廣播電視新聞學外文翻譯文獻

廣播電視新聞學外文翻譯文獻廣播電視新聞學外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)外文:Communicatinguncertainty-howAustraliantelevisionreportedH1N1riskin2009:acontentanalysis【AndreaSFogarty1,KateHolland2,MichelleImison1,RWarwickBlood2,SimonChapman1*andSimonHolding1】Abstract

1.Background:Healthofficialsfaceparticularchallengesincommunicatingwiththepublicaboutemerginginfectiousdiseasesofunknownseveritysuchasthe2009H1N1(swine‘flu)pandemic(pH1N1).Statementsintendedtocreateawarenessandconveytheseriousnessofinfectiousdiseasethreatscandrawaccusationsofscaremongering,whileofficialscanbeaccusedofcomplacencyifsuchstatementsarenotmade.Inthesecommunicationcontexts,newsjournalists,oftenreliantonofficialsourcestounderstandissuesarepivotalinselectingandemphasisingaspectsofofficialdiscoursedeemedsufficientlynewsworthytopresenttothepublic.Thispaperpresentsacase-studyofnewscommunicationregardingtheemergenceofpH1N1.2.Methods:WeconductedacontentanalysisofalltelevisionnewsitemsaboutpH1N1.Weexaminednewsandcurrentaffairsitemsbroadcaston5free-to-airSydneytelevisionchannelsbetweenApril252009(thefirstreport)andOctober9(priortothevaccinerelease)forstatementsabouttheseriousnessofthediseasehowthepubliccouldminimisecontagiongovernmentresponsestoemerginginformation.3.Results:pH1N1wastheleadinghealthstoryforeightof24weeksandwasinthetop5for20weeks.353newsitemswereidentified,yielding3086statementsforanalysis,with63.4%relatedtotheseriousnessofthesituation,12.9%providingadviceforviewersand23.6%involvingassurancesfromgovernment.Coveragefocusedoninfection/mortalityrates,thespreadofthevirus,theneedforpubliccalm,thevulnerabilityofparticulargroups,directandindirectadviceforviewers,andgovernmentreassurancesabouteffectivemanagement.4.Conclusions:Overall,thereportingof2009pH1N1inSydney,Australiawasgenerallynon-alarmist,whileconveyingthatpH1N1waspotentiallyserious.Dailyinfectionratetalliesandcommentaryonchangesinthepandemicalertlevelwereseldomcontextualisedtoassistviewersinunderstandingpersonalrelevance.Suggestionsaremadeabouthowfuturereportingofemerginginfectiousdiseasescouldbeenhanced.BackgroundInrecentyears,Australianshavebeenexposedtoarangeoflarge–scalenewscoverageandhealthpromotioncampaignsaboutcommunicabledisease.Thesehaveincludedseasonalinfluenzaadvisories;campaignspromotingimmunisationforvaccine-preventablediseases;travellervaccinationmessages;sexuallytransmitteddiseasepreventioncampaigns,includinghumanpapillomavirusvaccinetopreventcervicalcancer;HIV/AIDSandhepatitisBandCprevention.WiththeexceptionofHIV/AIDSandsexually-transmitteddiseases,eachofthesehasavaccineandcleardirectivesabouthowtoavoidinfection,formingthecentralcommunicativefocusofsuchcampaigns.

