北京大學外國語學院專業(yè)能力歷年考研真題及詳解合集

目錄2004年北京大學外國語學院661專業(yè)能力考研真題及詳解2007年北京大學外國語學院661專業(yè)能力考研真題及詳解2012年北京大學外國語學院664專業(yè)能力考研真題及詳解

2004年北京大學外國語學院661專業(yè)能力考研真題及詳解一、TranslatethepassageintoChinese.（50分）HETHAThathwifeandchildrenhathgivenhostagestofortune;fortheyareimpedimentstogreatenterprises,eitherofvirtueormischief.Certainlythebestworks,andofgreatestmeritforthepublic,haveproceededfromtheunmarriedorchildlessmen;whichbothinaffectionandmeans,havemarriedandendowedthepublic.Yetitweregreatreasonthatthosethathavechildren,shouldhavegreatestcareoffuturetimes;untowhichtheyknowtheymusttransmittheirdearestpledges.Somethereare,whothoughtheyleadasinglelife,yettheirthoughtsdoendwiththemselves,andaccountfuturetimesimpertinences.Nay,therearesomeother,thataccountwifeandchildren,butasbillsofcharges.Naymore,therearesomefoolishrichcovetousmen,thattakeapride,inhavingnochildren,becausetheymaybethoughtsomuchthericher.Forperhapstheyhaveheardsometalk,Suchanoneisagreatrichman,andanotherexcepttoit,Yea,buthehathagreatchargeofchildren;asifitwereanabatementtohisriches.Butthemostordinarycauseofasinglelife,isliberty,especiallyincertainself-pleasingandhumorousminds,whicharesosensibleofeveryrestraint,astheywillgoneartothinktheirgirdlesandgarters,tobebondsandshackles.Unmarriedmenarebestfriends,bestmasters,bestservants;butnotalwaysbestsubjects;fortheyarelighttorunaway;andalmostallfugitives,areofthatcondition.Asinglelifedothwellwithchurchmen;forcharitywillhardlywatertheground,whereitmustfirstfillapool.Itisindifferentforjudgesandmagistrates;foriftheybefacileandcorrupt,youshallhaveaservant,fivetimesworsethanawife.Forsoldiers,Ifindthegeneralscommonlyintheirhortatives,putmeninmindoftheirwivesandchildren;andIthinkthedespisingofmarriageamongsttheTurks,makingthevulgarsoldiermorebase.Certainlywifeandchildrenareakindofdisciplineofhumanity;andsinglemen,thoughtheymaybemanytimesmorecharitable,becausetheirmeansarelessexhaust,yet,ontheotherside,theyaremorecruelandhardhearted

(goodtomakesevereinquisitors),becausetheirtendernessisnotsooftcalledupon.Gravenatures,ledbycustom,andthereforeconstant,arecommonlylovinghusbands,aswassaidofUlysses,vetulamsuampraetulitimmortalitati.Chastewomenareoftenproudandfroward,aspresuminguponthemeritoftheirchastity.Itisoneofthebestbonds,bothofchastityandobedience,inthewife,ifshethinkherhusbandwise;whichshewillneverdo,ifshefindhimjealous.Wivesareyoungmen'smistresses;companionsformiddleage;andoldmen'snurses.Soasamanmayhaveaquarreltomarry,whenhewill.Butyethewasreputedoneofthewisemen,thatmadeanswertothequestion,whenamanshouldmarry.—Ayoungmannotyet,aneldermannotatall.Itisoftenseenthatbadhusbands,haveverygoodwives;whetheritbe,thatitraiseththepriceoftheirhusband'skindness,whenitcomes;orthatthewivestakeaprideintheirpatience.Butthisneverfails,ifthebadhusbandswereoftheirownchoosing,againsttheirfriendsconsent;forthentheywillbesuretomakegoodtheirownfolly.【參考譯文】成了家的人，可以說對于命運之神付出了抵押品。因為家庭難免拖累于事業(yè)，使人的許多抱負難以實現(xiàn)。所以最能為公從獻身的人，往往是那種不被家室所累的人。因為只有這種人，才能夠把他的全部愛情與財產(chǎn)，都奉獻給唯一的情人——公眾。而那種有家室的人，恐怕只愿把美好的祝愿保留給自己的后代。有的人在結(jié)婚后仍然愿意繼續(xù)過獨身生活。因為他們不喜歡家庭，把妻子兒女看作經(jīng)濟上的累贅。還有一些富人甚至以無子嗣為自豪。也許他們是擔心，一旦有了子女就會瓜分現(xiàn)有的財產(chǎn)吧。有一種人過獨身生活是為了保持自由，以避免受約束于家庭承擔的義務和責任。但這種人，可能會認為腰帶和鞋帶，也難免是一種束縛束吧！實際上，獨身者也許可以成為最好的朋友，最好的主人，最好的仆人，但很難成為最好的公民。因為他們隨時可以遷逃，所以差不多一切流竄犯都是無家者。作為獻身宗教的僧侶，是有理由保持獨身的。否則他們的悲慈就將先布施于家人而不時供奉于上帝了。作為法官與律師，是否獨身關(guān)系并不大。因為只要他們身邊有一個壞的幕僚，其進讒言的能力就足以抵上五

個妻子。作為軍人，有家室則是好事，家庭的榮譽可以激發(fā)他們的責任感和勇氣。這一點可以從土耳其的事例中得到反證——那里的風俗不重視婚姻和家庭，結(jié)果他們士兵的斗志很差。對家庭的責任心不僅是對人類的一種約束，也是一種訓練。那種獨身的人，雖然在用起錢來很揮霍，但實際上往往是心腸很硬的，因為他們不懂得怎樣去愛他人。一種好的風俗，能教化出情感堅貞嚴肅的男子漢，例如像尤利西斯（Ulysses）那樣，他曾抵制美麗女神的誘惑，而保持了對妻子的忠貞。一個獨身的女人常常是驕橫的，因為她需要顯示，她的貞節(jié)似乎是自愿保持的。如果一個女人為丈夫的聰明優(yōu)秀而自豪，那么這是使她忠貞不渝的最好保證。但如果一個女人發(fā)現(xiàn)她的丈夫是忌妒多疑的，那么她將絕不會認為他是聰明的。在人生中，妻子是青年時代的情人，中年時代的伴侶，暮年時代的守護。所以在人的一生中，只要有合適的對象選擇，任何時候結(jié)婚都是有理由的。但也有一位古代哲人，對于人應當在何時結(jié)婚這個問題是這樣說的：“年紀少時還不應當，年紀大時已不必要?！泵罎M的婚姻是難得一遇的。?？梢姷皆S多不出色的丈夫卻有一位美麗的妻子。這莫非是因為這種丈夫由于具有不太多的優(yōu)點，反而使他的優(yōu)點更值得被珍視嗎？也許因為伴隨這種丈夫，可以考驗一個婦人的忍耐精神吧？如果這種婚姻出自一個女人的自愿選擇，甚至是不顧親友的勸告而選擇的，那么就讓她自己去品嘗這枚果實的滋味吧。二、TranslatethepassageintoEnglish.（50分）臣亮言：先帝創(chuàng)業(yè)未半，而中道崩殂；今天下三分，益州疲敝，此誠危急存亡之秋也。然侍衛(wèi)之臣，不懈于內(nèi)；忠志之士，忘身于外者：蓋追先帝之殊遇，欲報之于陛下也。誠宜開張圣聽，以光先帝遺德，恢弘志士之氣；不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失義，以塞忠諫之路也。宮中府中，俱為一體；陟罰臧否，不宜異同：若有作奸犯科，及為忠善者，宜付有司，論其刑賞，以昭陛下平明之治；不宜偏私，使內(nèi)外異法也。侍中、侍郎郭攸之、費依、董允等，此皆良實，志慮忠純，是以先帝簡拔以遺陛下：愚以為宮中之事，事無大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必得裨補闕漏，有所廣益。將軍向?qū)?，性行淑均，曉暢軍事，試用之于昔日，先帝稱之曰"能"，是以眾議舉寵為督：愚以為營中之事，事無大小，悉以咨之，必能使行陣和穆，優(yōu)劣得所也。親賢臣，遠小人，此先漢所以興隆也；親小人，遠賢臣，此后漢所以傾頹也。先帝在時，每與臣論此事，未嘗不嘆息痛恨于桓、靈也！侍中、尚書、長史、參軍，此悉貞亮死節(jié)

之臣也，愿陛下親之、信之，則漢室之隆，可計日而待也。臣本布衣，躬耕南陽，茍全性命于亂世，不求聞達于諸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顧臣于草廬之中，諮臣以當世之事，由是感激，遂許先帝以驅(qū)馳。后值傾覆，受任于敗軍之際，奉命于危難之間：爾來二十有一年矣。先帝知臣謹慎，故臨崩寄臣以大事也。受命以來，夙夜憂慮，恐付托不效，以傷先帝之明；故五月渡瀘，深入不毛。今南方已定，甲兵已足，當獎帥三軍，北定中原，庶竭駑鈍，攘除奸兇，興復漢室，還于舊都：此臣所以報先帝而忠陛下之職分也。至于斟酌損益，進盡忠言，則攸之、依、允等之任也。愿陛下托臣以討賊興復之效，不效則治臣之罪，以告先帝之靈；若無興復之言，則責攸之、依、允等之咎，以彰其慢。陛下亦宜自謀，以諮諏善道，察納雅言，深追先帝遺詔。臣不勝受恩感激！今當遠離，臨表涕泣，不知所云。【參考譯文一】TheFirstRulerhadaccomplishedbuthalfhisgreattaskathisdeath.Atthismomenttheempireisinthreeparts,andourcountryisweak;itisamostcriticalmomentforus.Still,ministersarenotremissinthecapital,andloyalanddevotedsoldierssacrificetheirlivesabroad,fortheystillrememberthespecialkindnessoftheFirstRulerandwishtoshowtheirgratitudetohimbyservicetoYourMajesty.Thereforeitwouldbeindeedfittingthatyoushouldextendyourholyvirtuetoglorifyhisvirtuousmemoryinthestimulationofthewillofyourpurposefulofficers.YourMajestyshouldnotloseyourselfinthepursuitofmeanthings,quotingphrasestoconfoundtheeternalprinciplesofrectitude,andsopreventingremonstrancefromhonestpeople.OneruleappliestothepalaceoftheEmperorandtheresidenceofacourtier;theremustbeonelawrewardingthegoodandpunishingtheevil.Evil-doersandlaw-breakers,asalsotrueandgoodpeople,shouldbedealtwithaccordingtotheirdesertsbytheofficersconcernedinordertomanifestYourMajesty'simpartialandenlightenedadministration.Partialityiswrong,asisonelawforthecourtandanotherfortheregions.TheHighMinistersFeiYi,GuoYouzhi,andDongYunarehonestmen,devotedlyanxioustobeloyaltothelastdegree;whereforeHisLateMajestychosetheminhistestament.MyadviceistoconsulttheminallPalacematters,greatorsmall,beforetakingaction.YourMajestywillreaptheenormousadvantageofhavinganyfailingscorrected.GeneralXiangChongisamanofwell-balanced

