德國廢物管理2023-Waste Management in Germany 2023 Facts,data,figures

WasteManagementinGermany2023

Facts,data,figures

2

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Publicationdetails

Publishedby

FederalMinistryfortheEnvironment,NatureConservation,NuclearSafetyandConsumerProtection(BMUV)

DivisionTII1·11055Berlin·Germany

Email:

TII1@bmuv.bund.de

·Website:

www.bmuv.de/english

Editedby

BMUV,DivisionTII1

Design

design_idee,büro_für_gestaltung,Erfurt

Printedby

BMUVprintingoffice

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Seepage

50

Date

April2023

Firstprintrun

200copies(printedonrecycledpaper)

Wheretoorderthispublication

BMUV,DivisionTII1

Email:

TII1@bmuv.bund.de

Download:

www.bmuv.de/en/publications

Note

ThispublicationoftheFederalMinistryfortheEnvironment,NatureConservation,Nuclear

SafetyandConsumerProtectionisdistributedfreeofcharge.Itisnotintendedforsaleandmaynotbeusedtocanvasssupportforpoliticalpartiesorgroups.

Furtherinformationcanbefoundat

www.bmuv.de/en/publications

3

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Contents

Introduction4

1Wastegeneration6

2Wasteprevention10

3Recoveryanddisposal12

4Commercialwaste16

5Wastegraphicpaper18

6Wastewood20

7Packagingwaste22

8Biowaste24

9Marketingofcompostsanddigestates26

10Residualwaste27

11Sewagesludge30

12Wasteelectricalandelectronicequipment32

13Wastebatteries34

14End-of-lifevehicles36

15Mineralwaste40

16Wasteshipment42

17Wastemanagementasclimateaction44

InformationontheInternet46

Listofabbreviations48

Listoffigures49

Picturecredits50

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WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Introduction

Thegoalofcirculareconomyistoreduceresourceconsumptionbyusingraw

materialsefficientlyandkeepingthemintheindustrialcycleforaslongaspos-sible.Circulareconomyembracesallstages,fromresourceextraction,productde-signandmanufacturetosale,consumptionandtheclosureofthecyclethroughreuseandrecycling.Thismeansthatwhiletheconceptofclosedsubstancecyclesfocusesonclosingtheloopattheendofthecyclethroughwastemanagement,circulareconomygoesbeyondthattoincludeaspectssuchasrawmaterialsup-ply,procurement,eco-designandwasteprevention.

Asearlyasthe1980s,environmentalpolicyprioritisedtheclosedsubstancecycleasanextensionofwastemanagement.Germany'saboveaveragepercapitacon-sumptionofresourcesgivesthecountryaparticularresponsibilityinthismatter.TheGermanpublicisgenerallyawareoftheimportanceofwasteseparationandrecycling.Modernsorting,treatmentandrecyclingtechnologiesarenowwell-

established,andrecyclingcapacityhasbeenexpanded.

Allowingforeconomicandstructuralchanges,wastevolumesgenerallyreflectthematerialstandardofliving.Adecreaseinwastevolumesirrespectiveofeco-nomicinfluenceswasrecordedupto2009–measuredaswasteintensity(ratioofeconomicperformancetowastevolumes).Thisiswhythechallengesarecontinu-ingtogrow.Itwillremaincrucialtorecoverrawmaterialsandenergysources

fromwasteandreturnthemtotheindustrialcycle.

Circulareconomyalsopaysofffinancially.Ithasevolvedintoamajorhigh-

performanceeconomicsectorinGermany.Around11,000companieswithmorethan280,000employeesintotalgenerateanannualturnoverofroughly80bil-lioneuros.Themanagementinfrastructurecomprises14,500facilities,achiev-inghighratesofrecyclingformunicipalwaste(67percent),productionand

5

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Circulareconomyalsopays

offfinancially

commercialwaste(around70percent)andconstructionanddemolitionwaste(almost90percent).

