2023年考研外語考試題目及答案4

考研外語考試題目及答案4

一、UseofEnglish

1>“WewantSingaporetohavetheX-factor,thatbuzzthat

yougetinLondon,Paris,orNewYork."ThatishowLeeHsien

Loong,Singapore'sprimeminister,(1)hisgovernment's

decisionto(2)gamblinginthecountry,(3)two

large,Vegas-style.casinos.Whetherthecasinoswillindeed

helptotransform.Singapore'sstaidimageremainstobeseen.

Butthedecisionhasalready(4)anuncharacteristicbuzz

amongthecountry'snormally(5)citizens.

Thegovernmenthascontemplated,andrejected(6)casinos

severaltimesinthepast.Onereasonwas(7)Singapore5s

economicgrowthwassorapidthatcasinosseemedlikean

unnecessaryevil.BuddhismandIslam,twoofthecountry,smain

religions,(8)ongambling.Thegovernmentitselfhas

traditionallyhadstrong,andoften(9),ideasabouthow

itscitizensshouldbehave.Untilrecently,forexample,it

refusedto(10)homosexualstothecivilservice.Italso

usedto(11)chewinggum,whichitconsidersapublic

nuisance.

Nowadays,(12),Singapore，selectronicsindustry,the

mainstayoftheeconomy,isstrugglingtocopewithcheap

competitionfromplaceslikeChina.Inthefirstquarterofthis

year,output(13)by5.8%atanannualrate.Sothe

governmentwantstopromotetourismandotherservicesto

(14)forvanishingjobsinmanufacturing.

MerrillLynch,aninvestmentbank,(15)thetwoproposed

casinoscould(16)_____inasmuchas$4billionintheinitial

investmentalone.(17)itsestimates,theywouldhave

annualrevenuesof(18)33.6billion,andpayatleast$600

millionintaxesandfees.Thegovernment,foritspart,thinks

theintegrated(19),asitcoylycallsthecasinos,would

(20)asmanyas35,000jobs.

A.claimed

B.maintained

C.announced

D.pronounced

2、(2)

A.draft

B.illegalize

C.devise

D.legalize

3、(3)

A.inthenameof

B.intheform,of

C.bythemeansof

D.intheneedof

4、(4)

A.prompted

B.quickened

C.perceived

D.predicted

5、⑸

A.cool

B.calm

C.collected

D.quiescent

6、(6)

A.licensing

B.approving

C.consenting

D.guaranteeing

7、(7)

A.why

3

B.that

C.because

D.for

8、⑻

A.rely

B.focus

C.frown

D.fret

9、(9)

A.mortal

B.moral

C.morale

D.moralistic

10、(10)

A.give

B.admit

C.bring

D.take

11>(11)

A.ban

B.prevent

C.limit

4

D.authorize

12、(12)

A.therefore

B.however

C.moreover

D.accordingly

13、(13)

A.deflated

B.increased

C.shrank

D.appreciated

14、(14)

A.makeup

B.liveup

C.faceup

D.bringup

15、(15)

A.includes

B.advises

C.beckons

D.reckons

16、(16)

A.turn

B.absorb

C.bring

D.take

17、(17)

A.Dueto

B.Accordingto

C.Asto

D.Onlytoo

18、(18)

A.upto

B.by

C.downto

D.onto

19、(19)

A.ways

B.functions

C.resorts

D.moves

20、(20)

A.stimulate

B.motivate

6

C.simulate

D.generate

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

TheCaliforniaPublicEmployees,RetirementSystem(CalPERS)

haspositioneditselfasthepremierchampionofinvestor

rights,regularlysinglingoutbadmanagersatsomeofthe

nation，slargestcompaniesinitsannualcorporate-governance

focuslists.Andwith$153billionundermanagement,Wall

StreettendstolistenwhenCalPERSspeaksout.Butthe

country，slargestpensionfundhasnevertakenonasbigafish

asitdidDec.16,whenitfiledaclassactionagainsttheNew

YorkStockExchangeandsevenofitsmemberfirms.CalPERS,suit

chargestheNYSEandspecialistfirmswithfraud,allegingthat

theexchangeskirteditsregulatorydutiesandallowedits

memberstotradestocksattheexpenseofinvestors.