temperament,versedinmilitarymatters,towhom,aftertestinghim,thelateEmperorappliedtheepithet'capable'.TheconsensusofopinionisthatXiangChongshouldbeGrandCommander.Myadviceistoconsulthiminallmilitarymatters,greatorsmall,wherebyyourmilitaryforceswillyieldtheirmaximum,eachonebeingemployedtothebestadvantage.Attractworthypeople;repelmeanones.ThispolicyachievedthegloryoftheFormerHans,whileitsreversalruinedtheLatterHans.WhenthelateEmperorwaswithus,heoftendiscussedthiswithyourservant,andhetookmuchtoheartthestoryofEmperorsHuanandLing.TheChairoftheSecretariatChenZhen,CommanderZhangSi,andMinisterJiangWanarebothincorruptibleandenlightenedpeople,honesttothedeath.IwishthatYourMajestyshouldhavethemnearandholdtheminconfidence.Ifthisbedone,thenthegloryoftheHouseofHanwillbequicklyconsummated.Iwasoriginallyaprivateperson,afarmerinNanyang,concernedonlytosecurepersonalsafetyinatroubledageandnotseekingconversationwiththecontendingnobles.HisLateMajesty,theFirstRuler,overlookingthecommonnessofmyorigin,condescendedtoseekmethriceinmyhumblecotandconsultmeonthetrendofevents.Hismagnanimityaffectedmedeeply,andIconsentedtodomyutmostforhim.Thencamedefeat,andItookofficeatamomentofdarkestoutlookandatamostdifficultcrisis.Thisistwenty-oneyearsago.TheFirstRulerrecognizedmydiligentcare,andwhendyingheconfidedthegreattasktome.FromthatdayIhavelivedalifeofanxietylestIshouldfailinmytrustandsodimhisglory.ThatiswhyIundertooktheexpeditiontothelandsbeyondtheRiverLu.NowtheSouthernMangshasbeenquelled,andourarmyisingoodcondition.Ioughttoleaditagainstthenorth,whereImaymeetwithameasureofsuccessintheremovalofthewickedones,therestorationofHan,andareturntotheoldcapital.ThisismydutyoutofgratitudetothelateEmperorandloyaltytoYourMajesty.Astoadiscussionoftheprosandconsandgivingatrueversionofthewholematter,thatbelongstoGuoYouzhiandFeiYiandDongYun.IdesireYourMajestytoconfidetomethetaskofslayingtherebelsandrestoringtheHans.IfIfail,thenpunishmebytellingthespiritofthelateEmperor.Ifyouknownotwhatrestorationimplies,thatisthefaultofyouradvisers.YourMajestyshouldtakepainstobeguidedintotherightpathandexaminecarefullywhatislaidbeforeyou,carefullyrememberingthelate