InGermany,thecoreelementsofcirculareconomyaresetoutinthe2018Circu-larEconomyAct(KrWG).IttransposestheEUWasteFrameworkDirectiveintonationallaw,formsthelegalbasisforcirculareconomyandcontainskeyfun-

damentalprinciples.Beginningwiththelegaldefinitionofwaste,theseincludeinparticularthepolluterpaysprinciple,thefive-stepwastehierarchy,producerresponsibility,wastepreventionandthenewdutyofcarefordistributorsandtradersinthecarefulmanagementoftheirgoods.

Theaimofthispublicationistoshowcasewhatcitizensachievetogetherwiththeirmunicipalitiesandindustry,andtoprovideexamplestoothercountrieswishingtoclosetheirmaterialscyclesinanecologicallysoundway.

Ultimately,circulareconomyisaglobaltask,andGermancompanies,scientificinstitutionsandmunicipalstakeholderscanmakeavaluablecontributionwiththeirexpertise,servicesandmoderntechnologies.

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WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

1

Waste

generation

Germanystillproducesfartoomuchwaste.Wastevolumesreflectmaterial

prosperity,butthereareanumberofwaystodecouplethisprosperityfromthegenerationofwaste.Formunicipalwasteinparticular,itisimperativetostepupeffortstopromoteconsumerawarenessandwasteprevention.Wastepreventionisnecessary,butitisnotanalternativetocirculareconomy.

Toprotecttheenvironment,combatclimatechangeandconserveresources,wewillalwaysneedstate-of-the-artwastemanagementfacilities.Keyelementsofthisarerecycling,energyrecoveryfromnon-recyclablewasteandlandfillingofresidues.Thehighcostsofenergyrecoveryresultingfromenvironmentalstipu-lations,especiallyforfluegaspurification,createthenecessaryeconomicincen-tivestogiveprioritytorecycling.

Everyyeararound340milliontonnesofwastearegenerated(withoutdouble

counting).Thevastmajorityofthiswasteisconstructionand

demolitionwastethatisreusedforconstructionmeasures.

Aroundtwo-thirdsoftheapprox.50milliontonnes

ofmunicipalwastearerecycled.

However,theshareof

recyclatesfromrecyc-

lingisonlyjustover

50percentofmunicipalwaste.

7

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Figure1:WastegenerationinGermany2000to2020

includinghazardouswaste

inmilliontonnes

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

228.1

209.0

197.7

199.3

195.0

260.7223.4

47.7

46.7

54.8

54.2

55.1

51.3

59.2

47.3

406.7

366.4

340.8322.2333.5

351.2362.3356.1

229.3

48.2

46.7

28.8

50.3

28.6

50.9

31.4

51.6

42.0

30.3

27.5

50.1

49.6

46.4

48.4

49.7

20002003200620092012201520182020

Total

Construction

and

demolition

Production

and

commerce

Mineral

resources

Municipal

Source:FederalStatisticalOffice,2020

8

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Figure2:Decouplingwastegenerationfromeconomicperformance

2000to2020

inbillioneuros

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

72.6

10083.584.78288.387.6

71.966.7

76

81.7

131.3

111.4113.9121.7

102.2

100100

2000

20042008201220162020

Grossdomesticproduct,priceadjusted

Netwastegeneration

Wasteintensityofnetwastegeneration

Source:FederalStatisticalOffice,2022

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WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Toprotecttheenvironment,

combatclimatechangeand

conserveresources,wewillalways

needstate-of-the-artwaste

managementfacilities

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WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

2

Waste

prevention

Inadditiontothewasteindustry,circulareconomy

alsocoverstheupstreamindustrialphases,where

thesemayinfluencehowwasteisgeneratedandman-

aged.Inthiscontext,therecycling-friendlydesignof

productsintermsoftheireaseofdismantling,pollu-

tantcontentandresourceconsumptionandexploring

optionsforwastepreventionbothplayanimportant

role.

Theaimofwastepreventionistominimisewastegenerationandpollutant

contentofwaste,withaviewtoconservingresources.Tothisend,theGermangovernmentandfederalstates(L?nder)adoptedthesecondWastePreventionProgrammein2020.Thefirstprogramme,adoptedin2013,providedforpublicmeasures.Theupdatedprogrammeaddressesthemanyopportunitiesforwastepreventionavailabletothepublic,privatecompaniesandinstitutions.

