太陽(yáng)能電池中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)中英文翻譯英文原文HistoricalReviewofSolarEnergySolargenerallyreferstothesunsradiationenergy.CarriedoutinthesolarinteriorfromHtogetherintoaheliumthenuclearreaction,keptahugereleaseofenergy,andcontinuetothespaceradiationenergy,whichissolarenergy.Thissolarnuclearfusionreactioninsidethecantomaintainthehundredsofmillionsoffirsttime.Solarradiationtospacelaunch3.8x10^23kWpoweroftheradiation,ofwhich20billionthoftheEarthsatmospheretoreach.SolarenergyreachingtheEarthsatmosphere,30%oftheatmospherereflectance,23%ofatmosphericabsorption,andtheresttoreachtheEarthssurface.Itspowerof80trillionkW,thatistosayasecondexposuretothesunsenergyonEarthisequivalenttofivemilliontonsofcoalcombustionheatrelease.Theaveragepersquaremeterintheatmosphereoutsidetheareaofenergyperminutetoreceiveabout1367w.Abroadsenseofthesolarenergyonearthmanysources,suchaswindenergy,chemicalenergy,potentialenergyofwaterandsoon.Thenarrowsenseislimitedtosolarradiationofsolarlightthermal,photovoltaicandphotochemicalconversionofthedirectly.Atthisstage,theworldssolarenergyisstillthefocusofthestudyofsolarenergypowerplant,butthediversificationoftheuseofthecondenser,andtheintroductionofflat-platecollectorandalowboilingpointworkingfluid,thedevicegraduallyexpandeduptomaximumoutputpower73.64kW,ObjectiveTocomparetheclearandpractical,costremainshigh.Theconstructionofatypicaldeviceareasfollows:1901,Californiabuiltasolar-poweredpumpingdevices,theuseoftruncatedconecondenserpower:7.36kW;1902~1908years,builtintheUnitedStatesfivesetsofdouble-cyclesolar-poweredengines,theuseofflat-panelcollectorandalowboilingpointworkingfluid;in1913,Humanuseofsolarenergyhasalonghistory.Chinamorethan2000yearsago,backintheWarringStatesperiod,onewillfindthattheuseoffoursteelmirrortofocussunlightignition;useofsolarenergytodryagriculturalproducts.Thedevelopmentofmodern,solarenergyhasbecomeincreasinglywidespreaduse,itincludestheuseofsolarenergysolarthermal,solarphotovoltaicandsolarenergyuse,suchasthephotochemicaluse.Theuseofsolarphotochemicalreaction,apassiveuse(photo-thermalconversion)andthephotoelectricconversionintwoways.Anewsolarpowerandrenewablesourcesofenergyuse.SiliconphotovoltaiccellsmainlyintheabsorptionofsolarlightenergyemittedbysiliconphotocellismainlyextractedfromthesandbythedevelopmentofBellLabs.Solarenergyistheinternalorthesurfaceofthesunsunspotcontinuousprocessofnuclearfusionreactionsproduceenergy.Earthsorbitontheaveragesolarradiationintensityforthe1367w/㎡.CircumferenceoftheEarthsequatorto40000km,andthuscalculatedtheEarthsenergycanbeobtained173000TW.Atsealevelstandardforpeakintensity1kw/m2,apointontheEarthssurface24hoftheannualaverageradiationintensity0.20kw/㎡,whichisequivalenttohave102000TWenergyHumandependenceontheseenergytosurvive,includingallotherformsofrenewableenergy(exceptforgeothermalenergyresources),althoughthetotalamountofsolarenergyresourcesisthehumanequivalentoftheenergyusedbytenthousandtimes,butlowenergydensityofsolarenergy,anditvaryfromplacetoplace,fromtimetotimechange,thedevelopmentandutilizationofsolarenergywhichisfacingamajorproblem.Thesefeatureswillmakesolarenergyintheintegratedenergysystemoftheroleofsubjecttocertainrestrictions.Theuseofsolarcells,throughthephotoelectricconversiontosolarenergyconversionisincludedinelectricity,theuseofsolarwaterheaters,theuseofsolarheathotwaterandusewaterforpowergeneration,usingsolarenergyfordesalination.Now,theuseofsolarenergyisnotverypopular,theuseofsolarpowercostsarehighthere,theproblemoflowconversionefficiency,butforsatellitesolarcellstoprovideenergyhasbeenapplied.AlthoughtheEarthsatmospheresolarradiationtothetotalenergyonly22billionthsofaradiationenergy,ithasbeenashighas173,000TW,thatistosayasecondexposuretothesunsenergyonEarthisequivalenttofivemilliontonsofcoal.Earthwindenergy,hydropower,oceanthermalenergy,waveenergyandtidalenergyaswellassomecomesfromthesun;eveninthefaceoftheearthsfossilfuels(suchascoal,oil,naturalgas,etc.)thatisfundamentallySinceancienttimesthestorageofsolarenergydown,sobyincludingabroadrangeofsolarenergyisverylarge,henarrowsenseislimitedtosolarradiationofsolarlightthermal,photovoltaicandphotochemicalconversionofthedirectly.Solarenergyisthefirsttime,butalsorenewableenergy.Itisrichinresources,canusefreeofcharge,andwithouttransportation,withoutanypollutiontotheenvironment.Formankindtocreateanewlife,sothatsocialandhumanenergyintoaeraofreducingpollution.Solarcellshavetorespondtoalightandconvertsolarenergytopowerthedevice.Photovoltaiceffectcanproducemanykindsofmaterials,suchas:singlecrystalsilicon,polycrystallinesilicon,amorphoussilicon,galliumarsenide,copperindiumselenium.Theyarebasicallythesameprincipleofpowergenerationisnowcrystalasanexampletodescribetheprocessoflightgeneration.P-typecrystallinesiliconavailableafterphosphorus-dopedN-typesilicon,theformationofP-Njunction.Whenthesurfaceofsolarlight,thesiliconmaterialtobepartofphotonabsorption;photonenergytransfertothesiliconatom,electronictransitionshavetakenplace,asafree-electronconcentrationinthePNjunctionformedonbothsidesofthepotentialdifference,whentheexternalcircuitconnectedwhentheeffectsofthevoltage,therewillbeacurrentflowingthroughtheexternalcircuithaveacertainamountofoutputpower.Thesubstanceofthisprocessare:photonenergyintoelectricalenergyconversionprocess.Siisourplanetsabundanceofstoragematerials.Sincethe19thcentury,scientistsdiscoveredthepropertiesofcrystallinesiliconsemiconductor,italmostchangedeverything,evenhumanthought,endofthe20thcentury.Ourlivescanbeseeneverywhere,siliconfigureandroleofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsistheformationofthepast15yearsthefastestgrowingindustry.Productionprocesscanbedividedintofivesteps:a,purificationprocessb,theprocessofpullingrodc,slicingtheprocessofd,theprocessofsystembatterye,thecoursepackage.SolarphotovoltaicIsacomponentofphotovoltaicpanelsinthesunexposurewillgeneratedirectcurrentpowergenerationdevices,fromvirtuallyallsemiconductormaterials(egsilicon)aremadeofthinphotovoltaiccellscomposedofsolid.Becausethereisnopartofactivity,andwouldthusbealongtimeoperationwouldnotleadtoanyloss.Simplephotovoltaiccellsforwatchesandcomputerstoprovideenergy,andmorecomplexPVsystemstoprovidelightingforthehousingandpowersupply.Photovoltaicpanelscanbemadeintocomponentsofdifferentshapes,andcomponentscanbeconnectedtogeneratemorepower.Inrecentyears,thesurfaceoftheroofandbuildingwillbetheuseofphotovoltaicpanelscomponents,Evenbeusedaswindows,skylightsorshelteredpartofdevices,whichareoftencalledphotovoltaicfacilitieswithPVsystemsinbuildings.SolarthermalModerntechnologysolarthermalpolymerizationsunlightanduseitsenergyproducedhotwater,steamandelectricity.Inadditiontotheuseofappropriatetechnologytocollectsolarenergy,thebuildingcanalsomakeuseofthesunslightandheatenergyisaddedinthedesignofappropriateequipment,suchaslargewindowsoruseofthesouthcanabsorbandslowlyreleasethesunheatthebuildingmaterials.Accordingtorecords,humanuseofsolarenergyhasmorethan3,000yearsofhistory.Tosolarenergyasanenergyandpoweruse,only300yearsofhistory.Therealsolarasthenearfuturetoaddmuch-neededenergy,thebasisofthefutureenergymixisthelatestthing.Sincethe20thcentury,70s,solartechnologyhasmaderapidadvances,solarenergyusewitheachpassingday.SolarenergyutilizationinmodernhistoryfromtheFrenchengineersin1615intheSolomonandGermanyCoxinventedtheworldsfirstsolar-poweredenginesrun.Theinventionisauseofsolarenergyheatingtheairtotheexpansionandpumpingmachinesacting.In1615~1900,betweenthedevelopedworldandmorethanonesolarpowerplantandanumberofothersolarenergydevices.Almostallofthesepowerplantscollectthesunmeanstheuseofcondenser,enginepowerisnot,theworkingfluidiswatervapor,whichisveryexpensive,notpracticalvalue,themajorityofindividualstudiesformanufacturingsolarenthusiasts.100yearsofthe20thcentury,thehistoryofthedevelopmentofsolarenergytechnologyingeneralcanbedividedintosevenstages.1.TheFirstStage(19001920)Inthisstage,theresearchfocusofsolarenergyintheworldwerestillon