Emperor'stestament.Icannotexpresswhatwouldbemydelightifyouhadthegoodnesstoacceptandactonmyadvice.NowIamabouttodepartonadistantexpedition,IwritethiswithtearsandclearlyknowwhatIhavesaid.【參考譯文二】Permityourservant,Liang,toobserve:thelatesovereignwastakenfromuswhilehislife'swork,therestorationoftheHan,remainedunfinished.Today,inadividedempire,ourthird,theprovinceofYizhou,war-wornandunderduress,facesaseasonofcrisisthatthreatensourverysurvival.Despitethis,theofficialsatcourtpersevereintheirtasks,andloyal-mindedofficersthroughouttherealmdedicatethemselvestoyoubecauseoneandalltheycherishthememoryoftheexceptionaltreatmenttheyenjoyedfromthelatesovereignandwishtorepayitinservicetoYourMajesty.TrulythisisatimetowidenyoursagelyaudienceinordertoenhancethelateEmperor'sgloriousvirtueandfosterthemoraleofyourdedicatedofficers.itwouldbeunworthyofYourMajestytodemeanyourselfbyresortingtoill-chosenjustificationsthatwouldblocktheavenuesofloyalremonstrance.Theroyalcourtandtheministerialadministrationconstituteasinglegovernment.Bothmustbejudgedbyonestandard.Thosewhodoevilandviolatethecodes,aswellasthosewhoareloyalandgood,mustreceivetheirduefromtheproperauthorities.ThiswillmakemanifestYourMajesty'sfairandenlightenedgovernance.Letnounseemlybiasleadtodifferentrulesforthecourtandtheadministration.PrivycounselorsandimperialattendantslikeGuoYouzhi,FeiYi,andDongYunareallsolid,reliablemen,loyalofpurpose,pureinmotive.ThelateEmperorselectedthemforofficesothattheywouldserveYourMajestyafterhisdemise.Inmyownhumbleopinion,consultingthesemenonpalaceaffairsgreatorsmallbeforeactionistakenwillpreventerrorsandshortcomingsandmaximizeadvantages.XiangChong,ageneraloffinecharacterandfair-mindedconduct,profoundlyversedinmilitarymatters,provedhimselfinbattleduringthepreviousreign,andthelateEmperorpronouncedhimcapable.Thatiswhytheassemblyhasrecommendedhimforoverallcommand.Inmyhumbleopinion,GeneralXiangChongshouldbeconsultedonallmilitarymatterslargeorsmalltoensureharmonyintheranksandthejudicioususeofpersonnel.TheFormerHanthrivedbecauseitsemperorsstayedclosetoworthyvassalsandfarfrom

connivingcourtiers.TheoppositepolicyledtheLaterHantoruin.WheneverthelateEmperordiscussedthisproblemwithme,hedecriedthefailingsofEmperorsHuanandLing.PrivycounselorsGuoYouzhiandFeiYi,SecretaryChenZhen,SeniorAdviserZhangYi,andMilitaryCounselorJiangWanareallmenofshiningintegrityandunshakabledevotion.IbegYourMajestytokeepclosetothemandtotrustthem,forthatwillstrengthenourhopesfortheresurgenceofthehouseofHan.Ibeganasacommonman,toilinginmyfieldsinNanyang,doingwhatIcouldtokeepbodyandsoultogetherinanageofdisorderandtakingnointerestinmakinganameformyselfamongthelordsoftherealm.ThoughitwasbeneaththedignityofthelateEmperortodoso,hehonoredmythatchedcottagetosolicitmycounselontheeventsoftheday.Gratefulforhisregard,Irespondtohisappealandthrewmyselfheartandsoulintohisservice.HardtimesfollowedforthecauseofthelateEmperor.Iassumedmydutiesatacriticalmomentforourdefeatedarmy,acceptingassignmentinaperiodofdirestdanger.Nowtwenty-oneyearshavepassed.ThelateEmperoralwaysappreciatedmymeticulouscautionand,astheendneared,placedhisgreatcauseinmyhands.Sincethatmoment,IhavetormentedmyselfrightanddaylestIproveunworthyofhistrustandthusdiscredithisjudgment.ThatiswhyIcrossedtheRiverLuinthesummerheatandpenetratedthebarrenlandsoftheMan.Now,thesouthsubdued,ourarmssufficing,itbehoovesmetomarshaloursoldierstoconquerthenorthernheartlandanddomyhumblebesttoremovethehatefultraitors,restorethehouseofHan,andreturnittotheformercapital.ThisisthewayImeantohonormydebttothelateEmperorandfulfillmydutytoYourMajesty.AsforweighingtheadvantagesofinternalpolicyandmakingloyalrecommendationstoYourMajesty,thatistheresponsibilityofGuoYouzhi,FeiYi,andDongYun.MyonlydesireistoobtainandexecuteyourcommissiontochastenthetraitorsandrestoretheHan.ShouldIproveunfit,punishmyoffenseandreportittothespiritofthelateEmperor.IfthosethreevassalsfailtosustainYourMajesty’svirtue,thentheirnegligenceshouldbepublicizedandcensured.YourMajesty,takecounselwithyourselfandconsultwidelyontherightcourse.Examineandadoptsoundopinions,andneverforgetthelastedictofthelateEmperor.OverwhelmedwithgratitudeforthefavorIhavereceivedfromyou,Inowdepartonadistantcampaign.Blindedbymytears

