亞開行-二十國集團國家的性別主流化和貿(mào)易便利化（英）

No.2023-16(November)

brief

policy

KeyPoints

?G20’scommitmentshave

focusedonadvancingwomen’sentrepreneurshipbuthave

notfullyconsideredtheir

challengestoparticipatein

cross-bordertrade.Thereisa

needtoapplyagenderlenstotradefacilitationmeasurestopromotewomen’sengagementininternationaltrade.

?AnexaminationoftheUN’sGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationshowsthatthelevelof

gendermainstreamingintradefacilitationinG20countriesislow.

?Thereareseveralgapsintheavailabledataandinformationonspecificmeasuresas

reportingbycountriesonthesemeasuresislow.

?AholisticapproachthatassessestheoveralltradepolicyecosystemshowsthatseveralG20countries

haveundertakenvariedand

innovativeinitiatives,andusedvariouschannelstoaddress

women’sspecificconcernsintheirtradeecosystem.

?TheG20communiqué

shouldreflectthisgrowingimportanceofgender

mainstreamingintradeandincludecommitmentsto

addressspecificconcernsofwomentraders.

?G20countriesshouldalsojointlycollectandsharedataandbestpracticesongender-relatedtradefacilitationmeasurestopromoteinclusivetrade.

?Thedataandbestpractices

shouldguideandinspireothermemberstoincludeagenderdimensionintradefacilitation,foreigntradepolicies,

measurestosupportexporters,andfutureFTAs.

?2023AsianDevelopmentBankInstitute

ISSN2411-6734

DOI:

/10.56506/

WUTE8297

Thisworkislicensedundera

CreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike4.0InternationalLicense.

GenderMainstreamingand

TradeFacilitationinG20Countries

NishaTaneja,Professor,IndianCouncilforResearchonInternationalEconomic

Relations(ICRIER),NewDelhi,India

SanjanaJoshi,SeniorFellow,ICRIER,NewDelhi,India

ShravaniPrakash,Consultant,ICRIER,NewDelhi,India

PawaniDasgupta,FormerResearchAssociate,ICRIER,NewDelhi,India

SanyaDua,ResearchAssociate,ICRIER,NewDelhi,India

1.Introduction

Womenengagedinmovinggoodsacrossbordersfaceanumberofchallenges,includingtimeandskillconstraints,burdensomecustomsrequirements,limitedaccesstotradefinance,andhigherexposuretoextortionandphysicalharassment(WorldBankandWTO2020).Applyingagenderlenstotradefacilitationmeasurescanaddressthesegender-specificimpedimentsandprovideapowerfulimpetustowomen’sparticipationininternationaltrade.This,inturn,canhaveapositivespilloverimpactonglobalgrowthandsustainabledevelopment.

However,addingagenderdimensiontotradefacilitationmeasureshas,untilnow,proventobetoughbecausetheinequalitiesarenotobviousintradeprocedures.TheWorldTradeOrganization’sTradeFacilitationAgreement(TFA),20171wasgender-neutralinitsdesignasitdidnotincludeanyprovisionstomainstreamgender(UNCTAD2022).Nevertheless,tomaketrademoreinclusive,countriesaroundtheworldhavestartedproactivelyincludingprovisionsforfacilitatingwomen’stradeintheirnationaltradepoliciesandstrategies.Gender-relatedconsiderationsareespeciallybeingaddressedviaFreeTradeAgreements(FTAs)asmorecountriesareincludinggender-equalityprovisionsinthetextoftheseagreements.

Againstthisbackdrop,thispolicybriefexaminesgendermainstreamingeffortsintradefacilitation,tradepolicies,andFTAsbeingpursuedbyG20membercountries.ItexaminestheresultsoftheWomenandTradeFacilitationcomponentofthe2021UNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationforthemembercountries(henceforthreferredtoasthe“Survey”).Inaddition,weidentifythegendermainstreamingbestpracticesfromvariousG20memberstohighlightpolicymeasuresandinitiativesthatcanbeadoptedbyothermembercountriesintheirtradeecosystems.Basedonthesefindings,wesuggestapossibleG20commitmenttogendermainstreamingintradefacilitationandalsorecommendactionsthattheGroupcanjointlyundertakeinthisdirection.