the

solar-powered

devicewhichvariablephotospotmethodwereappliedandflatplateheatcollectorandlowboilingpointactuatingmediumwerestartedtouse;thecapacityofthedevicewasgraduallyexpandedwiththemax.outputpowerof73.46kW;devicewasutilizedwiththedefiniteend-useandinhighercost.Thetypicalbuiltdeviceincluded:onesetof

solarenergy

pumpingdeviceconstructedinCaliforniaofU.Sin1901whichemployedtruncationtaperphotospotwiththepowerof7.36kW;5setsoftwin-circulatedsolar-poweredenginebuiltinU.Sin1902to1908whichemployedtheflatplateheatcollectorandlowboilingpointactuatingmedium;1setofsolarenergypumpcomprisedof5parabolicmirrorinalengthof62.5m,widthof4mbuiltinCairoofEgyptinwhichthetotallightcollectingareacouldreach1250m2.2.TheSecondStage(1920-1965)Forthese20years,theresearchof

solarenergy

wasimplementingonthepoorstage,whichthemandatetoparticipateinthedevelopmentandtheresearchprojectshadbeenwidelydeclinedduetothemassutilizationoffossilfuelsandthesecondworldwar(19351945)whilethesolarenergycouldn’tsatisfytheurgentdemandupontheenergy.Therefore,theresearchanddevelopmentofsolarenergy

wasduetobegraduallydeserted.3.TheThirdStage(1945-1965)Forthese20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar,someforesightpersonhasnoticedthatthepetroleumandnaturalgasresourceshadbeenrapidlydecreasedandcalledforattentionontheseissuesinordertograduallypromotetherecoveryanddevelopmentofthesolarenergyresearch.Solarenergyinstitutesweresetupandacademicexchangesandexhibitionswereheldwhichraisedtheresearchupsurgeagainonsolarenergy.Inthisperiod,greatprogresswasachievedintheresearchofsolarenergy,inparticular:thefoundationtheoryofselectivepaintsproposedintheFirstInternationalSolarThermalAcademicConferencein1955,whichblacknickelhadbeendevelopedasthepracticalselectivepaints,contributingtodevelopmentofhigh-effectiveheatcollector;thepracticalsiliconsolarcellsdevelopedbyBellLabinU.Sin1954whichlaidthefoundationforlargescaleutilizationofphotovoltaicgeneration.Furthermore,therewerestillothersignificantresults,including:a.

Onesetof50kW

solar

stovewasbuiltbyFrenchNationalResearchCenterin1952;b.Theworldwideprototypeammonia-waterabsorbingairconditioningsystemheatedbyflatplateheatcollectorwiththecapacityof5tonswasbuiltinFloridaofU.Sin1960;c.Anengineequippedwithsiliconwindowwasinventedin1961.Inthisstage,researchonfoundationtheoryandfoundationmaterialofsolarenergywasreinforcedandacademicbreakthrough,i.e.selectivepaintsandsiliconsolarcellswereachieved.Theflatplatehadbeenwelldevelopedandripeintechnologies.Progresshadbeenachievedintheresearchof