fallingonthispetition,IwriteIknownotwhat.【中文譯文】先帝創(chuàng)立帝業(yè)還沒有完成一半，就中途去世了?，F(xiàn)在，天下已分成魏、蜀、吳三國，我們蜀國人力疲憊，物力又很缺乏，這確實是國家危急存亡的關(guān)鍵時刻。然而，侍衛(wèi)大臣們在宮廷內(nèi)毫不懈怠，忠誠有志的將士在疆場上舍身作戰(zhàn)，這都是因為追念先帝在世時對他們的特殊待遇，想報效給陛下啊。陛下確實應該廣泛地聽取群臣的意見，發(fā)揚光大先帝留下的美德，弘揚志士們的氣概；不應該隨隨便便地看輕自己，言談中稱引譬喻不合大義（說話不恰當），以致堵塞忠臣進諫勸告的道路?；蕦m的侍臣和丞相府的宮吏都是一個整體，對他們的提升、處分、表揚、批評，不應該因人而有什么差別。如果有營私舞弊、違犯法律和盡忠行害的人，陛下應交給主管的官吏，由他們評定應得的處罰或獎賞，用來表明陛下公正嚴明的治理方針。不應偏袒徇私，使得宮內(nèi)和宮外有不同的法則。侍中郭攸之、費祎、侍郎董允等人，他們都是忠良誠實的人，他們的志向和心思忠誠無二，因此先帝把他們選拔出來留給陛下。我認為宮中的事情，無論大小，陛下都應征詢他們，然后再去實施，這樣一定能補求欠缺疏漏的地方，獲得更好的效果。將軍向?qū)櫍愿窈蜕?，品德公正，精通軍事，從前?jīng)過試用，先帝稱贊他有才能，因此大家商議推舉他做中部督。我認為軍營中的事務，都應與他商量，這樣一定能使軍隊團結(jié)協(xié)作，將士才干高的差的、隊伍強的，都能夠得到合理的安排。親近賢臣，疏遠小人，這是前漢興隆昌盛的原因；親近小人，疏遠賢臣，這是后漢所以傾覆衰敗的原因。先帝在世時，每次與我談論這些事，沒有一次不對桓、靈二帝感到嘆息、惋惜痛心的。侍中郭攸之、費祎，尚書陳震，長史張裔，參軍蔣琬，這些都是忠貞賢良能夠以死報國的忠臣，希望陛下親近他們、信任他們，那么漢室的興隆就指日可待了。我本來是一介平民，在南陽親自種田，只求能在亂世中暫且保全性命，不奢求在諸侯面前有什么名氣。先帝不因我身世卑微、見識短淺，反而降低自己的身份，三次到草廬里來訪問我，向我征詢對當今天下大事的意見，我因此十分感激，于是答應先帝愿為他奔走效勞。后來遇到失敗，我在戰(zhàn)敗的時候接到委任，在危難的時候奉命出使東吳，從那時到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)二十一年了。先帝（劉備）知道我謹慎，因此在臨終前把國家大事托付給我（諸葛亮）。自從接受任命以來，我日夜憂慮嘆息，擔心不能將先帝的托付的事情辦好，有損先帝的圣明。所以我在五月渡過瀘

水，深入到荒涼的地方?，F(xiàn)在南方已經(jīng)平定，兵器已經(jīng)準備充足，應當鼓舞并率領(lǐng)三軍，向北方平定中原。希望全部貢獻出自己平庸的才能，鏟除奸邪兇惡的曹魏，復興漢室，回到原來的都城洛陽。這是我用來報答先帝并忠于陛下的職責的本分。至于對政事的斟酌興廢，進獻忠誠的建議，那是郭攸之、費祎、董允等人的責任。希望陛下把討伐奸賊、復興漢室的任務交給我，如果沒有完成，就請治我重罪，來告慰先帝在天之靈。如果沒有勸勉陛下宣揚圣德的忠言，就責備郭攸之、費祎、董允等人的怠慢，來揭露他們的過失；陛下自己也應該認真考慮國家大事，征詢治理國家的好辦法，聽取正確的意見，深切追念先帝的遺訓。如果能夠這樣，我就受恩感激不盡了?，F(xiàn)在我就要辭別陛下遠行了，面對奏表熱淚縱橫，不知說了些什么。三、Writing.50分（300-500字）題目：Myacademicresearchwithfingertips【參考范文】MyacademicresearchwithfingertipsAsisoftenthecase,academicresearchismorelikelytobedescribedasadifficultmissionthatonlypeoplewithhigh-leveleducationcangiveitatry.However,inmyopinions,academicresearchcanbeavailableinourdailylife,onlyifyoucanpaymoreattentiontothingspassingby.Aslongaswemakegooduseofourlifeexperienceandthinkoverit,wecanachievewhatwecalledas“academicsuccess”.Takemyselfasanexample.WhenIwasinhighschool,Ihavealreadyshowngreatinterestsinlanguagelearningandlinguisticphenomena.IhaveoncegotthechancetoworkasanassistantfortheChineseteacherandwasaskedtohelpherevaluatetheessaysandtranslationhomeworkofmyclassmates.Aftersomedaysofworking,Ifoundthatsomestudentswouldmakethesamegrammaticalmistakesintheirwritingeverytime,whileitneveroccurredtosomestudents.Whatsurprisedmemostwasthateventhoughourteacherhadtoldthemtocorrecttheirmistakes,theywouldbetrappedbythesamemistakesnexttimes.Thoughthesestudentswereconsideredtobetoo“stupid”toavoidthemistake,Itriedtofigureouttherootcauseindepth.I

