考研閱讀英語二部分

①Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”,atSotheby’sinLondononSeptember15th2008.②Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.③Itwasalastvictory.④Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.①Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingbewilderinglysince2003.②Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm—doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.③Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.④Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.①IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMr.Hirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable.②Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.③Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector,theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.④Withinweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby’sandChristie’s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.①ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989.②Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.③ButEdwardDolman,Christie’schiefexecutive,says:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom.”①Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthe②Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.③ThethreeDs—death,debtanddivorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.④Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst’ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory”because［A］theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionof［B］theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighest［C］BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverall［D］itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialBysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Para.3),theauthorsuggests［A］collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-market［B］peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfrom［C］artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreat［D］worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOT［A］Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to［B］Theart［B］Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesin［C］Theartmarketgenerallywentdownwardinvarious［D］SomeartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestoThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare［A］auctionhouses’［B］contemporary［C］factorspromotingartwork［D］stylesrepresentingThemostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe［A］FluctuationofArt［B］Up-to-dateArt［C］ArtMarketin［D］ShiftedInterestinArtsText2①IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom—awomen’sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.②Throughouttheevening,onemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.③Towardtheendoftheevening,Icommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon’ttalktothem.④Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.⑤Hegesturedtowardhisandsaid,“She’sthetalkerinourfamily.”⑥Theroomburstintolaughter;themanpuzzledand⑦“It’strue,”heexplained.⑧“WhenIcomehomefromworkInothingtosay.⑨Ifshedidn’tkeeptheconversationgoing,we’dspendthewholeeveningin①ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomen①ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate1970s.②SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbookDivorceTalkthatmostofthewomensheinterviewed—butonlyafewofthemen—gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.③Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent,thatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear—avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.①Inmyownresearch,complaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohis,ordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaning,cooking,socialarrangements.②Instead,theyfocusedoncommunication:“Hedoesn’tlistentome,”“Hedoesn’ttalktome.”③Ifound,asHackerobservedyearsbefore,thatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobe,firstandforemost,conversationalpartners,butfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheir①Inshort,theimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingto26.Whatismostwives’mainexpectationoftheir［A］Talkingto［B］［B］Trusting［C］Supportingtheir［D］SharingJudgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans［A］generating［B］exerting［C］causing［D］creatingAllofthefollowingaretrue［A］mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthan［B］nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailed［C］womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetween［D］afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherWhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthis［A］Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchby［B］Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsex［C］Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheir［D］ConversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifeareInthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson.［A］avividaccountofthenewbookDivorce［B］adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypical［C］otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateinthe［D］abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHackerText3①Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.②Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacksorwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.①“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”saidDr.Curtis,thedirectoroftheHygieneCenterattheLondonSchoolofHygiene&TropicalMedicine.②“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”①ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.①Ifyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.②Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.③Today,becauseofshrewdadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.①Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.②Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledsipbottledwateralldaylong.③Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.④Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.②“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”①Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughruthlessadvertising.②Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyAccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith［A］shouldbefurther［B］shouldbechanged［C］aredeeplyrootedin［D］arebasicallyprivateBottledwater,chewinggumandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soas［A］revealtheirimpactonpeople’s［B］showtheurgentneedofdaily［C］indicatetheireffectonpeople’sbuying［D］manifestthesignificantroleofgoodWhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’s［A］Tide［B］Crest［C］Colgate［D］Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddue［A］perfectedartof［B］automaticbehavior［C］commercial［D］scientificTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabits［A］indifferent［B］negative［C］positive［D］biasedText4①M(fèi)anyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.②Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.③Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.①Butasrecentlyasin1968,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperioreducation,andeducation,andmoralcharacter.③AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotheranti-discriminationlaws.①Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.③Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonallyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.④Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.①In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.②Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.③Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.④TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemaleFromtheprinciplesoftheU.S.jurysystem,welearnthat［A］bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserveon［B］defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheir［C］noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjury［D］judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionoftheThepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968［A］theinadequacyofanti-discrimination［B］theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertain［C］theconflictingidealsinjuryselection［D］thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtEveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestates［A］theywereautomaticallybannedbystate［B］theyfellfarshortoftherequired［C］theyweresupposedtoperformdomestic［D］theytendedtoevadepublicAftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed,［A］sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobe［B］educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederal［C］jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentire［D］statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejuryIndiscussingtheU.S.jurysystem,thetextcenters［A］itsnatureand［B］itscharacteristicsand［C］itsproblemsandtheir［D］itstraditionanddevelopment2011年閱讀真題①①RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’boardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.②Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.③Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?④ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.⑤Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.①Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’s②Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.③Ifthesky,andtheshareprice,isfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.①TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.②Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.③Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.④Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.⑤Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.⑥Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.⑦Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.⑧Oftenthey“tradeup,”leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.①Buttheresearchesbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreak,evenifareviewofhistoryshowsthattheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.②Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.③OtherwiseoutsidedirectorsfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularonAccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor［A］gainingexcessive［B］failingtofulfillher［C］refusingtomake［D］leavingtheboardintoughWelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe［A］generous［B］unbiased［C］shareprice［D］independentAccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.