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2.RationaleforIncluding

GenderMainstreaming

inTradeintheG20

G20membershaveundertakenseveralcommitmentstoenhancewomen’seconomicparticipation,includingmeasurestoeliminatelegalbarrierstowomen’semployment;addressgenderpayinequity;promote

women’seducation,entrepreneurship,andskill-building;participationinSTEMcareers;andincreasetheproportionofwomeninleadershippositions(Figure1).Theneedfor“collectingmoreandaccurategender-disaggregateddata”hasfeaturedhighontheG20’sagenda.Theyhavealsofocusedonmeasurestoaddressthehighburdenofunpaidcareworkonwomen,topreventandaddressgender‐basedviolence,andtoadvancefinancial inclusion(Figure1).

Figure1:FocusAreasofGender-RelatedCommitmentsbytheG20intheirAnnualCommuniqués

Increasingwomen’slaborforceparticipationrate

Expandingeconomicopportunitiesforwomen

Creatingfamilyfriendlylabormarket

Reducingthegenderpaygap

Enhancingqualityandquantityofwomen’semployment

Increasinginvestmentinskillsdevelopment

Increasewomen’semployabilitythroughtraining

Promotingwomen’sentrepreneurshipandsupportingwomen-ledMSMEs.

PromotingwomeninSTEM

Enhancingaccesstoeducationalopportunities

Increasingaccesstonancialservicesandnancialeducation

Promotingdigitalinclusionandbridgingthedigitalgenderdivide

Endingallformsofviolenceanddiscriminationagainstwomen.

Promotingwomen’saccesstoleadershipanddecision-makingpositions.

Enhancinghealthcareservicesforwomen

Source:Authors’analysisofannualG20communiquéssince2009.

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However,promotingwomenintradeorincludinggenderintradefacilitationhasnotbeenstatedintheG20communiquéssofar.Whilethe2022G20BaliLeaders’Declaration(G202022)recognized,forthefirsttime,“theimportanceofinclusiveinternationalcooperationondigitaltrade,”womenorgenderwerestillnotspecificallyacknowledgedinthecontextoftrade.Thefocusongenderneutrality,infact,madethecommitment“genderblind.”ThisexclusionissignificantbecauseG20membersrepresentover75%ofglobaltrade,andenhancingwomen’sparticipationinG20’stradecanhaveasignificantimpactonassimilatingwomen-ledbusinessesinglobalvaluechains.

Trade-relatedgendercommitmentswouldbeinlinewiththeG20membercountries’engagementsatthe

multilaterallevel.All20memberssignedtheWTO’s

MC12MinisterialOutcomedocumentinGenevain2022(WTO2022),whichrecognizeswomen’seconomicempowerment.Also,16oftheG20Members(exceptIndia,SaudiArabia,SouthAfrica,andtheUnitedStates)aresignatoriestotheWTO’sBuenosAiresDeclarationonTradeandWomen’sEconomicEmpowerment(2017)andarealsoapartoftheInformalWorkingGrouponTradeandGender,2whichseekstoincreaseparticipationofwomeninglobaltrade.

InlightoftheG20’sroleinglobaltradeandthepotentialbenefitsofinclusivetrade,itisvitalfortheG20toincludegendermainstreamingintradeintoitscoreagenda.Thiswouldencourageitsmemberstoundertakemeasurestoassimilatewomen-ledenterprisesinglobalvaluechainsandincreasewomen’sparticipationintradefacilitationandtrade-enablinglogistics.

3.StatusofWomeninTrade

FacilitationinG20Countries

AllG20countriesadoptedtheWTO’sTradeFacilitationAgreement(TFA)in20173tocommittoimplementingmeasuresto“expeditethemovement,release,andclearanceofgoodsbeingtradedacrossborders.”MeasurescontainedintheTFAdirectlycontributetoimprovementinaccesstotheinternet,reductionincorruptionandbribery,andformalizationandgrowthofMSMEs,allofwhichdirectlyimpactwomen(WTO2017).EventhoughtheTFAdoesnotincludeanyprovisionstomainstream

gender(UNCTAD2022),anumberofprovisionsundertheTFAprovidetheopportunitytoaddagenderdimensiontotheimplementationoftrade-facilitatingmeasures.Articles1,2,4,5,6,7,8,10,21,and23oftheTradeFacilitationAgreementincludeprovisionsthatcouldbemadegender-inclusiveintheirimplementation(GlobalAllianceforTradeFacilitation2020).Table1illustratesexamplesofincludingthegenderdimensioninsomeoftheArticlesoftheTFA.