firstaskedtheteacherforhelp.ShesuggestedthatIgototheInternettosearchformoreinformationabout“l(fā)inguistics”.Later,Ispentasummertocollectinformationonthisphenomenon.Ialsoborrowedsomewritinghomeworkofmyclassmatestocollectdatathatcanaffirmmythoughts.However,Ifailedtomakeaconclusiononmyfirstacademicresearchbecauseofmyinabilitytounderstandthoseknowledgetoldintherealacademicresearchpapers.EvenImyselfdidnotrealizeatthattimethatIwasdoingsomething“academic”.ItwasnotuntilIwenttocollegethatIfinallylearnedaboutthelinguisticsandcametoknowthatitwastheeffectofmothertongueanddialectsthatcausedthedifferenceinlanguageuse,whichshowedas‘mistakes’ingrammar.Fromthenon,Ihavelearnedthateveryone,whetherwithhighereducationornot,candefinitelystarthisorheracademicresearchinthedailymatters,especiallywhenwecanhaveaccesstoagreatamountofinformationnowadays.

2007年北京大學外國語學院661專業(yè)能力考研真題及詳解一、TranslatethepassageintoChinese.（50分）Astrongcommonsense,whichitisnoteasytounseatordisturb,markstheEnglishmindforathousandyears:arudestrengthnewlyappliedtothought,asofsailorsandsoldierswhohadlatelylearnedtoread.Theyhavenofancy,andneveraresurprisedintoacovertorwittyword,suchaspleasedtheAtheniansandItalians,andwasconvertibleintoafablenotlongafter;buttheydelightinstrongearthyexpression,notmistakable,coarselytruetothehumanbody,and,thoughspokenamongprinces,equallyfitandwelcometothemob.Thishomeliness,veracity,andplainstyle,appearintheearliestextantworks,andinthelatest.Itimportsintosongsandballadsthesmelloftheearth,thebreathofcattle,and,likeaDutchpainter,seeksahouseholdcharm,thoughbypailsandpans.Theyasktheirconstitutionalutilityinverse.Thekailandherringsareneveroutofsight.Thepoetnimblyrecovershimselffromeverysallyoftheimagination.TheEnglishmuselovesthefarmyard,thelane,andmarket.Shesays,withDeStael,“Itrampinthemirewithwoodenshoes,whenevertheywouldforcemeintotheclouds.”For,theEnglishmanhasaccurateperceptions;takesholdofthingsbytherightend,andthereisnoslipperinessinhisgrasp.Helovestheaxe,thespade,theoar,thegun,thesteampipe:hehasbuilttheengineheuses.Heismaterialist,economical,mercantile.Hemustbetreatedwithsincerityandreality,withmuffins,andnotthepromiseofmuffins;andprefershishotchop,withperfectsecurityandconvenienceintheeatingofit,tothechancesoftheamplestandFrenchiestbilloffare,engravedonembossedpaper.Whenheisintellectual,andapoetoraphilosopher,hecarriesthesamehardtruthandthesamekeenmachineryintothementalsphere.Hismindmuststandonafact.Hewillnotbebaffled,orcatchatclouds,butthemindmusthaveasymbolpalpableandresisting.WhatherelishesinDante,isthevice-liketenacitywithwhichheholdsamentalimagebeforetheeyes,asifitwereascutcheonpaintedonashield.Byron“l(fā)ikedsomethingcraggytobreakhismindupon.”Atasteforplainstrongspeech,whatiscalledabiblicalstyle,markstheEnglish.ItisinAlfred,andtheSaxonChronicle,andintheSagasoftheNorthmen.Latimerwashomely.Hobbeswasperfectinthe“noblevulgarspeech.”Donne,Bunyan,Milton,Taylor,Evelyn,Pepys,Hooker,