solarenergy

absorbingairconditionersandabatchofpilotsolarroomwasestablished.Preliminaryresearchwasconductedontheengineandtowertypesolar-poweredgenerationtechnologies.4.TheFourthStage(19651973)Inthestage,theresearchworkonsolarenergywasstandstillduetothereasonthattheutilizationtechnologiesofsolarenergyhadenteredintothegrowingstagewhichwasnoripeinprocess,heavyininvestmentandlowerineffect.Thusitcannotcompetewithconventionalenergy,whichresultedintheabsenceofattentionandsupportfromthepublic,enterpriseandgovernment.5.TheFifthStage(19731980)Afterpetroleumplayedaleadingroleintheworldwideenergystructure,ithasbeenakeyfactortocontroltheeconomicanddeterminethefatal,developmentanddecliningofacountry.AftertheexplosionofMiddleEastWaratOc.,1973,OPECemployedthemethodofdecliningtheproductionandincreasingthepricetosupportthestruggleandsafeguardthenationalbenefitswhichresultedinheavyeconomicattackforthosecountriesthatreliedonimportinglargeamountofinexpensivepetroleumfromtheregionofMiddleEast.Thus,somepeopleinthewesterncountrieswerefrightenedtocallthattheenergyorpetroleumcrisishadbeenlaunchedintheworld.Thiscrisismadepeoplerealizedthattheexistingenergystructureshouldbecompletelychangedandtransitiontothefutureenergystructureshouldbespeedup.Fromthaton,manycountries,especiallytheindustrializedcountriesturnedtheirattentiontowardsthesupportontheresearchanddevelopmentofsolarenergyandotherrenewableenergytechnologies.Theupsurgeofdevelopingandutilizingsolarenergyhadbeenraisedagainintheworld.In1973,U.Sdrewupagovernmentscalesunlightpowergenerationprogramwhichtheresearchbudgetforsolarenergywereincreasedinalargeamount,andsolarenergydevelopmentbankwastoestablishedtofacilitatethesolarenergyproductstobecommercialized.In1974,Japanpublishedthesunlightprogrammadebythegovernment,amongwhichthesolarenergydevelopmentprojectsincludedsolar

room,industrial-usesolarenergysystem,solarthermalgeneration,solarcellsproductionsystem,scatteredandlargescalephotovoltaicgenerationsystem.Inordertoimplementthisprogram,thegovernmentofJapaninputlargeamountofmanpower,materialresourcesandfinancialresources.Theupsurgeontheutilizationofsolarenergyraisedin1970sintheworldalsoimpactedonChina.Someforesighttechniciansstartedtodevotetothesolarenergyindustryoneafteranotherandpositivelyproposedtotherelativedepartmentofthegovernmentandpublishedbooksandperiodicalstointroducetheinternationaltrendsontheutilizationofsolarenergy.

Solar

stovewaspopularizedandutilizedincountryside;solarwaterheaterwaslaunchedinthecity;solarcellsusedinspacehavestartedtobeappliedintheground.In1975,thefirstnationalsolarenergyutilizationworkingexchangesconferenceheldinAnyang,HenanProvincefurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofsolarenergyindustryinChina.Afterthismeeting,thesolarenergyresearchandpromotionhadbeenbroughtintothegovernmentprogramandawardedsupportofspecializedfundandmaterial.Insomeuniversitiesandinstitutes,solarenergytaskteamandresearchdepartmentswereestablishedoneafteranother.Solarenergyresearchinstituteswerealsolaunchedinsomeplaces.Atthattime,anupsurgeonutilizationof

solarenergy

wasemerginginChina.Duringthisperiod,researchanddevelopmentofsolarenergyenteredintoanunprecedentedwell-developedstagewiththefollowingcharacteristics:a.Eachcountryenhancedplanningon

solarenergy

research.Manycountriesworkedoutshorttermandlong-termsunlightprogram.Theutilizationofsolarenergyhadbeenagovernmentalactionwithintensivesupport.Theinternationalcooperationwasveryactivewhichsomedevelopingcountrieshadstartedtoparticipateintheutilizationofsolarenergy.b.Theresearchfieldwasexpanding;researchworkwasdevelopeddaybydayandsignificantresultsachieved,forexample,CPC,vacuumheatcollectingpipe,non-crystalsiliconsolarcells,water-photolyzedhydrogenproductionandsolarenergythermalpowergeneration.c.Thesolarenergydevelopmentprogramworkedoutbyeachcountryexistedtheproblemsthattherequirementwastoohighandurgentandinsufficientexpectationondifficultyinimplementation.Theyhavethoughttoreplacethemineralenergyintheshorttimeandtoutilizethesolarenergyinlargescale.Forexample,U.Shasoncescheduledtobuildasmallsizesolarenergydemonstrationsatellitepowerstationin1985andonesetof5millionkWspacesolarenergypowerstationin1995.Infact,thisprogramhasbeenadjustedinlater,andthespacesolarenergypowerstationhasnotyetbeenrealized.d.Productssuchas