ToassesshowG20countrieshaveundertakenthesegendermainstreamingactionsintheimplementationoftheTFA,themostcomprehensivesourceofdatathatprovidesacomparativeassessmentoftradefacilitationmeasuresacross144countriesisthebiannualUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationconductedbytheUNRegionalCommissionsandUNCTAD.4Theanalysisisbasedon60tradefacilitationmeasures,coveringWTOTFAmeasures,aswellasmeasuresbeyondthescopeoftheTFA.Eachofthetradefacilitationmeasuresincludedinthesurveyisrated“fullyimplemented,”“partiallyimplemented,”“pilotstate,”“notimplemented,”or“don’tknow”(UN2021).

Akeycomponentofthesustainableaspectsofthesurveyincludesscoresontheimplementationof“womenintradefacilitation”measures.Theoverallscoreisbasedonanswerstothreemainsurveyquestions:

?WomeninTradeFacilitationisakeycomponentincludedinthesustainabilityaspectoftradefacilitationofthesurvey.Doestheexistingtradefacilitationpolicy/strategyincorporatespecialsupporttoincreasewomen’sparticipationintrade?

?Hasyourgovernmentintroducedtradefacilitationmeasuresthatspecificallytargetwomenintrade?

?ArewomenrepresentedintheNationalTradeFacilitationCommittee(NTFC)?

Figure2showstheaverageratesofimplementationofthethreemeasuresin“WomeninTradeFacilitation”inG20countriesontheSurvey.SaudiArabiaistheonlycountrywitha100%score,reflectingtherecentprogressthecountryhasmadeinimplementingpoliciestoeliminatevariousformsofgenderdiscrimination.Australia(90%)andFinland(80%)arealsohighperformers,whileIndiahasthehighestscoreamongdevelopingcountries(67%).

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Table1:ExamplesofActionstoMainstreamGenderintoImplementationofSomeTFAArticles

TradeFacilitationMeasure

TFAArticle

tobeImplemented

ActionstoMainstreamGender

Article1:

Publication

andAvailabilityof

Information

Membersshouldpublisheasilyaccessibletrade-relatedinformation(aboutimport,export,andtransitprocedures)onthe

Internet.

Womenshouldbeconsultedtounderstandthemost

beneficialformatandaccessibleplatformforinformationtobeavailabletothem(i.e.,internet,apps,SMS).

Capacity-buildingtrainingforwomen-ownedbusinesses(WoBs)canbeprovidedtoexplaintradingbasicsand

waysofnavigatinginformationplatforms.

Article2:

Opportunityto

Comment,InformationBeforeEntryIntoForce,andConsultations

Allinterestedpartiesmustbeconsultedandgiventheopportunitytogive

commentsonrulesandprotocolsbeforetheyareenforced.

Membersshouldprovideforregular

consultationsbetweenitsborderagenciesandtradersorstakeholderslocatedwithinitsterritory.

Women’stradeandentrepreneurialorganisationsmustbeconsultedbeforepoliciesandrulesareenteredintoforce.

Women’sbusinessassociationsandgroupsmustbe

includedintheconsultativeprocessbetweenauthoritiesresponsiblefortradefacilitation.

Article10:

FormalitiesConnectedwithImportation,

ExportationandTransit

Membersshouldperiodicallyreviewformalitiesanddocumentation

requirementsinlinewithspecifiedcriteria.

MembersshoulduseaSingleWindowforproceduralformalities.

WoBsshouldbeincludedinthereviewofsimplifiedandharmonizedtradeprocesses.

FocusonsectorsthataremostlikelytoimpactWoBsandSMEs.

Supportmarketingandawareness-activitiesofthesimplifiedtradeprocessesamongWoBs.

