鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展外文翻譯參考文獻(xiàn)

PAGE鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展外文翻譯參考文獻(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展外文翻譯參考文獻(xiàn)(文檔含中英文對(duì)照即英文原文和中文翻譯)外文：FactorsforsuccessinruraltourismtourismdevelopmentSincethe1970s,economicrestructuringandfarmcrisishavereducedruralcommunities'economicdevelopmentoptions,makingolderdevelopmentstrategieslessviableandforcingmanytolookfornontraditionalwaystosustainthemselves.Oneofthemostpopularnontraditionalruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunitiesbecauseoftourism'sabilitytobringindollarsandtogeneratejobsandsupportretailgrowth.Thepurposeofthisstudywastoidentifyandexaminethosefactorsthathavehelpedruralcommunitiessuccessfullydeveloptourismanditsentrepreneurshipopportunities.SeveralfocusgroupswereconductedwithlocalbusinesspersonsandleadersinsixruralIllinoiscommunities.Theresultsclearlydemonstratetheimportanceofthecommunityapproachtotourismdevelopmentandthatruraltourismdevelopmentandentrepreneurshipcannotworkwithouttheparticipationandcollaborationofbusinesspersonsdirectlyandindirectlyinvolvedintourism.Sincethe1970s,economicrestructuringandthefarmcrisishaveseverelyreducedruralcommunities’economicopportunities.Economicrestructuringhascausedalossofruralmanufacturingplantsandmanyjobs.The1980sfarmcrisisintheMidwestalsoledtoadeclineinthenumbersoffarmersandrestructuredfarmownership,forcingsomefarmfamiliestoaugmenttheirincomeswithoff-farmjobs,todepartfarming,ortodeclarebankruptcy.Thefarmcrisisandthelossofmanufacturingjobshadsubstantialrippleeffectsinruralcommunities.Asruraljoblessnessratesroseaboveurbanlevels,realincomegrowthstagnatedinruralareas(SearsandReid1992).Manystoresandagribusinessesdisappearedfromsmallruraltowns.Notsurprisingly,a1992statewidesurveyinIllinoisfoundthat39%ofruralresidentsperceivedtheireconomicprospectsasworsening(Walzer1993).Thesechangeslimitedruralcommunities’economicdevelopmentoptions,makingolderdevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturinglessviableandforcingmanytolookfornontraditionalwaystosustainthemselves.Oneofthemostpopularnontraditionalruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunities(EdgellandHarbaugh1993;Luloffetal.1994).Ruralareashaveaspecialappealtotouristsbecauseofthemystiqueassociatedwithruralareasandtheirdistinctcultural,historic,ethnic,andgeographiccharacteristics(EdgellandHarbaugh1993).Ruraltourismalsoislesscostlyandeasiertoestablishthanotherruraleconomicdevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturing.Ruraltourismcanbedevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturing.Ruraltourismcanbedevelopedlocallywithparticipationfromlocalgovernmentandsmallbusinesses,anditsdevelopmentisnotnecessarilydependentonoutsidefirmsorcompanies.Althoughtourismcanbeexpensivetodevelopincertaincases(e.g.,largeresortareas)orcaninvolvelargefirmsandchains,ruraltourismcanbedevelopedwithrelativelylittleinvestmentcredit,training,andcapital.Hence,ruraltourismcanbelesscostlytodevelopascomparedtoothereconomicdevelopmentstrategies;additionally,ruraltourismneednotinvolvedependencyonoutsidefirmsandtheirdecisionsonwhethertheywanttobeinanarea.Ruraltourismprovidesabaseforthesesmallbusinessesthatmightnototherwisebeinruralcommunitiesbecauseoftheirsmallpopulations.Tourismparticularlyhelpstwotypesofsmallbusinessesinruralareas—thosedirectlyinvolvedintourism(e.g.,attractionsandhotels/motels)andthoseindirectlyinvolvedintourism(e.g.,gasstationsandgrocerystores).Additionally,ruraltourismworkswellwithexistingruralenterprisessuchasfarms(e.g.,U-Pickfarms)andcangenerateimportantsecondaryincomeforfarmhouseholds(Oppermann1996).Nonetheless,ruraltourismremainsoneofthefewviableeconomicoptionsforruralcommunities.Likeothereconomicdevelopmentstrategies,ruraltourismrequiresseveralcomponentstobesuccessful.Tourismdevelopmentinvolves(1)attractions:thenaturalandmanmadefeaturesbothwithinandadjacenttoacommunity;(2)promotion:themarketingofacommunityanditstourismattractionstopotentialtourists;(3)tourisminfrastructure:accessfacilities(roads,airports,trains,andbuses),waterandpowerservices,parking,signs,andrecreationfacilities;(4)services:lodging,restaurants,andthevariousretailbusinessesneededtotakecareoftourists’needs;(5)hospitality:howtouristsaretreatedbybothcommunityresidentsandemployeesintourismbusinessesandattractions(Gunn1988).Leftoutofthislistaretourismentrepreneursandtheirroleinfosteringthesecomponents.Whiletheabovecomponentsandacommunity’sassetsareclearlyimportanttotourismdevelopment,onlythewidespreadparticipationandcontributionofruraltourismentrepreneurscanensureabroad-basedfoundationforsuccessfultourismdevelopment.Aresearchliteraturehasemergedonhowtobestfacilitatethedevelopmentoftourism.Oneview,drawingheavilyontheeconomicliterature,arguesthattourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunitiesarebestdevelopedbyhelpingandcreatingindividualsbusinessesandthenlettingthemcompeteinthemarketplaceforareviewanddescriptionofthisview).Thisview,however,hasbeencritiquedbecause(1)itviewstourismandtourism-relatedbusinessesasisolatedfromthelargercommunityanditsissues;(2)itdoesnotrecognizetheinterdependenceofthevarioussectorsandactorsinvolvedintourism;and(3)mostsmalltourismbusiness,especiallythoseinruralareas,donothavetheindividualresourcestopromoteeitherthemselvesorthecommunityasatouristproduct(Gunn1988;Murphy1985;PalmerandBejou1995).Opposingthisviewisthecommunityapproachtotourismdevelopmentandentrepreneurship(Murphy1985).Asitsnameimplies,theapproacharguesthattourismisacommunityproductandthat,alongwithentrepreneurialskillsandthepresenceoftouristbusinesses,itisalsonecessarytohavethecommunityandlocalcapabilities(e.g.,localleadershipandformalandinformalnetworks)directlyinvolvedintourismdevelopmentandpromotioneffort(Murphy1985).Whilethecommunityapproachmaybeaneffectivewaytodevelopandpromotetourism,creatingthenecessaryintercommunitycooperationandcollaborationisacomplexanddifficultprocess.Businessesareaskedtoshareresourceswhilesimultaneouslycompeting.Localgovernmentsmayseecollaboratingtodeveloptourismasrisky,ortheymaybeworriedaboutlosingcontroloverlocaldecisionmaking(HuangandStewart1996;JamalandGetz1995).Becauseoftheseproblems,researchoncollaborationandthosefactorsthatallowforcommunitydevelopmentoftourismisneeded.Thepurposeofthepresentstudyistoidentifyandexaminethosefactorsthathelpruralcommunitiessuccessfullydeveloptourismanditsentrepreneurshipopportunities.Thepresentstudymakesanadditionalcontributiontotheresearchliteraturebyincludingruraltourismentrepreneurs,anoverlookedgroupinruraltourismresearch(Stokowski1990).