司法官員，均應(yīng)宣誓或誓愿擁護(hù)本憲法；但合眾國(guó)政府之任何職位或公職，皆不得以任何宗教標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為任職的必要條件。第七條本憲法經(jīng)過九個(gè)州的制憲大會(huì)批準(zhǔn)後，即在批準(zhǔn)本憲法的各州之間開始生效。 本憲法于公元１７８７年，即美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)獨(dú)立后第１２年的９月１７日，經(jīng)出席制憲會(huì)議的各州在會(huì)上一致同意后制定。我們謹(jǐn)在此簽名作證。

THECONSTITUTIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICAMarch4,1789PreambleWethepeopleoftheUnitedStates,inordertoformamoreperfectunion,establishjustice,insuredomestictranquility,provideforthecommondefense,promotethegeneralwelfare,andsecuretheblessingsoflibertytoourselvesandourposterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ArticleISection1.AlllegislativepowershereingrantedshallbevestedinaCongressoftheUnitedStates,whichshallconsistofaSenateandHouseofRepresentatives.Section2.TheHouseofRepresentativesshallbecomposedofmemberschoseneverysecondyearbythepeopleoftheseveralstates,andtheelectorsineachstateshallhavethequalificationsrequisiteforelectorsofthemostnumerousbranchofthestatelegislature.NopersonshallbeaRepresentativewhoshallnothaveattainedtotheageoftwentyfiveyears,andbeensevenyearsacitizenoftheUnitedStates,andwhoshallnot,whenelected,beaninhabitantofthatstateinwhichheshallbechosen.Representativesanddirecttaxesshallbeapportionedamongtheseveralstateswhichmaybeincludedwithinthisunion,accordingtotheirrespectivenumbers,whichshallbedeterminedbyaddingtothewholenumberoffreepersons,includingthoseboundtoserviceforatermofyears,andexcludingIndiansnottaxed,threefifthsofallotherPersons.TheactualEnumerationshallbemadewithinthreeyearsafterthefirstmeetingoftheCongressoftheUnitedStates,andwithineverysubsequenttermoftenyears,insuchmannerastheyshallbylawdirect.ThenumberofRepresentativesshallnotexceedoneforeverythirtythousand,buteachstateshallhaveatleastoneRepresentative；anduntilsuchenumerationshallbemade,thestateofNewHampshireshallbeentitledtochoosethree,Massachusettseight,RhodeIslandandProvidencePlantationsone,Connecticutfive,NewYorksix,NewJerseyfour,Pennsylvaniaeight,Delawareone,Marylandsix,Virginiaten,NorthCarolinafive,SouthCarolinafive,andGeorgiathree.WhenvacancieshappenintheRepresentationfromanystate,theexecutiveauthoritythereofshallissuewritsofelectiontofillsuchvacancies.TheHouseofRepresentativesshallchoosetheirspeakerandotherofficers；andshallhavethesolepowerofimpeachment.Section3.TheSenateoftheUnitedStatesshallbecomposedoftwoSenatorsfromeachstate,chosenbythelegislaturethereof,forsixyears；andeachSenatorshallhaveonevote.Immediatelyaftertheyshallbeassembledinconsequenceofthefirstelection,theyshallbedividedasequallyasmaybeintothreeclasses.TheseatsoftheSenatorsofthefirstclassshallbevacatedattheexpirationofthesecondyear,ofthesecondclassattheexpirationofthefourthyear,andthethirdclassattheexpirationofthesixthyear,sothatonethirdmaybechoseneverysecondyear；andifvacancieshappenbyresignation,orotherwise,duringtherecessofthelegislatureofanystate,theexecutivethereofmaymaketemporaryappointmentsuntilthenextmeetingofthelegislature,whichshallthenfillsuchvacancies.NopersonshallbeaSenatorwhoshallnothaveattainedtotheageofthirtyyears,andbeennineyearsacitizenoftheUnitedStatesandwhoshallnot,whenelected,beaninhabitantofthatstateforwhichheshallbechosen.TheVicePresidentoftheUnitedStatesshallbePresidentoftheSenate,butshallhavenovote,unlesstheybeequallydivided.TheSenateshallchoosetheirotherofficers,andalsoaPresidentprotempore,intheabsenceoftheVicePresident,orwhenheshallexercisetheofficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates.TheSenateshallhavethesolepowertotryallimpeachments.Whensittingforthatpurpose,theyshallbeonoathoraffirmation.WhenthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesistried,theChiefJusticeshallpreside:Andnopersonshallbeconvictedwithouttheconcurrenceoftwothirdsofthememberspresent.Judgmentincasesofimpeachmentshallnotextendfurtherthantoremovalfromoffice,anddisqualificationtoholdandenjoyanyofficeofhonor,trustorprofitundertheUnitedStates:butthepartyconvictedshallneverthelessbeliableandsubjecttoindictment,trial,judgmentandpunishment,accordingtolaw.Section4.Thetimes,placesandmannerofholdingelectionsforSenatorsandRepresentatives,shallbeprescribedineachstatebythelegislaturethereof；buttheCongressmayatanytimebylawmakeoraltersuchregulations,exceptastotheplacesofchoosingSenators.TheCongressshallassembleatleastonceineveryyear,andsuchmeetingshallbeonthefirstMondayinDecember,unlesstheyshallbylawappointadifferentday.Section5.EachHouseshallbethejudgeoftheelections,returnsandqualificationsofitsownmembers,andamajorityofeachshallconstituteaquorumtodobusiness；butasmallernumbermayadjournfromdaytoday,andmaybeauthorizedtocompeltheattendanceofabsentmembers,insuchmanner,andundersuchpenaltiesaseachHousemayprovide.EachHousemaydeterminetherulesofitsproceedings,punishitsmembersfordisorderlybehavior,and,withtheconcurrenceoftwothirds,expelamember.EachHouseshallkeepajournalofitsproceedings,andfromtimetotimepublishthesame,exceptingsuchpartsasmayintheirjudgmentrequiresecrecy；andtheyeasandnaysofthemembersofeitherHouseonanyquestionshall,atthedesireofonefifthofthosepresent,beenteredonthejournal.NeitherHouse,duringthesessionofCongress,shall,withouttheconsentoftheother,adjournformorethanthreedays,nortoanyotherplacethanthatinwhichthetwoHousesshallbesitting.Section6.TheSenatorsandRepresentativesshallreceiveacompensationfortheirservices,tobeascertainedbylaw,andpaidoutofthetreasuryoftheUnitedStates.Theyshallinallcases,excepttreason,felonyandbreachofthepeace,beprivilegedfromarrestduringtheirattendanceatthesessionoftheirrespectiveHouses,andingoingtoandreturningfromthesame；andforanyspeechordebateineitherHouse,theyshallnotbequestionedinanyotherplace.NoSenatororRepresentativeshall,duringthetimeforwhichhewaselected,beappointedtoanycivilofficeundertheauthorityoftheUnitedStates,whichshallhavebeencreated,ortheemolumentswhereofshallhavebeenincreasedduringsuchtime；andnopersonholdinganyofficeundertheUnitedStates,shallbeamemberofeitherHouseduringhiscontinuanceinoffice.Section7.AllbillsforraisingrevenueshalloriginateintheHouseofRepresentatives；buttheSenatemayproposeorconcurwithamendmentsasonotherBills.EverybillwhichshallhavepassedtheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate,shall,beforeitbecomealaw,bepresentedtothePresidentoftheUnitedStates；ifheapproveheshallsignit,butifnotheshallreturnit,withhisobjectionstothatHouseinwhichitshallhaveoriginated,whoshallentertheobjectionsatlargeontheirjournal,andproceedtoreconsiderit.IfaftersuchreconsiderationtwothirdsofthatHouseshallagreetopassthebill,itshallbesent,togetherwiththeobjections,totheotherHouse,bywhichitshalllikewisebereconsidered,andifapprovedbytwothirdsofthatHouse,itshallbecomealaw.ButinallsuchcasesthevotesofbothHousesshallbedeterminedbyyeasandnays,andthenamesofthepersonsvotingforandagainstthebillshallbeenteredonthejournalofeachHouserespectively.IfanybillshallnotbereturnedbythePresidentwithintendays(Sundaysexcepted)afteritshallhavebeenpresentedtohim,thesameshallbealaw,inlikemannerasifhehadsignedit,unlesstheCongressbytheiradjournmentpreventitsreturn,inwhichcaseitshallnotbealaw.Everyorder,resolution,orvotetowhichtheconcurrenceoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentativesmaybenecessary(exceptonaquestionofadjournment)shallbepresentedtothePresidentoftheUnitedStates；andbeforethesameshalltakeeffect,shallbeapprovedbyhim,orbeingdisapprovedbyhim,shallberepassedbytwothirdsoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentatives,accordingtotherulesandlimitationsprescribedinthecaseofabill.Section8.TheCongressshallhavepowertolayandcollecttaxes,duties,impostsandexcises,topaythedebtsandprovideforthecommondefenseandgeneralwelfareoftheUnitedStates；butallduties,impostsandexcisesshallbeuniformthroughouttheUnitedStates；ToborrowmoneyonthecreditoftheUnitedStates；Toregulatecommercewithforeignnations,andamongtheseveralstates,andwiththeIndiantribes；Toestablishauniformruleofnaturalization,anduniformlawsonthesubjectofbankruptciesthroughouttheUnitedStates；Tocoinmoney,regulatethevaluethereof,andofforeigncoin,andfixthestandardofweightsandmeasures；ToprovideforthepunishmentofcounterfeitingthesecuritiesandcurrentcoinoftheUnitedStates；Toestablishpostofficesandpostroads；Topromotetheprogressofscienceandusefularts,bysecuringforlimitedtimestoauthorsandinventorstheexclusiverighttotheirrespectivewritingsanddiscoveries；ToconstitutetribunalsinferiortotheSupremeCourt；Todefineandpunishpiraciesandfeloniescommittedonthehighseas,andoffensesagainstthelawofnations；Todeclarewar,grantlettersofmarqueandreprisal,andmakerulesconcerningcapturesonlandandwater；Toraiseandsupportarmies,butnoappropriationofmoneytothatuseshallbeforalongertermthantwoyears；Toprovideandmaintainanavy；Tomakerulesforthegovernmentandregulationofthelandandnavalforces；Toprovideforcallingforththemilitiatoexecutethelawsoftheunion,suppressinsurrectionsandrepelinvasions；Toprovidefororganizing,arming,anddisciplining,themilitia,andforgoverningsuchpartofthemasmaybeemployedintheserviceoftheUnitedStates,reservingtothestatesrespectively,theappointmentoftheofficers,andtheauthorityoftrainingthemilitiaaccordingtothedisciplineprescribedbyCongress；Toexerciseexclusivelegislationinallcaseswhatsoever,oversuchDistrict(notexceedingtenmilessquare)asmay,bycessionofparticularstates,andtheacceptanceofCongress,becometheseatofthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates,andtoexerciselikeauthorityoverallplacespurchasedbytheconsentofthelegislatureofthestateinwhichthesameshallbe,fortheerectionofforts,magazines,arsenals,dockyards,andotherneedfulbuildings；Tomakealllawswhichshallbenecessaryandproperforcarryingintoexecutiontheforegoingpowers,andallotherpowersvestedbythisConstitutioninthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates,orinanydepartmentorofficerthereof.Section9.Themigrationorimportationofsuchpersonsasanyofthestatesnowexistingshallthinkpropertoadmit,shallnotbeprohibitedbytheCongresspriortotheyearonethousandeighthundredandeight,butataxordutymaybeimposedonsuchimportation,notexceedingtendollarsforeachperson.Theprivilegeofthewritofhabeascorpusshallnotbesuspended,unlesswhenincasesofrebellionorinvasionthepublicsafetymayrequireit.NobillofattainderorexpostfactoLawshallbepassed.Nocapitation,orotherdirect,taxshallbelaid,unlessinproportiontothecensusorenumerationhereinbeforedirectedtobetaken.Notaxordutyshallbelaidonarticlesexportedfromanystate.Nopreferenceshallbegivenbyanyregulationofcommerceorrevenuetotheportsofonestateoverthoseofanother:norshallvesselsboundto,orfrom,onestate,beobligedtoenter,clearorpaydutiesinanother.Nomoneyshallbedrawnfromthetreasury,butinconsequenceofappropriationsmadebylaw；andaregularstatementandaccountofreceiptsandexpendituresofallpublicmoneyshallbepublishedfromtimetotime.NotitleofnobilityshallbegrantedbytheUnitedStates:andnopersonholdinganyofficeofprofitortrustunderthem,shall,withouttheconsentoftheCongress,acceptofanypresent,emolument,office,ortitle,ofanykindwhatever,fromanyking,prince,orforeignstate.Section10.Nostateshallenterintoanytreaty,alliance,orconfederation；grantlettersofmarqueandreprisal；coinmoney；emitbillsofcredit；makeanythingbutgoldandsilvercoinatenderinpaymentofdebts；passanybillofattainder,expostfactolaw,orlawimpairingtheobligationofcontracts,orgrantanytitleofnobility.Nostateshall,withouttheconsentoftheCongress,layanyimpostsordutiesonimportsorexports,exceptwhatmaybeabsolutelynecessaryforexecutingitsinspectionlaws:andthenetproduceofalldutiesandimposts,laidbyanystateonimportsorexports,shallbefortheuseofthetreasuryoftheUnitedStates；andallsuchlawsshallbesubjecttotherevisionandcontroloftheCongress.Nostateshall,withouttheconsentofCongress,layanydutyoftonnage,keeptroops,orshipsofwarintimeofpeace,enterintoanyagreementorcompactwithanotherstate,orwithaforeignpower,orengageinwar,unlessactuallyinvaded,orinsuchimminentdangeraswillnotadmitofdelay.ArticleIISection1.TheexecutivepowershallbevestedinaPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Heshallholdhisofficeduringthetermoffouryears,and,togetherwiththeVicePresident,chosenforthesameterm,beelected,asfollows:Eachstateshallappoint,insuchmannerastheLegislaturethereofmaydirect,anumberofelectors,equaltothewholenumberofSenatorsandRepresentativestowhichtheStatemaybeentitledintheCongress:butnoSenatororRepresentative,orpersonholdinganofficeoftrustorprofitundertheUnitedStates,shallbeappointedanelector.Theelectorsshallmeetintheirrespectivestates,andvotebyballotfortwopersons,ofwhomoneatleastshallnotbeaninhabitantofthesamestatewiththemselves.Andtheyshallmakealistofallthepersonsvotedfor,andofthenumberofvotesforeach；whichlisttheyshallsignandcertify,andtransmitsealedtotheseatofthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates,directedtothePresidentoftheSenate.ThePresidentoftheSenateshall,inthepresenceoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentatives,openallthecertificates,andthevotesshallthenbecounted.ThepersonhavingthegreatestnumberofvotesshallbethePresident,ifsuchnumberbeamajorityofthewholenumberofelectorsappointed；andiftherebemorethanonewhohavesuchmajority,andhaveanequalnumberofvotes,thentheHouseofRepresentativesshallimmediatelychoosebyballotoneofthemforPresident；andifnopersonhaveamajority,thenfromthefivehighestonthelistthesaidHouseshallinlikemannerchoosethePresident.ButinchoosingthePresident,thevotesshallbetakenbyStates,therepresentationfromeachstatehavingonevote；Aquorumforthispurposeshallconsistofamemberormembersfromtwothirdsofthestates,andamajorityofallthestatesshallbenecessarytoachoice.Ineverycase,afterthechoiceofthePresident,thepersonhavingthegreatestnumberofvotesoftheelectorsshallbetheVicePresident.Butifthereshouldremaintwoormorewhohaveequalvotes,theSenateshallchoosefromthembyballottheVicePresident.TheCongressmaydeterminethetimeofchoosingtheelectors,andthedayonwhichtheyshallgivetheirvotes；whichdayshallbethesamethroughouttheUnitedStates.Nopersonexceptanaturalborncitizen,oracitizenoftheUnitedStates,atthetimeoftheadoptionofthisConstitution,shallbeeligibletotheofficeofPresident；neithershallanypersonbeeligibletothatofficewhoshallnothaveattainedtotheageofthirtyfiveyears,andbeenfourteenYearsaresidentwithintheUnitedStates.IncaseoftheremovalofthePresidentfromoffice,orofhisdeath,resignation,orinabilitytodischargethepowersanddutiesofthesaidoffice,thesameshalldevolveontheVicePresident,andtheCongressmaybylawprovideforthecaseofremoval,death,resignationorinability,bothofthePresidentandVicePresident,declaringwhatofficershallthenactasPresident,andsuchofficershallactaccordingly,untilthedisabilityberemoved,oraPresidentshallbeelected.ThePresidentshall,atstatedtimes,receiveforhisservices,acompensation,whichshallneitherbeincreasednordiminishedduringtheperiodforwhichheshallhavebeenelected,andheshallnotreceivewithinthatperiodanyotheremolumentfromtheUnitedStates,oranyofthem.Beforeheenterontheexecutionofhisoffice,heshalltakethefollowingoathoraffirmation:--"Idosolemnlyswear(oraffirm)thatIwillfaithfullyexecutetheofficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates,andwilltothebestofmyability,preserve,protectanddefendtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates."Section2.ThePresidentshallbecommanderinchiefoftheArmyandNavyoftheUnitedStates,andofthemilitiaoftheseveralstates,whencalledintotheactualserviceoftheUnitedStates；hemayrequiretheopinion,inwriting,oftheprincipalofficerineachoftheexecutivedepartments,uponanysubjectrelatingtothedutiesoftheirrespectiveoffices,andheshallhavepowertograntreprievesandpardonsforoffensesagainsttheUnitedStates,exceptincasesofimpeachment.Heshallhavepower,byandwiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate,tomaketreaties,providedtwothirdsoftheSenatorspresentconcur；andheshallnominate,andbyandwiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate,shallappointambassadors,otherpublicministersandconsuls,judgesoftheSupremeCourt,andallotherofficersoftheUnitedStates,whoseappointmentsarenothereinotherwiseprovidedfor,andwhichshallbeestablishedbylaw:buttheCongressmaybylawvesttheappointmentofsuchinferiorofficers,astheythinkproper,inthePresidentalone,inthecourtsoflaw,orintheheadsofdepartments.ThePresidentshallhavepowertofillupallvacanciesthatmayhappenduringtherecessoftheSenate,bygrantingcommissionswhichshallexpireattheendoftheirnextsession.Section3.HeshallfromtimetotimegivetotheCongressinformationofthestateoftheunion,andrecommendtotheirconsiderationsuchmeasuresasheshalljudgenecessaryandexpedient；hemay,onextraordinaryoccasions,convenebothHouses,oreitherofthem,andincaseofdisagreementbetweenthem,withrespecttothetimeofadjournment,hemayadjournthemtosuchtimeasheshallthinkproper；heshallreceiveambassadorsandotherpublicministers；heshalltakecarethatthelawsbefaithfullyexecuted,andshallcommissionalltheofficersoftheUnitedStates.Section4.ThePresident,VicePresidentandallcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates,shallberemovedfromofficeonimpeachmentfor,andconvictionof,treason,bribery,orotherhighcrimesandmisdemeanors.ArticleIIISection1.ThejudicialpoweroftheUnitedStates,shallbevestedinoneSupremeCourt,andinsuchinferiorcourtsastheCongressmayfromtimetotimeordainandestablish.Thejudges,bothofthesupremeandinferiorcourts,shallholdtheirofficesduringgoodbehaviour,andshall,atstatedtimes,receivefortheirservices,acompensation,whichshallnotbediminishedduringtheircontinuanceinoffice.Section2.Thejudicialpowershallextendtoallcases,inlawandequity,arisingunderthisConstitution,thelawsoftheUnitedStates,andtreatiesmade,orwhichshallbemade,undertheirauthority；--toallca