形容詞和副詞的用法

形容詞和副詞一、形容詞定義：形容詞是用來修飾名詞或代詞，表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)，和特征的程度好壞，與否的詞。（一）、形容詞可分為兩大類：描繪形容詞和限定形容詞。描繪形容詞是描寫人或物的顏色、尺寸、形狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等的形容詞。限定形容詞用于限定被修飾詞的數(shù)量、距離、所有關(guān)系等。除了these和those外，形容詞的單數(shù)與復數(shù)形式相同。描繪形容詞限定形容詞Beautiful,large,red,基數(shù)詞(one,two)序數(shù)詞(first,second)interesting,colourful物主代詞(my,your)指示代詞(this,that,these)important數(shù)量詞(few,many)冠詞(a,an,the)（二）、形容詞的位置1）形容詞一般作定語，置于被修飾語之前，但當幾個形容詞修飾同一名詞時，其排列順序一般如下：形容詞型代/冠詞T數(shù)量詞T描繪形容詞allboththe,a(n)this,thatfirstone性質(zhì)尺寸形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍材料、用途goodlargecoldredChineseironsuchYour,some,manysecondtwoFinesmallhotblueEnglishstoneExample:thatstrongyoungChineseswimmer形容詞前有as,so,no,too,how等詞時，不定冠詞應置于形容詞之后。Sheistookindagirltorefuse.在下列情況下，修飾語應置于被修飾的名詞后：名詞之后的數(shù)量詞+名詞+old,long,wide等。aboysixyearsold,astreettwokilometerslongsomething,anything,everyone,anybody?■■+形容詞。There'snothingwrongwiththeelectriccooker.作定語用的分詞或形容詞短語Thejudgehastalkedtoallthepeopleinvolved.兩個形容詞由and或or并列時Allpeople,richorpoor,areequal.“數(shù)詞+名詞”構(gòu)成的形容詞中名詞用單數(shù),放于被修飾詞之前(1)數(shù)詞+名詞，如atwo-weektour,atenreport等。（2）數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞，如aseven-year-oldboy等。注：名詞（無冠詞）+基數(shù)^=the+序數(shù)詞+名詞，如Unite6=theSixthUnite（4）“數(shù)量詞+復數(shù)名詞”作主語，雖然是復數(shù)形式，但仍然用單數(shù)動詞，作為一個單位來表示。如果強調(diào)個別數(shù)，則須用復數(shù)動詞。Tenyearsisquitealongtimetohim.TwomonthshavepassedsinceIlastheardfrommyparents.5） 形容詞也可作表語，放于系動詞之后。6） 形容詞可以放于復合結(jié)構(gòu)中賓語之后，作賓語補足語。力the+形容詞，可以表示一類人或一類物。二、副詞定義:副詞是一種用來修飾動詞,形容詞,全句的詞,說明時間,地點,程度,方式等概念。（一） 分類:1） 時間和頻度副詞:now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently,seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,immediately,hardly,finally,shortly,before,ago,sometimes,yesterday.2） 地點副詞:here,there,everywhere,anywhere,in,out,inside,outside,above,below,down,back,forward,home,upstairs,downstairs,across,along,round,around,near,off,past,up,away,on.3） 方式副詞:carefully,properly,anxiously,suddenly,normally,fast,well,calmly,politely,proudly,softly,warmly4） 程度副詞:much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite,perfectly,enough,extremely,entirely,almost,slightly.5） 疑問副詞:how,when,where,why.6） 關(guān)系副詞:when,where,why.7） 連接副詞:how,when,where,why,whether（二） 、副詞的構(gòu)成如下：1） 本身就是副詞，如very,now,there,quite等.2） 有形容詞后綴如Ty,如happily,carefully等。3） 有些副詞與形容詞同行，如early,high,long,fast,hard等。注意：有些Ty結(jié)尾的詞不是副詞而是形容詞，如manly,friendly,queenly等。（三）、副詞的位置1） 修飾形容詞和副詞時，須放在被修飾詞之前，如Thesceneryaroundhereisverybeautiful.2） always,never,often,sometimes,ususlly等表示頻率的副詞在一般動詞前，be動詞后，有助動詞時，在助動詞和動詞之間。Heusuallygetsupearly,buthegotuplatetoday.IhavenevermethimandIhopeIwillnevermeethim.3） 有兩個以上不同種類的副詞作修飾語時，其順序為地點（小地點+大地點）T狀態(tài)T次數(shù)T時間（單位小的時間+單位大的時間）。TheyarrivedinParissafelytheotherday.4） seldom,rarely,never等具有否定意義的頻率副詞置于句首時，助動詞或be動詞須放在主語的前面（也叫倒裝句），如NeverdidIhearsuchafunnystory=Ineverheardsuchafunnystory.（四）、幾個特殊副詞的用法1） enough須置于所修飾的形容詞和副詞之后；too須置于所修飾的形容詞和副詞之前.ShespeaksEnglishwellenoughtobeaninterpreter.It,stoohotadaytowork.但enough修飾名詞時須置于名詞之前.Haveyougotenoughmoneyforthismicrowaveoven?2） too…（for…）+不定式（to）,作“太…而不能”解；enough+不定式，意思是“足夠可以”，這一結(jié)構(gòu)可轉(zhuǎn)換成so???that結(jié)構(gòu)。Theboywasstilltooyoungtogotoschool.THewassoyoungthathecouldnotgotoschool.ThemanisrichenoughtobuyaRoll-Royce.THeissorichthathecanbuyaRoll-Royce.3） already用于肯定句，作“已經(jīng)”解;yet用于否定句，作“還”解，用于疑問句作“已經(jīng)”解，still作“仍然”解。Ihavealreadyseenfilm.Haveyouseenthefilmyet?Istillpreferteatocoffee.4） 隨著only和also在句中位置的改變，句意和語氣也會改變。OnlyMr.Licametoseemetoday.Mr.Licametoseeonlymetoday.Mr.Licametoseemeonlytoday.