ThemoveisamajorslapinthefacefortheNYSE'srecently

appointedinterimChairmanJohnReed.TheformerCitibank

chairmanandCEOcameonboardinSeptemberaftertheexchange's

longtimehead,RichardGrasso,resignedunderpressureover

publicoutrageabouthisexcessivecompensation.

ReedhasbeenwidelycriticizedbyCalPERSandother

institutionalinvestorsfornotincludingrepresentativesof

investorsontheexchange'snewlyconstitutedboardandnot

clearlyseparatingtheexchange，sregulatoryfunctionfromits

day-to-dayoperations.TheCalPERSlawsuitisevidencethatthe

investmentcommunities'dissatisfactionhasn，tebbed."Our

hopesweredashedwhenMr.Reeddidn'tperform”,saysHarrigan.

Thesuitallegesthatsevenspecialistfirmsprofitedby

abusingandoverusingaseriesoftradingtactics.Thetactics,

whicharenotcurrentlyillegal,include"pennylumping),where

afirmpositionsitselfbetweentwoorderstocaptureapiece

ofthepricedifferential,“frontrunning”,whichinvolves

tradinginadvanceofcustomersbasedonconfidential

informationobtainedbytheirorders,and"freezing"thefirm's

orderbooksothatthefirmcanmaketradesonitsownaccount

first.

Manyofthesuit'sallegationsarebasedonapreviously

disclosedinvestigationoftheexchangeconductedbythe

SecuritiesExchangeCommission.Accordingtothesuit,the

OctoberSECreportfound"seriousdeficienciesintheNYSE's

surveillanceandinvestigativeprocedures,includingahabit

ofignoringrepeatviolationsByspecialistfirms”.

Thesuithighlightsthegrowingfrustrationthatinstitutional

investorshaveexpressedwithwhattheyperceiveasasystem

thatneedstoberevamped—ifnoteliminated.Accordingto

CaliforniaStateComptrollerSteveWestley,aCalPERSboard

memberwhoparticipatedintheDec.16pressconference,hehas

repeatedlycalledontheNYSEtoenditsuseofspecialistfirms

tofacilitatetradesandmovetoasystemofopenlymatching

ofbuyersandsellers.BLINDEYE?”There'snoreasonnottomove

toafullyautomatedexchange”,Westleysays."Everyexchange

intheworldisusingsuchasystem.Thetimeisnowforthe

NYSEtomoveintothe21stcenturyandremovethecloudthat

there'sself-dealingworkingagainstinvestors”.

Whatdoestheword"afish”(Para.1)probablyreferto?

A.CalPERS.

B.Pensionfund.

C.WallStreet.

D.NYSE.

2、

TheCalPERSlawsuitindicatesthat

A.theNYSEdidignoreitsregulatoryduties

B.JohnReedshouldresignlikehispredecessor

C.theinvestorsweredissatisfiedwiththeNYSE

D.theexchangeshouldhaveitsboardreelected

3、

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNottrue?

A.InvestorswerenotsufficientlyrepresentedonNYSE's

board.

B.Thesevenspecialistfirmsmadeprofitsbyillegal

procedures.

C.CalPERS'suitagainsttheNYSEresultedlargelyfroma

SEC'sreport.

D.NYSEhadignoredthefirms'improperoperationsforalong

time.

4、

AccordingtoWestley,NYSE'sproblemresultsfrom.

A.itsrelianceonspecialistfirms

B.itssystemofmatchingtraders

C.itsautomatedexchange

D.itsviolationofinvestors，interests

5、

Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe.

A.ChampionofInvestorRights

B.SevenSpecialistFirms

C.CalPERSAppealstoWallStreet

D.LawsuitsagainstNYSE

6、Multifunctionsuperpillsaren，tnearlyasfarfetchedas

theymaysound.Andreducingsuchseriousriskstohearthealth

assoaringcholesterol,diabetes,andhighbloodpressure

potentiallycouldsavemanylivesandbehighlylucrativefor

drugcompanies.AcombopillfromPfizer(PFE)ofits

hypertensiondrugNorvascandcholesterol-loweringagent

Lipitor"couldhavehugepotential”,saysShaojingTong,

analystatMehtaPartners.''Offeringtwofunctionsinonepill

itselfisahugeconvenience”.