譯文：鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展成功因素作者：蘇珊娜威爾遜，丹尼爾·朱莉和約翰國籍：美國出處：SAGE出版社20世紀(jì)70年代以來，經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的改革和農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī)使得農(nóng)村社區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的選擇減少，同時(shí)促使老年人發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略可行性降低，迫使人們?nèi)ふ曳莻鹘y(tǒng)的方式來維持生計(jì)。鄉(xiāng)村旅游及其相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展策略因其為社會(huì)帶來的資金收入、增加就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)及支持零售增長的功能而成為時(shí)下最流行的非傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展策略之一。本研究的目的是確定和審查這些因素，幫助農(nóng)村社區(qū)成功走上發(fā)展旅游業(yè)的創(chuàng)業(yè)道路。幾個(gè)重點(diǎn)群體在伊利諾斯六個(gè)農(nóng)村社區(qū)與當(dāng)?shù)厣倘撕皖I(lǐng)導(dǎo)人進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果清楚地表明重要的社區(qū)不是直接就是間接地參與到了鄉(xiāng)村旅游的開發(fā)中。20世紀(jì)70年代以來，經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的改革和農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī)的發(fā)生已嚴(yán)重阻礙了農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整導(dǎo)致了鄉(xiāng)村農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力和就業(yè)崗位的減少。20世紀(jì)80年代在中西部發(fā)生的農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī)也導(dǎo)致了農(nóng)民和重組制農(nóng)場的減少，迫使一些農(nóng)戶為增加收入而參與非農(nóng)工作，或離開農(nóng)場，或宣布破產(chǎn)。農(nóng)場的危機(jī)和制造工作的丟失對(duì)農(nóng)村社區(qū)產(chǎn)生了重大的影響。隨著農(nóng)村失業(yè)率高于城市水平，實(shí)際的收入增長停滯在農(nóng)村地區(qū)（希爾和瑞德1992）。許多商店和農(nóng)業(yè)從農(nóng)村小城鎮(zhèn)消失，毫不奇怪，1992年伊利諾斯州的調(diào)查表明，39%的農(nóng)村居民認(rèn)為他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)前景將惡化（沃爾澤1993）。這些變化限制了農(nóng)村社區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方案，使舊式的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略例如制造業(yè)的可行性降低，并迫使許多人尋找非傳統(tǒng)的方式來維持生活。其中最流行的非傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)村發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略當(dāng)屬旅游及其相關(guān)的創(chuàng)業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)（艾基爾和哈博1993；魯洛夫等人。1994）。農(nóng)村地區(qū)因其神秘獨(dú)特的文化，歷史，民族和地理特征而對(duì)游客產(chǎn)生了特殊的吸引力，（艾基爾和哈博1993）。鄉(xiāng)村旅游比起其他的農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略例如制造業(yè)相對(duì)來說開發(fā)成本較低且建立較容易。鄉(xiāng)村旅游的發(fā)展可以帶動(dòng)制造等的發(fā)展。鄉(xiāng)村旅游可以與其所在地的地方政府和小型企業(yè)共同發(fā)展，但它的發(fā)展并不一定依賴于外部企業(yè)或公司。雖然旅游在某些中心地區(qū)的發(fā)展需要較大的成本投入或者涉及大公司和連鎖企業(yè)，但是鄉(xiāng)村旅游卻可以在較少的信貸投資，人員培訓(xùn)和少量資本情況下得到發(fā)展。因此，鄉(xiāng)村旅游相比較其他的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展策略可以在較少投入花費(fèi)情況下得以發(fā)展。此外，鄉(xiāng)村旅游不需要涉及依賴外部公司以及他們是否在同一區(qū)域的決定。鄉(xiāng)村旅游為一些因人口少而可能無法留在農(nóng)村社區(qū)的小公司提供了保障。旅游特別有助于兩種類型的小型企業(yè)，在農(nóng)村地區(qū)直接參與（例如，旅游景點(diǎn)和酒店、汽車旅館）和間接參與旅游的企業(yè)（例如，加油站和雜貨店）。此外，鄉(xiāng)村旅游與現(xiàn)有的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)如農(nóng)場（例如，采場）發(fā)展較好并且可以為家庭農(nóng)場產(chǎn)生第二收入（奧普曼1996）。盡管有這些好處，其可行性作為一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，鄉(xiāng)村旅游，在一些農(nóng)村地區(qū)業(yè)有缺點(diǎn)（luloff等人。1994·1989）。如農(nóng)