［A］becomemore［B］reportincreased［C］dolesswellinthestock［D］performworseinItcanItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors［A］maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthe［B］haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthe［C］areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthe［D］willdeclineincentivesfromtheTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsisText2①Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspapers?②Ayearagotheendseemednear.③Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtothe④NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.⑤America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.⑥Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?⑦Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?⑧Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.⑨=9\*GB3Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.①Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.②GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.③EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcorneroftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.④Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.①Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.②Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince④Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.⑤Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.⑥Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.①Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.②Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.③Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).④InJapantheproportionis35%.⑤Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.①Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.②Carandfilmreviewershavegone.③Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.④Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.⑤Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.⑥Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”(Line3,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspapers.［A］neglectedthesignof［B］failedtogetstate［C］werenotcharitable［D］wereinadesperateSomenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause［A］readersthreatenedtopay［B］newspaperswantedtoreduce［C］journalistsreportedlittleaboutthese［D］［D］subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.［A］havemoresourcesof［B］havemorebalanced［C］arelessdependenton［D］arelessaffectedbyWhatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaper［A］Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureof［B］Completenessistoblameforthefailureof［C］Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaper［D］ReadershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmThemostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe［A］AmericanNewspapers:Strugglingfor［B］AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeText3①WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.①Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.②DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.①Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.②ThephrasewholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.③ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothan①M(fèi)ies’ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactthanalot.②Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.③Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood—materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybutthatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.④Mies’ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.①TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,weresmaller—two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet—thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity’sGoldCoast.②Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings’detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.①Thetrendtoward“l(fā)ess”wasnotentirelyforeign.②Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses—usuallyaround1,200squarefeet—thanthespreadingtwo-storeyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.①The①The“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArts&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe“l(fā)essismore”trend.②Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.③InhisCaseStudyHouse,RalphRapsonmayhavemispredictedjusthowthemechanicalrevolutionwouldimpacteverydaylife—fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers—buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedthe［A］prosperityand［B］efficiencyand［C］restraintand［D］prideandWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3about［A］ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvander［B］ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWar［C］MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwith［D］IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanMiesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign［A］wasrelatedtolarge［B］wasidentifiedwith［C］wasnotreliantonabundant［D］wasnotassociatedwithWhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShore［A］Theyignoreddetailsand［B］Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthat［C］Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboring［D］TheysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractWhatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudy［A］Mechanicaldeviceswerewidely［B］Naturalscenesweretakeninto［C］DetailsweresacrificedfortheoverallText4①WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?②Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlong③Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.①Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.②Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone’seconomies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixof①YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope’ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.②Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone’sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonisationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonise.①Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrow,spendingandcompetitiveness,backed①Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrow,spendingandcompetitiveness,backedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.②ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projects,andeventhesuspensionofacountry’svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.③Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.①A“southern”campheadedbyFrancewantssomethingdifferent:“Europeaneconomicgovernment”withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.②Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.③Finally,figuresclosetotheFrenchgovernmenthavemurmured,euro-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabour①ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.②Itremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.③Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.④Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismTheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat［A］ithasmoreorlesslostfaithin［B］evenitssupportersbegintofeel［C］someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandon［D］itintendstodenythepossibilityofThedebateovertheEU’ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethe［A］arecompetingfortheleading［B］arebusyhandlingtheirown［C］failtoreachanagreementon［D］disagreeonthestepstowardsTosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat［A］EUfundsforpoorregionsbe［B］stricterregulationsbe［C］onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-［D］votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeTheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat［A］poorcountriesaremorelikelytoget［B］strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoor［C］loanswillbereadilyavailabletorich［D］richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolRegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel2012年閱讀真題powers①Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butinrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.②①Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butinrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.②Schooldistrictsacrossthecountry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonthiseducationalritual.③Unfortunately,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblepolicywhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses,homeworkmaynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent’sacademicgrade.①Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorchaoticmighthaveincompletingtheirhomework.②Butthepolicyisunclearandcontradictory.Certainly,nohomeworkshouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotdowithoutexpensive④Butifthedistrictisessentiallygivingapasstostudentswhodonotdotheirhomeworkbecauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgoingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchildren.①Districtadministratorssaythathomeworkwillstillbeapartofschooling；teachersareallowedtoassignasmuchofitastheywant.②Butwithhomeworkcountingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirhomeworkandseeverylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.③Somestudentsmightdowellonstatetestswithoutcompletingtheirhomework,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperformedwellonthetestsanddidtheirhomework?④Itisquitepossiblethatthehomeworkhelped.⑤Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstudents,thepolicyimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule.①Atthesametime,thepolicyaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabouthomework.thedistrictfindshomeworktobeunimportanttoitsstudents’academicachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethemcountforalmostnothing.③Conversely,ifhomeworkmatters，itshouldaccountforasignificantportionofthegrade.④Meanwhile,thispolicydoesnothingtoensurethatthehomeworkstudentsreceiveismeaningfulorappropriatetotheirageandthesubject，orthatteachersarenotassigningmorethantheyarewillingtoreviewandcorrect.①Thehomeworkrulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsibleforsettingeducationalpolicy,looksintothematterandconductspublichearings.②ItisnottoolateforL.A