solarwaterheater

and

solarcells

werestartedtocommercialize.Thesolarenergysectorhasbeenpreliminarilyestablishedwithasmallscaleandineffectiveeconomiceffects.6.TheSixthStage(1980-1992)Theupsurgeonutilizationofsolarenergyemergedin1970swasfallenintoastageofbeingdevelopedinalowandslowstepin1980s.Manycountriesintheworlddeclinedtheresearchbudgetforsolarenergyinsuccessiveinalargeamount,inparticulartheU.S.Themainreasonsresultedinthissituationwerethattheinternationaloilpricewascorrectedinalargerangewhilesolarenergyproductcostwasstillremainingasbeforewhichmaybeofnocompetitivecapability;noanysignificantbreakthroughonsolarenergytechnologiestoincreasetheefficiencyandreducethecostwhichledtobreakdownpeople’sconfidencetodevelopsolarenergy;increaseddevelopmentonnuclearpowerwhichmayrestrainonacertaindegreeonthedevelopmentofsolarenergy.Influencedontheturndownofsolarenergyintheworldwidein1980s,researchworkinChinaalsodeclinedinacertaindegree.Duetothereasonthattheutilizationofsolarenergywasheavyininvestment,ineffectiveinresults,difficultinenergystorageandlargeinlandcovering,solarenergyshouldbeconsideredasthefutureenergy.Somepersonevenproposedthatthetechnologycouldbeintroducedafteritwouldbedevelopedsuccessfully.Onlyfewpeoplesupportedsuchviewpoint,butitwasveryharmfulwhichwillresultinunfavorableinfluenceonthedevelopmentofsolarenergyindustry.Duringthisperiod,althoughtheresearchbudgethasbeenmitigatedinalargeamount,theresearchworkremaineduninterruptedly,amongwhichsomeprojectsachievedprogresswhichfacilitatedpeopletoinvestigateseriouslyontheprogramandgoadsworkedoutbeforeandtoadjusttheresearchfocussothattostriveforgreatachievementbylessinput.7.TheSeventhStage(1992UntilNow)Excessiveburningoffossilfuelledtoworldwideenvironmentalpollutionandecologicaldestruction,whichhasbeenthreatenedthesubstanceanddevelopmentofhumanbeings.Undersuchcircumstance,UNheldtheinternationalenvironmentanddevelopmentconferenceinBrazilin1992.Onthismeeting,aseriesofimportantdocumentwerepublishedincluding

theEnvironmentandDevelopmentManifesto,

Agendaof21st

century

and

UNFrameworkPactonClimateChanging

inwhichtheenvironmentanddevelopmentwerebroughtintotheintegratedframework,andsustainablemodelwasestablished.Afterthisconference,eachcountryenhancedthedevelopmentofcleanenergytechnologies,anddevelopedthesolarenergyinlinewiththeenvironmentalprotectionsoastomaketheutilizationofsolarenergybewelldeveloped.Afterthisconference,Chinesegovernmentalsoturnedtheirattentiontowardstheenvironmentanddevelopmentandpointedout10piecesoftacticandmeasuredefinitelytodevelopandpopularizethecleanenergyincludingsolarenergy,windenergy,thermalenergy,tidalenergyandbiomassenergyinaccordancewiththereality;workedout

Agendaof21st

centuryinChina

andfurtherfocusedthesolarenergyprojects.In1995,theStatePlanning,theStateEconomicandTradeCommission,theStateMinistryofScienceandTechnologyworkedout

theOutlineforDevelopmentofNewandRenewableEnergyfrom1996to2010,

whichdefinitelypointedoutthegoads,objectivesandrelativetacticandmeasuretowardsthedevelopmentofnewandrenewableenergyfrom1996to2010inChina.ThepublishingandimplementationofthedocumentfurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofsolarenergyindustryinChina.

In1996,UNheldtheworldwidesolarenergysummitconferenceinZimbabwe.

TheSolarEnergyandSustainableDevelopmentManifesto

waspublishedafterthemeeting.Importantdocument,i.e.WorldwideSolarEnergy10-YearActionandProgram(19962005),

InternationalSolarEnergyPact,

WorldwideSolarEnergyStrategicPlanning

werediscussedduringthemeeting.Thismeetingfurthershowedeachcountry’scommitmenttodevelopingthesolarenergy.Worldwidejointactionwasrequiredtoextensivelyutilizethesolarenergy.After1992,theworldwideutilizationofsolarenergyhasenteredintoadevelopingstagewiththecharacteristicthat:a.Theutilizationofsolarenergycanbeconsistenttothesustainabledevelopmentandenvironmentprotection,andcanbecarriedoutjointlytorealizethedevelopmentstrategyintheworld;b.Definitedevelopmentgoalswithfocusprojectsandeffectivemeasure,whichwillbefavorabletoovercometheshortagetoensurethelong-termdevelopmentofsolarenergyindustry;c.Inthecourseofexpandingtheresearchofsolarenergy,attentionwaspaidtoconverttheacademicresultsintoproduction,developsolarenergyindustry,speeduptheprogresstobecommercialized,expandtheutilizationfieldandscaleandincreasetheeconomicbenefits;d.Activeinternationalcooperationinthefieldofsolarenergywithexpandingscaleandobviouseffect.Inviewofthereview,thedevelopmentofsolarenergyinthe20th