Womenmustbeprovidedcapacity-buildingtrainingtonavigateelectronicplatforms,suchasthesinglewindow.

Article21:

ProvisionofAssistanceandSupportfor

CapacityBuilding

Donormembersshouldfacilitatethe

provisionofassistanceandsupportforcapacitybuildingtodeveloping-countryandleast-developedcountrymembers.

Capacity-buildingfundsshouldincludespecific

assistancetofemaleentrepreneurstoimprovetheabilityofwomentraderstomeetcustomsrequirementsandtotakeadvantageofpreferentialtradeagreements.

Article23:

Institutional

Arrangements

Membercountriesshouldsetup

institutionalarrangementsforoverseeingtheimplementationofmeasuresof

theTFAbyestablishingNationalTradeFacilitationCommittees(NTFCs).

NTFCsshouldbemadegenderbalancedandincorporategenderissuesintotheiragendas.

Theyshouldincludeprovisionstoaddresswomen’s

concernsinthenationaltradefacilitationstrategiesandbyimplementingspecifictradefacilitationmeasures

targetedatwomen.

TheagendaoftheNTFCsshouldbemadegendersensitivebymakingsurethereisanadequate

representationofwomentradersandwomenentrepreneurialsupportorganizationsinthelistofmembers.

Source:GlobalAllianceforTradeFacilitation(2020)andTanejaetal.(2018).

Basedonresponsestothesequestions,only36%ofthecountrieshaveimplementedtherequirementof“womenmembershipinNTFCorsimilarbodies”(Figure3);while33%ofG20membershaveimplemented“TFmeasurestobenefitwomeninvolvedintrade,”“measuresregardinghowspecialconsiderationisgivenintradefacilitationpolicies/strategiesoffemaletraders”haveonlybeenimplementedinabout26%ofthecountries.However,implementationofallthreemeasuresismostlyonapartialandpilotbasis,andfullimplementationislimited.

Currently,therearesomelimitationsinreportinggender-relatedsurveyresponsesfortradefacilitationthathindercomparablemeasurementacrosstheG20countries.Forone,thereisaveryhighproportion(30%to60%)ofcountriesthatreport“datanotavailable”or“don’tknow”inresponsetooneormorequestions.DiscussionswithUNESCAPofficialsindicatedthatwhencountryexpertsandgovernmentsdonotprovideresponsesorvalidatethedata,itisreportedas“notavailable.”And,“don’tknow”isreportedwhentheexpertsandofficialsfromnational

ADBIPolicyBriefNo.2023-16(November)4

SaudiArabia

Australia

Finland

India

Canada

Japan

Ireland

Argentina

Indonesia

Italy

Rep.ofKorea

Mexico

UnitedKingdom

People’sRepublicofChina

France

Netherlands

Sweden

Brazil

Germany

RussianFederation

Turk?ye

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Croatia

RepublicofCyprus

CzechRepublic

Estonia

Greece

Hungary

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Poland

Portugal

Spain

SouthAfrica

UnitedStates

Denmark

Latvia

Romania

Slovakia

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Figure2:OverallImplementationRateofWomeninTradeFacilitationMeasuresintheG20(2021)(%)

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

89

78

67

565656

444444444444

222222

11

0000000000000000000

Source:UnitedNations(2021).DigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation:GlobalReport2021.

.

Figure3:StateofImplementationofSub-MeasuresforWomeninTFintheG20(%)

35-

30-

25-

20-

15-

10-

5-

0-

Tfpolicy/strategytoincreasewomen'sparticipation

TFmeasurestobenetwomeninvolvedintrade

Women'smembershipintheNTFC

orsimilarbodies

NotimplementedPilotstageofimplementationPartiallyimplemented

FullyimplementedDon'tknowDatanotavailable

Source:UnitedNations.4thUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation.

/report

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customsandtradefacilitationdepartmentsdonothaveknowledgeofgender-relatedmeasuresasitisnotapartoftheircoremandate.Therefore,bynotreportingthedata,somedevelopedandadvancedmembercountriesliketheUSpreventothercountriesfromlearningfromtheirexperience.