Ifsuchpillscatchon,theycouldgeneratesignificant

revenuesfordrugcompanies.InPfizer'sease,thegoalisto

transferasmanyqualifiedpatientsaspossibletothecombo

pill.Norvasc，spatentsexpirein2022,butPfizercouldavoid

losingallitsrevenuesfromthedrugatonceifitwerepart

ofasuperpill.SenaLund,ananalystatCathayFinancial,sees

Pfizerselling$4.2billionworthofNorvasc-Lipitorby2022.

ThatwouldhelptakeuptheslackforfallingsalesofLipitor,

whichheprojectswilldropto$5billionin2022,downfrom

$8billionlastyear.

Pfizerarguesthataddressingtwodistinctandserious

cardiovascularriskfactorsinonepillhasadvantages.People

withbothhypertensionandhighLDLcholesterol(the"bad"kind)

numberaround27millionintheU.S.,notesCraigHopkinson,

medicaldirectorfordualtherapyatPfizer,andonly2%ofthat

populationreachesadequatetreatmentgoals.Takingtwo

treatmentsinonewillincreasethenumberofpatientswhotake

themedicationsproperlyand"assistingettingpatientsto

goal”,besays.

DoctorsalsomaybequicktoadoptNorvasc-Lipitor,Pfizer

figures,becauseit'smadeupoftwowell-studieddrugs,which

manyphysiciansarealreadyfamiliarwith.ButDr.Stanley

Rockson,chiefofconsultativecardiologyatStanford

UniversityMedicalCenter,saysfixed-dosecombinationpills

represent"aninterestingcrossroads"forphysicians,whoare

typicallytrainedto"approacheachindividualproblemwith

care”.Combiningtreatmentswouldchallengedoctorsto

approachheartdiseasedifferently.Butbetterpatient

complianceisimportantenough,saysRockson,thatheexpects

doctors,tobeopentotryingthecombinedpill.

Someotherphysiciansaremoreskeptical."Ifyouwanttochange

dosageononeofthenewpilFstwodrugs,you'restuck”,fears

Dr.IreneGavris,professorofmedicineatBostonUniversity

SchoolofMedicine.Shesaysshewouldfeelmostcomfortable

tryingthecombinationpillonpatientswho“havebeenonthe

drugsforawhile"andarethusuniikelytoneedchangesin

dosage.

Asusual,economicscouldtipthescales.Patientsnowtaking

bothLipitorandNorvasc"couldcuttheirinsurancecopayin

half"byswitchingtothecombodrug,Gavrisnotes.That'sa

keyadvantage.Controllinghypertension,forinstance,can

requirethreeormoredrugs,andthefinancialburdenon

patientsmountsquickly.Ifpatientsalsobenefit一asPfizer

andotherdrugcompaniescontend一makingtheswitchto

superpillscouldbeadvantageousforeveryone.

PfizercouldavoidthelosscausedbyexpirationofNorvasc，s

patentsby.

A.reducingthevariousriskstohearthealth

B.switchingthepatientstothesuperpills

C.offeringgreaterconveniencetopatients

D.increasingthesalesofLipitor

7、

WhichofthefollowingisNotoneoftheadvantagesof

superpills?

A.Lesseningseveralriskstotheheartatthesametime.

不______Q

q13

B.Restoringthelostbodyfunctionsofthepatients.

C.Contributingenormouslytotheincomeofdrugcompanies.

D.Helpingmorepatientstoreachtreatmentgoals.

8、

Thefourthparagraphisintendedmainlyto.

A.contrastdifferentresponsestocombopills

B.explainPfizer(sexpectationofdoctors，support

C.illustratedoctors;possiblereceptionofcombopills

D.stresstheimportanceofpatientcompliance

9、

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat.

A.doctors，approvalisdecisivefortheinventionof

medicines

B.drugcompanieswillbenefitalotfromthenewpills

financially

C.differentpeopleexhibitdifferentattitudestowardthe

newpills

D.switchinmedicationsisuptoacombinationoffactors

10、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardssuperpillscanbestbedescribed

asoneof.