centurywasnotsosmooth.Generallyspeaking,lowtideperiodwashappenedaftereveryhightideperiod.Thelowtideperiodlastedfornearly45years.Thedevelopmentofsolarenergydifferedwiththatofcoal,petroleumandnuclearenergyinunderstandinganddevelopmentperiod,whichcouldbedemonstratedthatitwasverydifficultytodevelopthesolarenergyanditcannotberealizedtolargescaleutilizeintheshortterm.Ontheotherhand,itwasshowedthattheutilizationofsolarenergywasalsoaffectedbythesupplyofmineralenergy,politicsandwar.However,inaword,thesolarenergyhasachievedgreatlyinacademicresultsin20th

centurythaninanyothercentury.

英文翻譯太陽(yáng)能利用史太陽(yáng)能一般指太陽(yáng)光的輻射能量。在太陽(yáng)內(nèi)部進(jìn)行的由氫聚變成氦的原子核反應(yīng)，不停地釋放出巨大的能量，并不斷向宇宙空間輻射能量，這種能量就是太陽(yáng)能。太陽(yáng)內(nèi)部的這種核聚變反應(yīng)，可以維持幾十億至上百億年的時(shí)間。太陽(yáng)向宇宙空間發(fā)射的輻射功率為3.8x10^23kW的輻射值，其中20億分之一到達(dá)地球大氣層。到達(dá)地球大氣層的太陽(yáng)能，30%被大氣層反射，23%被大氣層吸收，其余的到達(dá)地球表面，其功率為800000億kW，也就是說(shuō)太陽(yáng)每秒鐘照射到地球上的能量就相當(dāng)于燃燒500萬(wàn)噸煤釋放的熱量。平均在大氣外每平米面積每分鐘接受的能量大約1367w。廣義上的太陽(yáng)能是地球上許多能量的來(lái)源，如風(fēng)能，化學(xué)能，水的勢(shì)能等等。狹義的太陽(yáng)能則限于太陽(yáng)輻射能的光熱、光電和光化學(xué)的直接轉(zhuǎn)換。人類(lèi)對(duì)太陽(yáng)能的利用有著悠久的歷史。我國(guó)早在兩千多年前的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，就知道利用鋼制四面鏡聚焦太陽(yáng)光來(lái)點(diǎn)火；利用太陽(yáng)能來(lái)干燥農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品。發(fā)展到現(xiàn)代，太陽(yáng)能的利用已日益廣泛，它包括太陽(yáng)能的光熱利用，太陽(yáng)能的光電利用和太陽(yáng)能的光化學(xué)利用等。太陽(yáng)能的利用有光化學(xué)反應(yīng),被動(dòng)式利用（光熱轉(zhuǎn)換）和光電轉(zhuǎn)換兩種方式。太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電一種新興的可再生能源利用方式。使用太陽(yáng)電池，通過(guò)光電轉(zhuǎn)換把太陽(yáng)光中包含的能量轉(zhuǎn)化為電能，使用太陽(yáng)能熱水器，利用太陽(yáng)光的熱量加熱水，并利用熱水發(fā)電，利用太陽(yáng)能進(jìn)行海水淡化?，F(xiàn)在，太陽(yáng)能的利用還不很普及，利用太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電還存在成本高、轉(zhuǎn)換效率低的問(wèn)題，但是太陽(yáng)電池在為人造衛(wèi)星提供能源方面得到了應(yīng)用。主要是硅光電池在吸收太陽(yáng)所發(fā)射出來(lái)的光能，硅光電池主要是從沙子里提煉出來(lái)的，由貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室開(kāi)發(fā)。太陽(yáng)能是太陽(yáng)內(nèi)部或者表面的黑子連續(xù)不斷的核聚變反應(yīng)過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的能量。地球軌道上的平均太陽(yáng)輻射強(qiáng)度為1367w/㎡。地球赤道的周長(zhǎng)為40000km，從而可計(jì)算出，地球獲得的能量可達(dá)173000TW。