Anotherlimitationisthatthesurveyresultsdonotdisclosetheanswerstothesub-questions(Figure4)thatareusedtocalculatethelevelofimplementationofeachcomponent.Thismakesitdifficulttounderstandwhichpoliciesarebeingassessedinthescoringandhowtheimplementationrateswerearrivedatforeachcountry.

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Figure4:Sub-QuestionstotheUNTFSurveyQuestionsonGender

Q48.Doestheexistingtradefacilitationpolicy/strategyincorporatespecialsupporttoincreasewomen’sparticipationintrade?

48.1Doesthetradefacilitationonpolicy/strategymakeanyreferencetogenderequalityasoneoftheobjectives?

48.2Doesthetradefacilitationpolicy/strategyaddressgender-basedbarrierstotradeforwomentraders?

48.3Isdatacollectedorusedtosupporttradefacilitationpolicy/strategydisaggregatedbysex?

48.4Doestheresponsibleauthorityconsidergender-specificimpactsintheassessmentofanytradefacilitationpolicy/strategy?

Q49.Hasyourgovernmentintroducedtradefacilitationmeasuresthatspecificallytargetwomeninvolvedintrade?

49.1IsthereagenderfocalpointintheMinistryofTradeand/orCustoms?

49.2Havetherebeenspecificmeasurestopromotebalancedparticipationofmenandwomenintrainings?

49.3Hastherebeenatleastonespecifictrainingforwomeninvolvedintradeduringthepast12months,bytheMinistryofTradeand/orCustoms?Ifyes,pleaselisttopicsoftrainingsorganizedforwomeninvolvedintrade

Q50.ArewomenrepresentedintheNationalTradeFacilitationCommittee(NTFC)?

50.1WhatpercentageofmembersintheNTFCCommitteearewomen?

50.2Isthereaminimumnumber/percentageofwomenrequiredtobemembersoftheNTFC?

50.3DoestheNTFCincludearepresentativeofwomentraders/entrepreneurs?

50.4HastheCommitteeeverbeenchaired/co-chairedbyawoman?

Source:UnitedNations.QuestionnaireforUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation.

/

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Despitethelimitations,theinsightsongendermainstreamingintradefacilitationprovidedbytheUNsurveyresultsareagoodstartingpointtounderstandhowcountriescanincludegenderintheimplementationoftheTradeFacilitationAgreement.Mostoftheinformationcollectedthroughthesurveyiseithernotinthepublicdomainorisavailableindifferentdepartmentsoragencies.Therefore,agoodandcompletedatasetcouldbeofimmensevaluetoallcountries.

4.G20BestPractices:Holistic

ApproachtoGender

MainstreamingTrade

Facilitation

ThescopeoftheUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationdoesnotincludeanyinformationonspecificmeasurescountrieshavetakentoachievethegivenlevelofimplementationoftrade

facilitationmeasures.Tofillthisknowledgegap,itisimportanttoexaminegendermainstreamingmeasures,initiatives,andchannelsthatcountrieshaveusedtoachievethisgoal.

TheinsightsfromtheUNsurveyontradefacilitationmeasuresindicatethatveryfewcountrieshaveimplementedmeasuresthatapplyagenderlenstotheirtradefacilitationinitiatives.Onereasonforthisisthataddinggenderinequalityintradefacilitationisdifficult,andawiderlensisrequiredtoobserveinequalitiesforwomenwhentheyengageincross-bordertrade.Therefore,asrecommendedbytheUNECE(UN/CEFACT2018),amoreholisticapproachtotheanalysisofgendermainstreamingintradefacilitationisrequired,whichincludes“allthefunctionsthatwomenplayininternationaltradeactivitiesasproducers,traders,entrepreneurs,workers,andpolicydecision-makers.”

Asaresult,inadditiontogendermainstreamingtheimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures,theimplementationofgendermainstreamingintheoveralltradepolicyecosystemisrequired.