A.approval

B.neutral

C.tolerance

D.disapproval

11>Aftertheir20-year-oldsonhangedhimselfduringhis

winterbreakfromtheUniversityofArizonafiveyearsago,

DonnaandPhilSatowwonderedwhatsignstheyhadoverlooked,

andstartedasking'otherstudentsforanswers.

WhatgrewfromthissoulsearchingwasUlifeline

(www.ulifeline,org),awebsitewherestudentscangetanswers

toquestionsaboutdepressionbyloggingonthroughtheir

universities.Thesitehasbeenadoptedasaresourcebyover

120colleges,whichcancustomizeitwithlocalinformation,

andover1.3millionstudentshaveloggedonwiththeircollege

ID's.

"It'saverysolidwebsitethatraisesawarenessofsuicide,

de-stigmatizesmentalillnessandencouragespeopletoseekthe

helptheyneed”,saidPaulGrayson,thedirectorofcounseling

servicesatNewYorkUniversity,whichstartedusingthe

servicenearlyayearago.

ThemaincomponentofthewebsiteistheSelf-E-Valuator,a

self-screeningprogramdevelopedbyDukeUniversityMedical

Centerthattestsstudentstodeterminewhethertheyareatrisk

fordepression,suicideanddisorderslikeanorexiaanddrug

dependence.Besideshelpingstudents,theservicecompiles

anonymousstudentdata,offeringadministratorsanimportant

windowontothementalhealthofitscampus.

Thesiteprovidesuniversityuserswithlinkstolocalmental

healthservices,acatalogofinformationonprescriptiondrugs

andsideeffects,andaccesstoGoAskAlice,avastarchive

developedbyColumbiaUniversitywithhundredsofresponsesto

anonymouslypostedinquiriesfromcollegestudentsworldwide.

Forstudentsconcernedabouttheirfriends,thereisasection

thatdescribeswarningsignsforsuicidalbehavior,and

depression.

Yetitishardtodeterminehoweffectivetheserviceis.The

anonymityoftheonlineservicecanevenplayoutasanegative.

“Thereisnosubstituteforpersonalinteraction（個人互動才

能解決）“，saidDr.LannyBerman,executivedirectorofthe

AmericanAssociationofSuicidology,basedinWashington.

Ulifelinewouldbethefirsttosaythatitsserviceisno

replacementforanactualtherapist."Thepurposeistofind

outiftherearesignsofdepressionandthendirectpeopleto

therightplaces”,saidRonGibori,executivedirectorof

Ulifeline.Mrs.Satow,whoisstillinvolvedwithUlifeline,

calledit“aknowledgebase“thatmighthavepreventedthedeath

ofherson,Jed."IfJed'sfriendshadknownthesignsof

depression,theymighthaveseensomething”,shesaid.

Thefirstparagraphiswrittento.

A.reportthesuicideofayoungman

B.showthesufferingofMr.andMrs.Satow

C.describetheSatows;confusionovertheirson'sdeath

D.introducethetopicofawebsitecalledUlifeline

12、

Onereasonthatmanycollegesadoptthewebsiteisto.

A.providetheirstudentswithcampusinformation

B.offermedicaltreatmenttostudentsinmentaldisorder

C.encouragetheirstudentstoseekadviceaboutdepression

D.givetheirstudentsvarioushelptheymayneed

13、

GoAskAliceasmentionedinthepassageis.

A.asideeffectcausedbysomeprescriptiondrugs

B.intendedtocounselcollegestudentsonmentalproblems

C.acollectionofmedicalresponsesfromstudentstheworld

over

D.meanttodescribethevarioussignsofmentaldisorders

14、

Thefirstsentenceofthesixthparagraphimpliesthat

A.onlyactualtherapycanensureadequatetreatment

B.thehelpgivenbythewebserviceisdoubtful

C.doctorshaveexpressedanegativeviewoftheservice

D.atherapist，sofficeisthefirstplaceforthedepressed

togo

15、

Mrs.Satowwouldprobablyagreethat.