Cotton,andthetranslators,wroteit.Howrealisticormaterialisticintreatmentofhissubject,isSwift.Hedescribeshisfictitiouspersons,asifforthepolice.Defoehasnoinsecurityorchoice.Hudibrashasthesamehardmentality,—keepingthetruthatoncetothesenses,andtotheintellect.Itisnotlessseeninpoetry.Chaucer'shardpaintingofhisCanterburypilgrimssatisfiesthesenses.Shakespeare,Spenser,andMilton,intheirloftiestascents,havethisnationalgripandexactitudeofmind.ThismentalmaterialismmakesthevalueofEnglishtranscendentalgenius;inthesewriters,andinHerbert,HenryMore,Donne,andSirThomasBrowne.TheSaxonmaterialismandnarrowness,exaltedintothesphereofintellect,makestheverygeniusofShakespeareandMilton.Whenitreachesthepureelement,ittreadsthecloudsassecurelyastheadamant.Eveninitselevations,materialistic,itspoetryiscommonsenseinspired;orironraisedtowhiteheat.ContributedbyRalphWaldoEmersonRWE.Org—TheCompleteWorksofRalphWaldoEmerson-VolumeV-EnglishTraits(1856)【參考譯文】一千多年以來，在英國人的思維中一直共存著一種極其強烈的感覺，這種感覺已經(jīng)成為了英國人思維的標志，難以磨滅也難以擾亂，即新近才涌現(xiàn)在其思維中的一種粗獷與豪邁，就好像才學會讀書認字的水手和士兵那樣。他們沒有過多的幻想，也從來不會因為聽到一場動聽的皈依演說或俏皮話而大驚小怪，而雅典人意大利人就喜歡聽這些，即使是無稽之談，不假時日他們照信不誤。英國人不同，他們愛聽的是樸實無華的表達，不會引起誤解或歧義，平民老百姓的大眾真理，適用于王公貴族，也同樣適用于下層民眾。這種舒適簡約的風格以及誠實中肯的品質(zhì)不僅存在于現(xiàn)存的早期作品中，也出現(xiàn)在了近期的作品當中。它將泥土的氣息、生靈的味道帶入了歌曲與民謠之中，仿佛一位荷蘭畫家追尋家居場景所帶來的創(chuàng)作靈感，盡管這種靈感僅僅來自于再平常不過的鍋碗瓢盆。即使是問起憲法的功能，他們也會出口成詩，而甘藍菜和鯡魚卻始終在他們的視線里。在每一次想象力迸發(fā)之后，英國詩人都能很快應變到現(xiàn)實中去。英國人的繆斯女神喜愛農(nóng)場，喜愛鄉(xiāng)間小道，也喜愛人們的市場，她同DeStael（法國畫家斯塔爾）一同說道：“每當他們要我

進入云彩中時，我都會穿著木鞋踩入泥潭里?！边@是因為英國人有很精確的洞察力，無論是掌握什么，他都會極其準確的握緊握牢，從不失手。他熱愛他的斧子，他的鐵鍬，他的漿，他的槍，他的排氣管—他的發(fā)動機可是自己造的。他有商人的氣質(zhì)，精打細算且崇尚物質(zhì)。別人對他也必須真誠、實在，要給他松餅就實實在在地擺在他面前，而不能只是說說。與其給他機會觀瞻法國人的那本印在浮凸紙張上的五花八門的菜單，英國人更加喜歡舒適安逸地坐在那盡情享受一盤熱騰騰的排骨。若他是位充滿智慧的詩人或哲人，他也同樣會把這種大眾真理和精明的商人頭腦帶入他的思想境界中去。他的思維必須是基于事實基礎(chǔ)上的，因此他從不會迷惑，也不會云里霧里地茫然不知所措，他的心里必然會有一個清晰且難以改變的象征。當他徜徉于但丁著作中時，令他陶醉的是一種近乎邪惡的堅決，正是這種堅決，讓他在腦海中繪制了一副長存的形象，就好像雕刻在盾面上的花紋一樣。拜倫“就喜歡有棱有角的東西來激發(fā)他的思想”。英國人喜愛平實、強烈的言辭，即所謂的圣經(jīng)風格，這種風格便成了英國人的標記，在阿弗萊德，撒克遜編年史以及北方人的薩迦中處處可見。拉蒂莫的風格平易近人，霍布則拿手于“高貴的低俗語言”。唐恩、班揚、米爾頓、泰勒、伊夫林、佩皮斯、胡克、科頓以及翻譯們的語言風格均是如此，當斯威夫特處理他的寫作對象時又是多么的真實與物質(zhì)，他對虛構(gòu)的小說人物的描寫仿佛是寫給警察看的一樣，真實可信。笛福的語言可靠而不加修飾，胡迪布拉斯的寫作思想也同樣基于現(xiàn)實，即始終將真理與感官與智慧聯(lián)系在一起。在詩歌中也不少見。喬叟對坎特伯雷朝圣者的現(xiàn)實描寫極大地滿足了感官的享受。莎士比亞、斯賓塞、米爾頓在他們偉大的詩作中，也同樣表達了精確的思想，抓住了這個民族所特有的性質(zhì)。這種精神上的物質(zhì)主義構(gòu)成了英國超驗主義天才們的價值，造就了這些作家，造就了赫伯特、亨利·摩爾、唐恩、湯瑪斯·布朗。撒克遜時代的物質(zhì)主義和狹隘思想已經(jīng)上升到了文學界，成就了莎士比亞、米爾頓這樣的偉大才子。當僅僅只涉及到單純的因素時，他們在云中漫步也平穩(wěn)得如履平地，即使是在其物質(zhì)主義的上升過程中，他們的詩歌也是從常識中獲得靈感，從而趨向于白熱化。二、TranslatethepassageintoEnglish.（50分）1．笑是最流動、最迅速的表情，從眼睛里泛到口角邊。笑的確可以說是人面上的電光，眼睛忽然增添了明亮，唇吻間閃爍著牙齒的光芒。我們不能扣留住閃電來代替高懸普照的太陽和月亮，所以我們也不能把笑