三、形容詞的比較等級形容詞比較等級的規(guī)則變化如下表:構(gòu)成法原級比較級最高級1、單音節(jié)詞末尾加-er和-est偉大的greatgreatergreatest2、單音節(jié)詞如以-e結(jié)尾，只加-r和-stbrave勇敢的fine好的braverfinerbravestfinest3、閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞如末尾只有一個輔音字母，須big大的biggerbiggest先雙與這個輔音字母，再加-er和-esthot熟的hotterhottest4、少數(shù)以-y,-er,-ow,-ble結(jié)構(gòu)的雙音節(jié)詞，末尾加-er,和_est（以-y結(jié)尾的詞，如_y前是輔音字母，則y變?yōu)閕,再加-er和-est。以-e結(jié)尾的詞仍只加-r和-st）happy快樂的clever聰明的narrow狹窄的able 能happiercleverernarroweralberhappiestcleverestnarrowestablest5、其它雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞皆在前面加單詞more和most.difficult困難的moredifficultmostdifficult四、形容詞比較等級部分不規(guī)則變化表原級比較級最高級goodwellbetterbestbadillworseworstmanymuchmoremostlittlefewlessleastfarfartherfurtherfarthestfurthestoldolderelderoldesteldestlatelatterlaterlastlatest五、形容詞、副詞比較等級的基本用法形容詞與副詞都有三個比較等級。1）原級常用于“as+原級+as”結(jié)構(gòu)Helikesherasmuchashelikeshissister.否定的原級用notas…as或notso…as,二者一般無甚區(qū)別。Hedoesnotsmokesoheavilyashisbrother.比較級常用于“比較級+than”結(jié)構(gòu).Heistallerthanme.否定比較與否定原級一樣，也用notas(so)…as…結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用less???than結(jié)構(gòu).ThiswordislessfrequentinBritishEnglishthaninAmericanEnglish.兩個人或物比較時，定冠詞the+比較級表示最高級。Heisthetallerofthetwo.最高級常用于“the+最高級+比較范圍”結(jié)構(gòu)，比較范圍為短語或從句。Heisthebestpictureinthehall.含有否定詞的比較級，如nolessthan=asmuch(ormany)as“不亞于”notlessthan=atleast “至少”TOC\o"1-5"\h\znoless…than=as???as “和 樣”notless+原級+than “至少不亞于”nomore???than=notanymorethan“和 樣不 ”notmore…than=notso…as “不像 那樣 ”nomorethan=only “只不過”，言其少notmorethan=atmost “不多于”，“至少”表示“幾倍于”用twice(兩倍)，threetimes(三倍)+as…as,Thisbookcoststwiceasmuchastheotherone.the+比較級 ,the+比較級，意思是“越 就越”，如：Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwilllearn.比較結(jié)構(gòu)之前可用程度狀語加以修飾，如as???as前可用almost,nearly,just(about),quite等詞語修飾，如，Johnisalmostastallashisfather.在morethan結(jié)構(gòu)之前可用far,(so)verymuch,(quite)alot,agreatdeal,(just)abit,still,far等詞語修飾，如：HespeaksEnglishalotmorerapidlythanhedoesFrench.比較級+and+比較級，作“越來……越”解，如：Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger一、基礎練習IfIhad ,IwouldvisitEurope,stoppingatallthesmallinterestingplaces.A.alongenoughholidayB.anenoughlongholidayC.aholidayenoughlongD.alongholidayenoughTheseorangestaste .A.goodB.wellC.tobegoodD.tobewellHowbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheard .A.thebettervoiceB.agoodvoiceC.thebestvoiceD.abettervoiceIwouldbe ,ifyoucouldgivemeanearlyreply.A.pleasantB.gratefulC.satisfiedD.helpfulThoseT-shirtsareusually$35each,buttodaytheyhavea(a priceof＄19intheshoppingcenter.A.regularB.specialC.cheapD.ordinaryMrSmithboughta purseforhiswife.A.smallblackleatherB.blackleathersmallC.smallleatherblackD.blacksmallleather——Howwasyourjobinterview? Oh,Icouldn'tfeel .Ihardlyfoundproperanswerstomostofthequestionstheyasked.A.betterB.easierC.worseD.happierLongjingtea,JasmineteaandWuyiteaareallfamous,butwhichdoyouthink ?A.tastesbestB.smellsmostC.soundsbestD.drinksmostly——CanLiHuahelpmewithmyEnglish? IregrettotellyouherEnglishis yours.A.asgoodasB.nomorethanC.nobetterthanD.asmuchasAlthoughhesometimesloseshistemper,hisstudentslikehim forit.A.notsomuchB.notsolittleC.nomoreD.nolessWhentheycamein,MrHarris likeababy.Nobodywouldliketowakehimfromagooddream,becauseheneededrest.A.fellasleepB.wassoundasleepC.gotasleepD.wenttosleepThisyeartheyhaveproduced grain theydidlastyear.A.asless；asB.asfew；asC.less；thanD.fewer；than——CanIhelpyou? Well,I'mafraidtheboxis heavyforyou,butthankyouallthesame.A.soB.muchC.veryD.too——Howdidyoufindyourvisittothemuseum?——Ithoroughlyenjoyit.Itwas thanIexpected.A.farmoreinterestingB.evenmuchinterestingC.sofarinterestingD.alotmuchinteresting Wouldyoulikesomewine? Yes,just .A.littleB.verylittleC.alittleD.littlebitIttakesalongtimetogotherebytrain；it's byroad.A.quickB.thequickestC.muchquickD.quickerIftherewerenoexaminations,weshouldhave atschool.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertimeI'msurprisedthatyoushouldhavebeenfooledbysucha(a trick.A.ordinaryB.easyC.smartD.simpleThesalesmanshowedherseveralbagsandshechose oneasshedidn'twanttospendtoomuchmoneyonit.A.thelessexpensiveB.lessexpensiveC.theleastexpensiveD.leastexpensive boxcannotbeliftedbyaboyoffive.A.SoaheavyB.SoheavyaC.AsuchheavyD.Suchheavya二、提高練習Toplantthetree,wemustdig .A.athreefeetdeepholeB.three-foot-deepaholeC.aholethreefeetdeepD.athree-feet-deepholeIthinkheisoneofthebestmenyou've found.A,neverB.alreadyC.everD.once theboy'sgrown!Heisalmost___hisfather.A.What,astallasB.What,tallerthanC.How,astallasD.How,tallerthanIhaven'tgot nailstomendthecupboard.Ineedanotherthreeofthem.A.enoughbigB.bigenoughC.muchbiggerD.manyenoughHenryknowslittleofphysics ofchemistry.A.aswellasB.nolessthanC.andstillmoreD.andstillless—Thedishisdelicious!Well,atleastit's___theoneIcookedyesterday.A.asbadasB.noworsethanC.aswellasD.nobetterthan—Doyouthinktheweatherisgoodenoughforapicnic?Yes.Youcouldn'thopefor atthistimeoftheyear.A.anicedayB.thenicedayC.anicerdayD.thenicestdayItmakesThomasnobetter,anditmakesyou A.bestB.goodC.wellD.worseWiththehelpofthenewequipment,ourfactoriesproduced___VCDplayersin2000astheyearbefore.A.asmanyastwiceB.twicemorethanC.astwicemanyD.twiceasmanyIhadinvited50gueststotheparty,butactuallytwice came.A.morethanB.asmanyC.asmuchD.lessthan—Whydidn'tyougotothecinemalastnight?Itwassomething interesting.A.farlessB.moreorlessC.muchmoreD.anyfurtherThepopulationofmanyAlaskancitieshas doubledinthepastfiveyears.A.largerthanB.morethanC.asgreatlyasD.asmuchas—Thisisagoodplaceforapicnic.Yes,itcouldn'tbe .A.betterB.bestC.worstD.worse—HowdoyoulikeyourteacherofEnglish?—Well,nooneteaches here.A.wellB