Itisthereforecrucialtoraisepublicawarenessandsensitisepeopletothebene-fitsofeffectivewasteprevention.Optingfordurable,streamlinedandrepairablegoodsratherthanunnecessaryandshort-livedproducts,switchingfromprod-uctstoservicesandfromownershiptoshareduse,achangeinbehaviour–thesearejustsomeexamplesofhoweachofuscanhelpprotecttheplanetthrough

informeddecisions.

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WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Itiscrucialtoraisepublic

awarenessandsensitisepeople

tothebenefitsofeffectivewaste

prevention

Additionally,attheeventorganisedbytheGermanAssociationofLocalPublicUtilities(VKU)everyyearattheendofNovembertomarkthestartoftheEuro-peanWeekforWastePrevention,commissionedbytheFederalMinistryfortheEnvironment,NatureConservation,NuclearSafetyandConsumerProtection,best-practiceexamplesarepresentedandnewdevelopmentsarediscussed.

12

Recoveryanddisposal

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

3

Toachievesustainabledevelopment,weneedtodecoupleresourceconsumptionfromeconomicgrowth.Germany,withitsaboveaverageresourceconsump-

tion,needsanswerssoitcanliveuptoitsresponsibility.However,anefficiencystrategycanonlybesuccessfulinthelongtermifitsefficiencygainsarenot

swallowedupbyrisingproductionandconsumption.Wastepreventionandin-creasedmaterialsrecoveryfromwasteareakeytothis.Ourgoalistotransformthewasteindustryintoasourceforobtainingrawmaterialsandfortheproduc-tionofgoods.

ThehighrecyclingandrecoveryratesinGermanyhelpsaveresourcesand

primaryenergy,andhighlightthewasteindustry'scontributiontosustainableeconomicpractices.

Non-recoverablewastemustbedisposedofsafely,

withoutharminghumanhealthortheenviron-

ment.Priortobeinglandfilled,organicwastemustundergomechanicalbiological

treatment(MBT)orthermaltreatment

torenderitinertandsignificantly

reducereleasesofleachateand

landfillgases.Themethanethatformsinlandfillsis34times

moredamagingtotheclimate

thanCO2.Thelandfillingofuntreatedorganicwastehasbeenbannedsincemid-2005.

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WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

In2017,68wasteincinerationplantswithacapacityofaround20milliontonneswereoperatinginGermanyforthetreatmentofresidualwaste.Afurtherapprox.5milliontonnesofincinerationcapacitywereavailablein32refuse-derivedfuel(RDF)powerplants.In2017,atotalof45MBTplantswithacapacityofaround5milliontonnestreatedsome4.5milliontonnesofwaste.Onlyaround0.5mil-liontonnesofthiswastewassubsequentlylandfilled.

Figure3:Compositionofhouseholdwastein2020

inmilliontonnes

2.2

2.6

Other(metals,textiles,etc.)

Glass

6.9

Paper

0.8

Total

46.6

Wasteelectronicand

electricequipment

(notrecordedseparately)

5.2

Plastic/lightweight

packaging

14.6

Householdwaste,similarcommercialwaste

3

Bulkywaste

5.7

Gardenandpark

waste,biodegradable

5

Wastefrombio-bins

Source:FederalStatisticalOffice,2022;BMUV

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WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Figure4:Morerecyclablesthanresidualwastein2020–householdwaste

inmilliontonnes

2020

2000

1990

Residualw

aste

15

Biowaste,

packaging,g

lass,paper

18

25

31

34

5

05101520253035

Source:FederalStatisticalOffice,2022

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WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Figure5:Constructionanddemolitionwastein2020(includingroad

constructionwaste,non-hazardous)inmilliontonnes

Totaldisposal:

23.1milliontonnes

21.577

Landfilling

1.497

Incineration

andtreatment

1.088

Energyrecovery

196.463

Materialsrecovery

Total

220.6

Source:FederalStatisticalOffice,2022;BMUV

Totalrecovery:

197.5milliontonnes

16

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

4

Commercialwaste

Wastefromprivatehouseholdsisgenerallycollectedbypublicwastemanage-mentproviders,butthe3.6millionplusbusinessesinGermanyarethemselvesresponsibleforthedisposalorrecoveryoftheirwaste.