A.Jed'sfriendscanpreventherson'sdeath

B.herson,ssuicideisunavoidable

C.Ulifelineisaworthwhilewebsite

D.depressionisthefinalcauseofsuicides

16、Themeaningsof"science"and"technology"havechanged

significantlyfromonegenerationtoanother.More

similaritiesthandifferences,however,canbefoundbetween

theterms.Bothscienceandtechnologyimplyathinkingprocess,

bothareconcernedwithcausalrelationshipsinthematerial

world,andbothemployanexperimentalmethodologythatresults

inempiricaldemonstrationsthatcanbeverifiedbyrepetition.

Science,atleastintheory,islessconcernedwiththe

practicalityofitsresultsandmoreconcernedwiththe

developmentofgenerallaws,butinpracticescienceand

technologyareinextricablyinvolvedwitheachother.The

varyinginterplayofthetwocanbeobservedinthehistorical

developmentofsuchpractitionersaschemists,engineers,

physicists,astronomers,carpenters,potters,andmanyother

specialists.Differingeducationalrequirements,social

status,vocabulary,methodology,andtypesofrewards,aswell

asinstitutionalobjectivesandprofessionalgoals,contribute

tosuchdistinctionsascanbemadebetweentheactivitiesof

scientistsandtechnologists;butthroughouthistorythe

practitionersof"pure"sciencehavemademanypracticalas

wellastheoreticalcontributions.

Indeed,theconceptthatscienceprovidestheideasfor

technologicalinnovationsandthatpureresearchistherefore

essentialforanysignificantadvancementinindustrial

civilizationisessentiallyamyth.Mostofthegreatest

changesinindustrialcivilizationcannotbetracedtothe

laboratory.Fundamentaltoolsandprocessesinthefieldsof

mechanics,chemistry,astronomy,metallurgy,andhydraulics

weredevelopedbeforethelawsgoverningtheirfunctionswere

discovered.Thesteamengine,forexample,wascommonplace

beforethescienceofthermodynamicselucidatedthephysical

principleunderlyingitsoperations.

Inrecentyearsasharpvaluedistinctionhasgrownupbetween

scienceandtechnology.Advancesinsciencehavefrequentlyhad

theirbitteropponents,buttodaymanypeoplehavecometofear

technologymuchmorethanscience.Forthesepeople,science

maybeperceivedasaserene,objectivesourcefor

understandingtheeternallawsofnature,whereasthepractical

manifestationsoftechnologyinthemodernworldnowseemto

themtobeoutofcontrol.

Manyhistoriansofsciencearguenotonlythattechnologyis

anessentialconditionofadvanced,industrialcivilization,

butalsothattherateoftechnologicalchangehasdeveloped

itsownmomentuminrecentcenturies.Innovationsnowseemto

appearataratethatincreasegeometrically,withoutrespect

togeographicallimitsorpoliticalsystems.Theseinnovations

tendtotransform,traditionalculturalsystems,frequently

withunexpectedsocialconsequences.Thustechnologycanbe

conceivedasbothacreativeandadestructiveprocess.

Scienceis,astheauthorargues,similartotechnologyinthat

A.itinvolvesalongprocessofchange

B.itfocusesonthecasualaspectsofthematerialworld

C.itresortstoexperimentsasanexclusivemethodof

research

D.itisconcernedaboutthetheoreticaldevelopment

17、

WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthorNotagreewith?

A.Scientificactivitiesaredeeplyinvolvedwiththoseof

technology,

B.Industrialcivilizationislargelybasedonthescientific

progress.

C.Scienceandtechnologymoveforwardatacomparablespeed.

D.Eitherofscienceandtechnologyisnecessaryforthe

advanceofeachother.

18、

Theexampleofthesteamengineispresentedto.

A.refutethebeliefthatindustrialprogressfeedsoff

scientificideas

B.illustratetheremarkableachievementsofindustrial

civilization

C.indicatethatmanygreatinventionsoriginatefromthe

laboratory

D.lawscomeoutmuchearlierthanrelatedfunctions

19、

Whatdoes"thepracticalmanifestations...outofcontrol”

(Para.3)mean?

A.Technologyislosingitstraditionalpracticality.

B.Technologyismovingfurtherawayfromscience.

C.Technologicalprogressisbenefitingthewholeworld.

D.Technologyisthreateningtheexistenceofhuman

civilization.