在海平面上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)峰值強(qiáng)度為1kw/m2，地球表面某一點(diǎn)24h的年平均輻射強(qiáng)度為0.20kw/㎡，相當(dāng)于有102000TW的能量，人類(lèi)依賴(lài)這些能量維持生存，其中包括所有其他形式的可再生能源（地?zé)崮苜Y源除外），雖然太陽(yáng)能資源總量相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在人類(lèi)所利用的能源的一萬(wàn)多倍，但太陽(yáng)能的能量密度低，而且它因地而異，因時(shí)而變，這是開(kāi)發(fā)利用太陽(yáng)能面臨的主要問(wèn)題。太陽(yáng)能的這些特點(diǎn)會(huì)使它在整個(gè)綜合能源體系中的作用受到一定的限制。盡管太陽(yáng)輻射到地球大氣層的能量?jī)H為其總輻射能量的22億分之一，但已高達(dá)173,000TW，也就是說(shuō)太陽(yáng)每秒鐘照射到地球上的能量就相當(dāng)于500萬(wàn)噸煤。地球上的風(fēng)能、水能、海洋溫差能、波浪能和生物質(zhì)能以及部分潮汐能都是來(lái)源于太陽(yáng)；即使是地球上的化石燃料（如煤、石油、天然氣等）從根本上說(shuō)也是遠(yuǎn)古以來(lái)貯存下來(lái)的太陽(yáng)能，所以廣義的太陽(yáng)能所包括的范圍非常大，狹義的太陽(yáng)能則限于太陽(yáng)輻射能的光熱、光電和光化學(xué)的直接轉(zhuǎn)換。太陽(yáng)能既是一次能源，又是可再生能源。它資源豐富，既可免費(fèi)使用，又無(wú)需運(yùn)輸，對(duì)環(huán)境無(wú)任何污染。為人類(lèi)創(chuàng)造了一種新的生活形態(tài)，使社會(huì)及人類(lèi)進(jìn)入一個(gè)節(jié)約能源減少污染的時(shí)代。太陽(yáng)電池是一對(duì)光有響應(yīng)并能將光能轉(zhuǎn)換成電力的器件。能產(chǎn)生光伏效應(yīng)的材料有許多種，如：?jiǎn)尉Ч?，多晶硅，非晶硅，砷化鎵，硒銦銅等。它們的發(fā)電原理基本相同，現(xiàn)以晶體為例描述光發(fā)電過(guò)程。P型晶體硅經(jīng)過(guò)摻雜磷可得N型硅，形成P－N結(jié)。當(dāng)光線(xiàn)照射太陽(yáng)電池表面時(shí)，一部分光子被硅材料吸收；光子的能量傳遞給了硅原子，使電子發(fā)生了躍遷，成為自由電子在P-N結(jié)兩側(cè)集聚形成了電位差，當(dāng)外部接通電路時(shí)，在該電壓的作用下，將會(huì)有電流流過(guò)外部電路產(chǎn)生一定的輸出功率。這個(gè)過(guò)程的的實(shí)質(zhì)是：光子能量轉(zhuǎn)換成電能的過(guò)程。硅是我們這個(gè)星球上儲(chǔ)藏最豐量的材料之一。自從19世紀(jì)科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了晶體硅的半導(dǎo)體特性后，它幾乎改變了一切，甚至人類(lèi)的思維，20世紀(jì)末．我們的生活中處處可見(jiàn)硅的身影和作用，晶體硅太陽(yáng)電池是近15年來(lái)形成產(chǎn)業(yè)化最快。生產(chǎn)過(guò)程大致可分為五個(gè)步驟：a、提純過(guò)程b、拉棒過(guò)程c、切片過(guò)程d、制電池過(guò)程e、封裝過(guò)程。太陽(yáng)能光伏光伏板組件是一種暴露在陽(yáng)光下便會(huì)產(chǎn)生直流電的發(fā)電裝置，由幾乎全部以半導(dǎo)體物料(例如硅)制成的薄身固體光伏電池組成。由于沒(méi)有活動(dòng)的部分，故可以長(zhǎng)時(shí)間操作而不會(huì)導(dǎo)致任何損耗。簡(jiǎn)單的光伏電池可為手表及計(jì)算機(jī)提供能源，較復(fù)雜的光伏系統(tǒng)可為房屋提供照明，并為電網(wǎng)供電。光伏板組件可以制成不同形狀，而組件又可連接，以產(chǎn)生更多電力。近年，天臺(tái)及建筑物表面均會(huì)使用光伏板組件，甚至被用作窗戶(hù)、天窗或遮蔽裝置的一部分，這些光伏設(shè)施通常被稱(chēng)為附設(shè)于建筑物的光伏系統(tǒng)?，F(xiàn)代的太陽(yáng)熱能科技將陽(yáng)光聚合，并運(yùn)用其能量產(chǎn)生熱水、蒸氣和電力。除了運(yùn)用適當(dāng)?shù)目萍紒?lái)收集太陽(yáng)能外，建筑物亦可利用太陽(yáng)的光和熱能，方法是在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)加入合適的裝備，例如巨型的向南窗戶(hù)或使用能吸收及慢慢釋放太陽(yáng)熱力的建筑材料。