Toimplementthefive-stepwastehierarchy,thenewCommercialWastesOrdin-ance(GewAbfV),whichenteredintoforceon1August2017,introducedastrictcascadeofobligationsprioritisingtheseparatecollectionandrecyclingofpaper,boardandcardboard,glass,plastics,metals,wood,textiles,biowasteandother

production-specificwastefractions.

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WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Anyremainingmixedwastemustbeconsignedtopre-treatmenttoextracttherecoverablecomponentsforrecycling.Mixedwastemayonlyundergoenergyrecoveryorbedisposedofifitsseparationisshowntobetechnicallyimpossibleoreconomicallyunreasonable.

Additionally,since1January2019,pre-treatmentfacilitiesmustfulfilspecific

technicalrequirements(includingminimumcomponents)andachieveasortingrateofatleast85percentandarecyclingrateofatleast30percent.TheGermangovernmentiscurrentlyreviewingtherecyclingratebasedondevelopmentsinthewasteindustryandtheexperiencegained.

Operatorsoffacilitiesmustdocumentcompliancewithrequirementsforsep-

aratecollection,givingreasonsforanydeviation,andkeeparecordofwaste

consignedtopre-treatmentandenergyrecovery.Authoritiescanrequestcorres-pondingdocumentationfromoperatorstocheckcompliancewiththerequire-mentsoftheCommercialWastesOrdinance.

18

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

5

Waste

graphicpaper

AttheinitiativeoftheFederalEnvironmentMinistry,on26September1994

theArbeitsgemeinschaftGraphischePapiere(graphicpaperworkinggroup,

AGRAPA),anallianceofassociationsandorganisationsofthepaperproduc-

ing,importingandprintingindustry,paperwholesalersandpublishinghouses,signedavoluntarycommitmentdeclarationpledgingtograduallyincreasetherecoveryrateofwastegraphicpaperand,from2000,tomeetarecoverytargetof60percent.

Thetermgraphicpaperreferstoprintproductsandpaperforofficeandad-

ministrationpurposes.InSeptember2001,thepositiveresultsledAGRAPAto

reaffirmits1994voluntarycommitmentandfurtherpledgetopermanently

maintaintherateat80percent(+/-3percent).Todate,ithasbeenabletoachievethistarget,whichisverywelcomenewsfortheenvironment.Thepaperindustryisclearlymeetingitsproducerresponsibility,whileatthesametimethecom-

mitmentreinforcesthevalueofwastepaperrecyclingintheGermanpaperin-dustryandmakesasignificantcontributiontowardsrelievingtheburdenontheenvironment.

19

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

10,000

100

90

9,000

8,000

64%

80

70

60

7,000

5,001

6,585

4,917

5,489

7,473

7,318

6,090

8,242

9,0238,687

7,371

Figure6:Recoveryofwastegraphicpaper1994to2019

(recoveryrate)

Consumptionofgraphicpaper

inpercent

Recoveryrate

in1,000tonnes

81%

86%

80%

82%

93.5%

88%

6,235

6,000

7,679

5,350

50

5,000

40

30

4,000

3,000

20

2,000

10

1,000

0

0

1994200020062012201720192020

products

Source:ArbeitsgemeinschaftGraphischePapiere,FederalEnvironmentAgency,2022;BMUV

20

Wastewood

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

6

In2016,around10milliontonnesofwastewoodweregeneratedinGermany.Ofthis,4milliontonneswereconstructionanddemolitionwaste,2.6milliontonnesfromwoodworkingandwoodprocessing,0.9milliontonnesofhouseholdand

bulkywaste,0.6milliontonnesofpackagingwasteand0.5milliontonnesof

municipalwaste.Inaddition,3.2milliontonnesofwastewoodwereimportedand1.8milliontonneswereexported.Followingmechanicaltreatment,7.7mil-liontonnesunderwentenergyrecoveryand0.6milliontonneswerethermallytreated.Around1.7milliontonnesperyearwererecycledandusedinthewoodrecyclingindustryforchipboardmanufacture(includingexports).