20、

The“historians“asmentionedinthelastparagraphregardthe

technologywith.

A.absoluteenthusiasm

B.totalindifference

C.obviousresentment

D.reservedapproval

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetopicofnuclearfusion,

followedbyalistofexplanations(orexamples).Choosethe

bestexplanation/examplefromthelist.

Scientistssaytheyhaveachievedsmall-scalenuclearfusion

inatabletopexperiment,usingtriedandtruetechniquesthat

areexpectedtogeneratefarlesscontroversythanpastsuch

claims.

Thislatestexperimentreliedonatinycrystaltogeneratea

strongelectricfield.Whiletheenergycreatedwastoosmall

toharnesscheapfusionpower,thetechniquecouldhave

potentialusesinmedicine,spacecraftpropulsion,theoil

drillingindustryandhomelandsecurity,saidSethPutterman,

aphysicistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles.

PuttermanandhiscolleaguesatUCLA,BrianNaranjoandJim

Gimzewski,reporttheirresultsinThursday'sissueofthe

journalNature.

(41)Helduptoridicule

Previousclaimsoftabletopfusionhavebeenmetwith

skepticismandevenderisionbyphysicists.

(42)Soundtheoreticalbasis

FusionexpertssaidtheUCLAexperimentwillfacefarless

skepticismbecauseitconformstowell-knownprinciplesof

physics.

(43)Energyinwaiting

Fusionpowerhasbeentoutedastheultimateenergysourceand

acleaneralternativetofossilfuelslikecoalandoil.Fossil

fuelsareexpectedtorunshortinabout50years.

(44)Processoffusion

IntheUCLAexperiment,scientistsplacedatinycrystalthat

cangenerateastrongelectricfieldintoavacuumchamber

filledwithdeuteriumgas,aform,ofhydrogencapableoffusion.

Thentheresearchersactivatedthecrystalbyheatingit.

(45)Commercialuses

UCLA,sPuttermansaidfutureexperimentswillfocusonrefining

thetechniqueforpotentialcommercialuses,including

designingportableneutrongeneratorsthatcouldbeusedfor

oilwelldrillingorscanningluggageandcargoatairports.

IntheNaturereport,Puttermanandhiscolleaguessaidthe

crystal-basedmethodcouldbeusedin"microthrustersfor

miniaturespacecraft.Insuchanapplication,themethodwould

notrelyonnuclearfusionforpowergeneration,butratheron

ionpropulsion,Puttermansaid.

“Aswildasitis,that'saconservativeapplication,z/hesaid.

A.Infusion,lightatomsarejoinedinahigh-temperature

processthatfreeslargeamountsofenergy.Itisconsidered

environmentallyfriendlybecauseitproducesvirtuallynoair

pollutionanddoesnotposethesafetyandlong-term

radioactivewasteconcernsassociatedwithmodernnuclear

powerplants,whereheavyuraniumatomsaresplittocreate

energyinaprocessknownasfission.

B.Theresultingelectricfieldcreatedabeamofcharged

deuteriumatomsthatstruckanearbytarget,whichwasembedded

withyetmoredeuterium.Whensomeofthedeuteriumatomsin

thebeamcollidedwiththeircounterpartsinthetarget,they

fused.Thereactiongaveoffanisotopeofheliumalongwith

subatomicparticlesknownasneutrons,acharacteristicof

fusion.Theexperimentdidnot,however,producemoreenergy

thantheamountputin一anachievementthatwouldbeahuge

breakthrough.

C.Anothertechnique,knownassonoluminescence,generates

heatthroughthecollapseoftinybubblesinaliquid.Some

scientistsclaimthatnuclearfusionoccursduringthereaction,

butthoseclaimshavesparkedsharpdebate.

D.InaNaturecommentary,MichaelSaltmarshoftheOakRidge

NationalLaboratorysaidtheprocesswasinsomeways

，zremarkablylow-tech”,drawinguponprinciplesthatwerefirst

recordedbytheGreekphilosopherTheophrastusin314B.C.

“Thisdoesn'thaveanycontroversyinitbecausethey,reusing

atriedandtruemethod,，zDavidRuzic,professorofnuclearand

plasmaengineeringat

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、