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AnassessmentofG20countriesusingthiswidergenderlensshowsthatsomemembershavebeguntomainstreamgenderintotheireconomicgrowthstrategies.Someofthesecountrieshavespecificallyincludedtheempowermentofwomenentrepreneursintheirvisionforlong-termeconomicgrowth.Forexample,SaudiArabia,whichisthebestperformeramongG20countriesonthewomenandtradefacilitationcomponentoftheSurvey,hasdonesobyimplementinglarge-scalereforms5toadvancewomen’seconomicparticipation,especiallywomen’sentrepreneurship.OtherG20members,liketheEU,Canada,Australia,theUS,andGermanyhaveintroducedvariousformsofgendermainstreamingintotheirtradepolicyactionsbasedontheirnational-levelgenderstrategies.

ThefollowingsectionshighlightG20members’effortstomainstreamgenderintotradefacilitationorintotheiroveralltradepoliciesandinFTAs.

4.1MainstreamingGender

inTradeFacilitation

FollowingarethebestpracticesandexamplesfromG20membercountriesformainstreaminggenderintotheimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:

4.1.1India:GenderMainstreamingin

NationalTradeFacilitationActionPlan

India’sNationalTradeFacilitationActionPlan(NTFAP)laysoutthereformagendatomeettherequirementsofthe implementationoftheTFA.Itcontainsspecificmeasuresassignedtostakeholderswithindicativetimelinesfor implementation.TheNationalTradeFacilitationActionPlan2020–2023(GOI2020)specificallyincludesthepromotionof“genderinclusivenessintrade”asanactionpoint(ActionPoint27).TheNTFAPincludedthegendercomponentfollowingtheassessmentoftheUnitedNation’sGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation(UN2020),whichpointedoutthat“gendermainstreamingistheonlyparameteronwhichIndiahasnotperformedaswellasitsregionalcounterpartsTheActionPlanhasconceptualizedanddevelopeda“WomeninGlobalBusinessProgram”thatprovides information,resources,andmentoringprogramsforIndianbusinesswomen.ImplementationoftheactionpointsundertheNTFAP2020–2023includesperformance indicatorssuchasthesharingofaninclusivenessreport,

thenumberofoutreachprogramsconducted,andthenumberoffemalemembersparticipatinginCustomsClearanceFacilitationCommitteemeetings(GOI2020).

4.1.2Germany:GenderMainstreaming

inTradeFacilitationProjects

TheGermangovernmentsupportsTheGermanAllianceforTradeFacilitation,6whichundertakestradefacilitationprojectsthatcontributetotheimplementationoftheWTO’sTFA.TheAllianceworkswithbusinesses,tradeassociations,andgovernmentinstitutionsworldwidetomakeinternationaltradesimplerandfasterwithanemphasisondigitalsolutionsforcross-bordertrade.ThegoalsoftheAlliance’sprojectsaretoreducethetimeandfinancialexpenditureforcustomsproceduresandthemovementofgoods.

AsperinformationontheGermanTradeAlliance’swebsite,theAlliance“recognizesthattradefacilitationmeasurescanhavedifferentiatedeffectsondifferentgenders,”andhastherefore,“setitselfthegoalofdesigninggender-sensitiveprojectsthatwouldcontributetoafeministdevelopmentpolicyintheareaoftrade.”AGenderTaskForcehasbeensetuptoraiseawarenessofgendersensitivityintradefacilitationprojects,andGenderGuidelinespromotegendersensitivityanda“donoharm”approachintheprojects.Inseveralprojects,theyclaimtotrackkeyperformanceindicators(KPIs)likethenumberofwomenexpectedtoparticipateinthetrainingsandthusintheirprojects.BysigningtheCodeofConduct,thepartnersoftheGermanAllianceandtheSecretariatcommittoactinginagender-sensitivemanner.

4.1.3Indonesia:GenderMainstreaming

inCustomsOperations

Indonesiancustomshaveundertakenseveralproactivemeasurestomainstreamgenderintotheirorganizationaswellasintheirworkwithexternalstakeholders.TheDirectorateGeneralofCustomsandExcise,underIndonesia’sMinistryofFinanceguidance,focusesontheimplementationofGenderEqualityandDiversity(GED)(DirectorateGeneralofCustomsandExciseofIndonesia2021).

Followingthis,theIndonesiancustomsdepartmentusedtheWCO’sGenderEqualityOrganizationalAssessmentTool(GEOAT)toassesswhethertheexistingpolicies

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