WastewoodmanagementinGermanyisregulatedbytheWasteWoodOr-

dinance(AltholzV).Theordinancecoversmaterialsandenergyrecoveryand

disposalofwastewood,andsetsouttherequirementsforsafe,high-quality

recycling.Mostrecyclingtakesplaceinthewoodrecyclingindustryduringtheproductionofchipboard;thewastewoodusedmustcomplywithstringentlimit

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WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Figure7:Wastewoodmanagement

Imports

MunicipalwastePackagingwaste

Bulkywaste

Woodworking

andwood

processing

Constructionanddemolitionwaste

inmilliontonnes

1.41

0.52

0.56

0.92

2.55

4.04

Source:FederalStatisticalOffice,2018

Recycling

inmilliontonnes

1.70

0.58

7.73

Recovery

Thermal

treatment

Energy

recovery

valuesforcontaminantsasspecifiedintheordinance.Energyrecoverytakes

placeinaround80wastewoodpowerplantswithaninstalledcapacityofaround800megawattsthataresubjecttotherequirementsofairqualitylaw.

SincetheentryintoforceoftheWasteWoodOrdinancein2002,therehavebeenchangesinthelegalframework(priorityofrecyclingoverenergyrecoveryinlinewiththefive-stepwastehierarchy)andtechnologicaladvancesinsorting,pre-

treatment,samplingandqualitycontrolofwastewoodforrecycling.TheGer-

mangovernmentiscurrentlyrevisingtheWasteWoodOrdinancetoreflectthesechangesandbetterexploitthepotentialofwastewoodforrecycling.

22

Packagingwaste

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

7

Packagingispartofdailylife.Itgenerallycomprisesglass,aluminium,tinplate,plastic,paper,cardboard,paperboardandwood.Reusingorrecyclingthesevalu-able(secondary)rawmaterialshelpsconservenaturalresources,saveenergyandreducegreenhousegasemissions.Theseparatecollectionofpackagingwasteinhouseholds,regulatedbythePackagingAct(VerpackG),hasgreatpublicsupportandiswidelyused.

In2020,around97percentofGermany'spackagingwastewasconsignedtore-covery.Onaverage,everyGermancitizenalreadyconsignsaround30kilograms

23

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Table1:Developmentofrecoveryratesforpackagingwaste1991to2020

(packagingsubjecttoaquota)

1991

1997

2007

2012

2017

2019

2020

Glass

53.7

83.5

83.7

84.7

84.4

84.1

84.2

Aluminium

16.6

79.7

74.2

91.4

91.1

95.9

96.0

Tinplate

37.1

79.5

91.6

93

90.9

91.5

91.9

Plastics

11.6

61

62.2

99

99.4

99.6

99.7

Paper,cardboard

55.8

88.6

86.9

99.4

99.7

99.8

99.8

Beveragecardboard

0

61.6

66.7

98.8

99.4

99.6

99.6

Totalrecoveryrate

39.2

82.6

79.2

96.3

96.8

96.8

96.9

Source:GesellschaftfürVerpackungsmarktforschungmbH(GVM),2021;BMUV

ofseparatelycollectedwasteforrecoveryinbagsandbinsforpackaging.Ontopofthisistheseparatecollectionofglassandpaperpackaging.

Toencouragethepreventionofpackagingwasteinparticularandpromote

well-functioningcirculareconomy,thePackagingActwasrevisedin2021.Thisincludedthepreventionofunnecessarypackagingwastebyintroducingabanonthesaleoflightweightplasticcarrierbagsfrom1January2022.Inaddition,witheffectfrom1January2023,restaurants,bistrosandcafésofferingtakeawayfoodanddrinksarerequiredtoalsoselltheirproductsinreusablepackaging.

Thegoalistoreplaceplasticone-waydisposablepackaging.