據(jù)記載，人類(lèi)利用太陽(yáng)能已有3000多年的歷史。將太陽(yáng)能作為一種能源和動(dòng)力加以利用，只有300多年的歷史。真正將太陽(yáng)能作為近期急需的補(bǔ)充能源，未來(lái)能源結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)，則是近來(lái)的事。20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)，太陽(yáng)能科技突飛猛進(jìn)，太陽(yáng)能利用日新月異。近代太陽(yáng)能利用歷史可以從1615年法國(guó)工程師所羅門(mén)德考克斯在世界上發(fā)明第一臺(tái)太陽(yáng)能驅(qū)動(dòng)的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)算起。該發(fā)明是一臺(tái)利用太陽(yáng)能加熱空氣使其膨脹做功而抽水的機(jī)器。在1615年～1900年之間，世界上又研制成多臺(tái)太陽(yáng)能動(dòng)力裝置和一些其它太陽(yáng)能裝置。這些動(dòng)力裝置幾乎全部采用聚光方式采集陽(yáng)光，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率不大，工質(zhì)主要是水蒸汽，價(jià)格昂貴，實(shí)用價(jià)值不大，大部分為太陽(yáng)能愛(ài)好者個(gè)人研究制造。20世紀(jì)的100年間，太陽(yáng)能科技發(fā)展歷史大體可分為七個(gè)階段。第一階段(1900~1920年)在這一階段，世界上太陽(yáng)能研究的重點(diǎn)仍是太陽(yáng)能動(dòng)力裝置，但采用的聚光方式多樣化，且開(kāi)始采用平板集熱器和低沸點(diǎn)工質(zhì)，裝置逐漸擴(kuò)大，最大輸出功率達(dá)73.64kW，實(shí)用目的比較明確，造價(jià)仍然很高。建造的典型裝置有：1901年，在美國(guó)加州建成一臺(tái)太陽(yáng)能抽水裝置，采用截頭圓錐聚光器，功率：7.36kW；1902~1908年，在美國(guó)建造了五套雙循環(huán)太陽(yáng)能發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，采用平板集熱器和低沸點(diǎn)工質(zhì)；1913年，在埃及開(kāi)羅以南建成一臺(tái)由5個(gè)拋物槽鏡組成的太陽(yáng)能水泵，每個(gè)長(zhǎng)62.5m，寬4m，總采光面積達(dá)1250m2。第二階段（1920~1945年）在這20多年中，太陽(yáng)能研究工作處于低潮，參加研究工作的人數(shù)和研究項(xiàng)目大為減少，其原因與礦物燃料的大量開(kāi)發(fā)利用和發(fā)生第二次世界大戰(zhàn)（1935~1945年）有關(guān)，而太陽(yáng)能又不能解決當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)能源的急需，因此使太陽(yáng)能研究工作逐漸受到冷落。第三階段（1945~1965年）在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后的20年中，一些有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的人士已經(jīng)注意到石油和天然氣資源正在迅速減少，呼吁人們重視這一問(wèn)題，從而逐漸推動(dòng)了太陽(yáng)能研究工作的恢復(fù)和開(kāi)展，并且成立太陽(yáng)能學(xué)術(shù)組織，舉辦學(xué)術(shù)交流和展覽會(huì)，再次興起太陽(yáng)能研究熱潮。在這一階段，太陽(yáng)能研究工作取得一些重大進(jìn)展，比較突出的有：1945年，美國(guó)貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室研制成實(shí)用型硅太陽(yáng)電池，為光伏發(fā)電大規(guī)模應(yīng)用奠定了基礎(chǔ)；1955年，以色列泰伯等在第一次國(guó)際太陽(yáng)熱科學(xué)會(huì)議上提出選擇性涂層的基礎(chǔ)理論，并研制成實(shí)用的黑鎳等選擇性涂層，為高效集熱器的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了條件。此外，在這一階段里還有其它一些重要成果，比較突出的有：1952年，法國(guó)國(guó)家研究