變?yōu)橐粋€固定的、集體的表情。經(jīng)提倡而產(chǎn)生的幽默，一定是矯揉造作的幽默。幽默不能提倡，也是為此。一經(jīng)提倡，自然流露的弄成模仿的，變化不拘的弄成刻板的。這種幽默本身就是幽默的資料，這種笑本身就可笑。一個真有幽默的人別有會心，欣然獨笑，冷然微笑，替沉悶的人生透一口氣。選自錢鐘書《說笑》（有刪節(jié)）【參考譯文】Smileisthemostfluidandrapidexpression,ripplingfromeyestomouthcorner.Indeed,smilecanbesaidtobethelighteningonface,whichmakestheeyessparklingandtheteethglisteningbetweenlips.Justaswecannotholdlighteningtosubstitutethesunandmoonthatstandhighandlong,sowecannotturnsmileintoafixedandstableexpressionsharedbyeveryone.Thehumorthatisproposedmustbeaffectedandunnatural,sohumorisnottobeproposed.Onceproposed,thenaturalbecomestheartificial;theundefinedendsupwiththerigid.Thishumoritselfisthesourceofhumor,andthislaughisthelaughingstock.Areallyhumorouspersonhashissenseofhumor;helaughsalonewithpleasureandcalmness,takingabreathforthesuffocatinglife.2．找遍了化學書，在炭氣、氧氣以至于氯氣之外，你看不到俗氣的。這是比任何氣體更稀淡、更微茫，超出于五官感覺之上的一種氣體，只有在文藝里和社交里才能碰見。文藝里和社交里還有許多旁的氣也是化學所不談的，例如寒酸氣、泥土氣。不過，這許多氣都沒有俗氣那樣難捉摸：因為它們本身雖然是超越感覺的，它們的名字卻是藉感覺中的事物來比方著，象征著；每一個比喻或象征都無形中包含一個類比推理(analogy)，所以，顧名思義，你還有線索可求。說到酸氣，你立刻聯(lián)想著山西或鎮(zhèn)江的老醋；說起泥土氣，你就記憶到夏雨初晴，青草池塘四周圍氤氳著的氣息。但是俗氣呢？不幸的很，“氣”已是夠空虛的了，“俗”比“氣”更抽象！選自錢鐘書《論俗氣》【參考譯文】Insearchofallthechemicalbooks,youcanfindcarbondioxide,oxygen,

chlorine,butyoucanneverseeagascalled“vulgarair.”Thisairisfarthinnerandmoreimperceptiblethananyothergas,andcanonlybetracedwhenyouaredealingwithart,literature,andsocialactivity.Ofcourse,thereareotherairsthatarenottreatedinchemicalbookswhenyouareinvolvedinthese,suchassourair(shabbyair),earthyair(cloddishair).Butnoneofthemcanbecomparedwithvulgarairintermsofimpalpability,becausealthoughtheytranscendsensesthemselves,theirnamesarecomparedandsymbolizedbysenses.Everymetaphororsymbolcontainsananalogyinaninvisibleway,so,asthenamessuggest,youhavecluestofollow,asyoucanassociatesourairwiththeShanxiorZhenjiangmaturevinegar,earthyairwiththesmellaroundthegrassypoolshortlyafterasummerrain.Butwhataboutvulgarair?Unfortunately,“air”isabstractenough,and“vulgar”isevenmore.三、Writing.（50分）（300-500字）題目：Theunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving【參考范文】TheunexaminedlifeisnotworthlivingThroughoutthewholecourseofourlife,weallgothroughalotoftestsinvariousforms.Thereareteststocheckhowmuchwehavelearntinschool,ortoexaminewhetherwehavethecouragetotakeachallenge,ortotestourabilitytodealwiththornyproblemsinsomesituation.Allthese,thoughsomewhatlookingintimidatingandannoying,actuallyhelpustolearn,togrowandtobecomestrong.Withoutthem,wewillgetnowhereinourlife.Ontheonehand,examinationsprovidethedrivingforceforustoimproveourselves.Theexaminationsetsupagoalforus.Towardsthisgoal,wetryourbesttolearnmoreknowledge,withoutwhich,wewillliveanignorantandwastedlife,ormaynotbeabletoliveatall;towardsthisgoal,wespendalotoftimepracticingtomasterskills,withoutwhich,wearedoomedtobeuselesstothesociety.Thatistosay,iftherewerenoexamination,menwouldneverbemotivatedtodoanythingtoperfecttheirlife.Itisjustbecausetheprimitivementookthetesttofightagainstbeaststhatman-madetool,agreatsymbolofhumanprogress,cameintobeing.Otherwise,human

nowmaystillcowerinacave,livingacowardlife.Ontheotherhand,alifewithoutanyupsanddownsbroughtbyexamsisnotacompletelife;alifethatgoessmoothlyforeverwillbethemostinsipidoneintheworld,forthepersonwholivesthiskindoflifewillneverhaveachancetotastethesweetnessofachievementinanexam,norabletoexperiencethefunintheprocessoffindingasolutiontoaquestion.Justasabeautifulflowerbloomsafterexperiencingnotonlythebrilliantsunshinebutalsothedarknight,peoplemustgothroughallkindsofthingsbeforefullyb