24

Biowaste

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

8

Overthepast30years,thevolumeofbiowastecollectedseparatelyaspartof

municipalandcommercialwastemanagementhasincreasedconsiderably,and

continuestorise.Thereasonforthisistheobligation,whichwasintroducedbytheCircularEconomyAct(KrWG)andenteredintoforceon1January2015toensuretheseparatecollectionofbiowastefromprivatehouseholds.Inlightofthis,publicwastemanagementbodiesarecontinuouslyexpandingtheirservicesforthesep-aratecollectionofbiowastefromhouseholds(inparticularbyprovidingbio-binsandsettingupcollectionpointsforgreenwaste).

AccordingtotheFederalStatisticalOffice,in2020inGermanyaround13.65mil-liontonnesofbiodegradablewaste(biowaste)fromprivatehouseholds,facil-

itiesandofcommercialandindustrialoriginweretreatedincompostingplants(around7.41milliontonnes)andinanaerobicdigestionplantsandbiogasinstal-

lations(around6.24milliontonnes).Around5.3milliontonneswerecollectedinbio-bins(64kilograms

percapita)and5.33milliontonnesofgardenandparkwaste(64kilogramspercapita)

werecollectedseparately(intotalaround10.63milliontonnes/128

kilogramspercapita).TheFederalStatisticalOfficealsoestimated

thatin2020,privatehouse-

holdsthemselvescompostedandusedaround2.6milliontonnes(31kilogramspercap-ita)oftheirownbiowaste.

25

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Figure8:Useofcompostin2020

932tonnes

21.1%

Privatehouseholds

(e.g.allotments),

otherpurposes

531.9tonnes

12.1%

Landscapingand

landscapemanage-

ment/landreclamation

Source:FederalStatisticalOffice,2022;BMUV

2,949.7tonnes

66.8%

Agricultureandforestry(includinghorticulture,perennialcropping,

viticulture,hop

growing,etc.)

Inthesameyear,1,102compostingandanaerobicdigestionplantstreatingbio-

degradablewasteseparatelyorwithotherwastewererecordedinwastestatistics.Ofthese,218werebiowastecompostingfacilities,599greenwastecomposting

facilities,227anaerobicdigestionplants(biogasplants)and58combinedanaerobicdigestionandcompostingfacilities.

Intotal,97percentofallbiodegradablewastebroughttowastemanagementfacil-itiesin2020underwentmaterialsrecovery,inotherwordswasrecycled.Inthecaseofwastecompostedbyprivatehouseholds,100percentrecyclingingardensand

plantpotscanbeassumed.Around4.8milliontonnesofcompostwereproducedfrombiowaste,whichwasusedasfertilisersandsoilimproversinvarioussectors(seefigure8).

26

9

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

Marketingofcompostsand

digestates

Separatelycollectedbiowasteisturnedintohigh-qualitycompostsanddiges-tatesforuseasfertilisers(nutrients)andsoilimprovers(humus).Digestingsuit-ablebiowasteinbiogasplantsalsoallowsusableenergy(biogas)toberecovered,whilecompostedbiowastecanbemadeintosubstratemixturesforspecificap-plications.Thisapproachcancontributesignificantlytoresourceconservation.

Biowastealsoplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinenergygeneration.Biogascanbeusedtogeneratepowerandheat,orprocessedandfedintothenaturalgasgrid.TheRenewableEnergySourcesAct(EEG)thereforesupportstheaddition

ofadigestionphaseforexistingcompostingplants.Combinedprocessesofthiskindgeneratebothusablebiogasandvaluablecompost,whichcanbeusedasfertiliserandsoilimprover.

27

Residualwaste

WasteManagementinGermany2023|Facts,data,figures

10

RevisedEUwastelegislationrequiresmemberstatestoincreasetheirrecyclingrates.Uptonow,thegoalhasbeentorecycle50percentofmunicipalwaste(i.e.wastefromprivatehouseholdsandsmallbusinesses).Thenewtargetscallforrecyclingratesof55percentin2025,60percentin2030and65percentin2035.Therevisedlegislationalsochangesthecalculationoftheratefromaninput-basedtoanoutput-basedmethod.ThismeansthatGermany,too,mustfurtherincreaseitswasterecycling.

Figure9showsthewastefractionsinresidualwastethattodatehavenotbeenrecycled.Organicwasteinparticularholdshugepotential,accountingfornearly40percentofresidualwaste.Thispotentialmustbetapped.These