TheWHO-declaredglobalpH1N1(swine‘flu)pandemicof2009hasattractedresearchattentionfromvirologistsandinfectiousdiseasespecialists,butlessfromcommunicationscholars.FromthefirstreportsofMexicancasesinlateApril2009,whatwouldbecomesustainedAustralianreportagerapidlyturnedtothelikelihoodofAustraliancasesinvolvingperhapsepidemicandhighmortalitynumbers.Australianswereexposedtodailynewsfeaturingthecountry’sseniorhealthofficialsandanarrayofinfectiousdiseaseexperts,whounavoidably,hadtodealwiththeuncertainandcomplextrajectoriesandvirulenceofthediseaseinthecontextofnewsproductionculturescharacterizedbysevensecondsound-bitesandanappetiteforunambiguous,easilyunderstoodinformation.MethodsSinceMay2005,theAustralianHealthNewsResearchCollaborationhasrecordedandcategorisedallnews,currentaffairsand‘infotainment’programmesrelatedtohealthandmedicineonSydneyfree-to-airtelevisionstations.WesearchedtheAHNRCdatabaseandincludedallitemstaggedwith‘H1N1’or‘swineflu’intheperiodApril25,2009(thefirstmention)untilOctober92009.Allstorieswerevideoclipswhichwereusedforthecontentanalysisreportedhere.UsingalistofcontentcategoriesthatemergedprogressivelyfromthecontentasthepH1N1storyevolved,twoauthors(AFandMI)comparedcodingonasetof15randomclipsthateachwatchedandcodedindividually.Afterresolvinganycodingdifferencesandagreeinguponhowparticularitemsshouldbehandled,theycodedtheremainderoftheitems.Thesecategoriesrelatedtostatementsmaderegarding[1]theseriousnessofH1N1,[2]recommendedactionsviewerswereadvisedtotakeaboutavoidingcontractingorspreadingpH1N1,and[3]reassurancesthatthegovernmentwashandlingthesituation.Astatementwasanydirect(Xsaid“Y”)orattributed("Xsaidthat...”)quotebythejournalistsornewsactorsfeaturedineachitem.Atestofinter-coderreliabilityproducedaKappastatisticof0.63,indicatingagoodlevelofagreement.TheroleoftheInternetasaplatformfordeliveringpublichealthinterventionstospecificpatientgroupsandtothegeneralpublicisconstantlyincreasing,dueinparticulartoitsdisseminatingpotential:theworldwidepenetrationoftheInternetisincreasingandtheuseofthismediumforseekinghealthinformationisfrequent.Moreover,theInternetpotentialforindividualtailoringandinteractivityissuperiortothatofotherhighreach-deliverychannels.ResultsAtotalof353newsstorieswereidentified,containing3,086statementsrelatedtothethreekeyareasofinquiry.Duringthe24weeksreportedhere,pH1N1wastheleadinghealthstoryforeightweeksandfor20weeksremainedinthetopfivemostfrequentlyreportedhealthstories.WealsonotethattheviruswasrarelyreferredtobythenamepH1N1duringthecoverageandinstead,wasroutinelytermedswine‘flu.Whenreportingexactquoteswehavethereforeretainedthetermswine‘flu.（1）SeriousnessOfpH1N1Ofallstatements,63.4%(n=1,958/3,086)relatedtotheseriousnessofpH1N1.Thiswascommunicatedviafourrecurringstories:(i)dailytalliesofinfectionandmortality;(ii)des-criptionsofspreadofthevirus;(iii)theneedforcalmresponses;and(iv)thevulnerabilityofparticulargroups.Webrieflysummariseotherstatementswhichdidnotcomprisesignificantproportionsofthecoverage,butmayhavebeenimportanttothosewhoincidentallysawsomenewsstories.ThisincludedsimilaritiesbetweenpH1N1andotherviruses,governmentmanagementplans,andtheneedforsystemscoveringdiagnosisandtheanticipatedvaccinerollout.（2）AdviceAndRecommendedActionsForViewersInmorethanonethirdofstories(n=131/353-37%)directorindirectadvicewasgivenonwhatviewerscoulddotopreventspreadinginfection.However,thesestatementsaccountedforjust12.9%(n=399/3,086)ofallstatements.Justoveraquarter(27.8%,n=111/399)focusedonbasicpersonalhygiene,anotherquarterrelatedtopreventinginfectionbybeingmindfulofissuesofproximity(27.8%,n=111/399)andafifthadvisedseeingadoctorandseekingfurtherinformation(20.6%,n=82/399).（3）ReassuranceThatGovernmentWasHandlingTheSituationOfallstatementsrecorded,23.6%(n=729/3,086)assuredviewersthatthegovernmentwashandlingthesituationbyelaboratingonitscurrentandproposedactions.Aboutathirdofthesestatements(29.8%,n=217/729)referredtotheimmediateneedfortheGovernmenttodevelop,testandthendistributeavaccinestartingwithprioritygroups.Aquarterofthesestatements(25.9%,n=189/729)reassuredthepublicthatthegovernmentwasputtingsignificanteffortintobordercontrolmeasuresdesignedtopreventpH1N1enteringAustralia,andfollowingupandcontainingdetectedinfection.Thesestatementsgenerallyconcernedquarantinemeasures,theuseofthermalimagingatairportsorstatementsaboutnewmeasuresandongoingmonitoringofthesituation。ConclusionsTheAustraliangovernmentandmediaactedresponsiblybyprovidingregular,highprofileandhighlytransparentinformationontheemergingintelligenceaboutthepandemic.Uncertaintyaboutthetrajectoryofthediseasewasopenlyacknowledgedandreassurancesgivenaboutgovernmentpreparedness.Potentiallydissonancegeneratingnewscoveragethatmighthaveengenderedpanic,complacencyorcynicismabout“yetanotherepidemic”wasuncommon.TheInternetisarichandefficientsourceofinformationaboutinfectiousdiseasesandtheirprevention.Itsroleinsocialmarketingcanbecrucial.Integratingitspotentialswiththoseofothermediacanguaranteeabroadspreadofinformation.Moreover,publichealthinterventionstransmittedthroughthismediumcouldtargetgroupswithpeculiarcharacteristics.Inconclusion,inordertoguaranteeanadequateuseofthisinstrumentbythepublic,healthprofessionals,whoarestilloneofthemainsourcesofinformationregardinghealthmatters,shouldguidepatientstootherreliablesources(informationprescription)atthesametime,deeperattentionshouldbepaidbyPublicHealthAgenciestowardsqualityofinformationandsearchengineoptimization;studiesliketheonepresentedinthisarticleshouldbeusedmoreoftentoimprovedeliveryofpublichealthinformationtothegeneralpublic.Furtherresearchshouldexplorehowvariouspublicsdecodedandreceivedtheinformationandadviceprovidedandhowjournalistsapproachedthechallengesofmakingthison-goingstorymaximallynewsworthy.Triangulatedwithcontentanalysisofwhatwasbroadcast,suchasthispaper,thesestudiescouldprovidevaluableinformationforriskcommunicatorsinareascharacterisedbytheuncertaintyinherentinemergingdiseases.AcknowledgementsTheprojectisfundedbyanAustralianNationalHealth&MedicalResearchCouncil(NHMRC)grant(#68610),andallauthorsareinvestigatorsontheNHMRCfundedpublichealthcapacitybuildinggrant‘TheAustralianHealthNewsResearchCollaboration’(#571376)Authordetails1SchoolofPublicHealth,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,Australia.2FacultyofArts&Design,UniversityofCanberra,Canberra,Australia.中文:溝通的不確定性——2009年澳大利亞電視臺如何報道了甲型H1N1流感的風險：內容分析【作者：安德烈·S·福甘蒂，凱特·霍蘭德，米歇爾·愛米申，R華威克·布蘭德，西蒙·查普曼，西蒙·霍爾?。籅MC公共健康，2011,11:181摘要：1.背景：在面對出現(xiàn)的未知的嚴重傳染病時，衛(wèi)生官員在與公眾的交流方面面臨特殊的挑戰(zhàn)，如2009年的H1N1（豬流感）大流行（即pH1N1）。官方的聲明旨在讓更多人了解并傳達傳染病威脅的嚴重性，盡管有時會得到其是危言聳聽的指控，但當官員被指責自滿時，不能連這樣的官方聲明都沒有。在這些交流環(huán)境中，新聞記者，常常依賴于官方消息渠道，了解到問題關鍵在選擇和強調官方話語方面將有價值的新聞充分呈現(xiàn)給公眾。本文介紹了新聞傳播方面關于PH1N1出現(xiàn)的一個案例研究。2.方法：我們對所有電視新聞條目中關于pH1N1的內容進行了分析。我們在一個5天免費對空悉尼電視頻道研究了播出的新聞和時事條目，時間在2009年4月25日（官方第一次報告）和10月9日（之前發(fā)布的疫苗）之間，通過發(fā)表嚴重疾病的聲明，看公眾如何最大限度地減少腐化的政府回應新興的信息。3.結果：pH1N1在健康故事里一直處于領先，過去24周里排名第八，過去20周里排名在前五。353個新聞項目進行了鑒定，得到3086份報表進行分析：其中有63.4%涉及到事態(tài)的嚴重性，12.9%為觀眾提供咨詢，還有23.6%涉及到政府的保證。報道集中在感染/死亡率，病毒擴散，公眾需要冷靜，特殊群體的弱點，直接和間接咨詢的觀眾，以及政府關于有效管理的保證。4.結論：總體而言，2009年悉尼的pH1N1，澳大利亞大體上不是危言聳聽，而表達pH1N1有潛在的嚴重性。每日感染率相吻合，并且在流感大流行警戒級別上評論在改變，以幫助觀眾理解新聞與個人的相關性。關于未來如何報告新發(fā)傳染病的意見可能會被加強。(一)背景近年來，澳大利亞人已經(jīng)披露了一系列大規(guī)模的傳染性疾病的新聞報道和健康促進活動。這包括季節(jié)性流感咨詢；為疫苗可預防疾病進行免疫接種的宣傳活動推廣；旅行者接種信息；對傳染性性病的預防宣傳，包括預防子宮頸癌的人類乳頭狀瘤病毒疫苗；艾滋病毒/艾滋病和乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的預防。除了艾滋病毒/艾滋病和性傳播疾病，每一種都有疫苗，并且這些宣傳活動里有關于如何避免感染、形成交際重點的中心清晰的指示。2009年世界衛(wèi)生組織宣布全球pH1N1（豬流感）大流行已經(jīng)引起研究病毒學和傳染病的專家的關注，但傳播學者關注較少。從2009年4月下旬關于墨西哥情況的第一份報告看，什么將成為持續(xù)的澳大利亞報告文學迅速轉向一種關于可能流行并且死亡率高的澳大利亞病例的可能性。澳大利亞人暴露于每日新聞為有特點的國家高級衛(wèi)生官員和傳染病專家組成的隊伍，不可避免地，不得不面對充滿不確定性的和有復雜軌跡的致病性疾病，在通過7秒聲音叮咬和食欲明確的新聞制作文化語境特點下，變得容易理解信息。（二）方法自2005年5月以來，澳大利亞衛(wèi)生新聞研究合作會已經(jīng)記錄并分類所有新聞、時事和“信息娛樂”有關健康和醫(yī)學的悉尼免費對空電視節(jié)目，它被用于內容分析。我們搜查了AHNRC數(shù)據(jù)庫，其中包括標有“H1N1”或“豬流感”在2009年4月25日（第一次提到）起至2009年10月9日的所有項目。所有的故事都是它被用于此報告的內容分析的視頻剪輯。使用內容的類別列表逐漸從內容作為pH1N1故事發(fā)展而來，兩位作者（安德烈·S·福甘蒂，米歇爾·愛米申）比較一組15個隨機剪輯的編碼，觀看與編碼相獨立。解決任何編碼分歧，并在特定項目（他們在編碼的項目里的剩余部分）應該如何處理獲得同意。這些分類涉及到關于H1N1的嚴重性陳述，觀眾已被告知如何避免感染或傳播pH1N1的建議措施，并且政府正在處理的情況再次做出了保證。聲明里任何直接的（X說“Y”）或歸咎（“X說……”）被每個項目的記者和新聞演員引用。一個關于間編碼器的可靠性測試里，間編碼器產生了0.63卡帕，說明協(xié)議在一個良好的水平上。其中，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)扮演的是一個平臺的角色，為特定患者群體和廣大市民提供了公共衛(wèi)生干預措施，其作用還在不斷增加，特別是它的傳播潛力：因特網(wǎng)的全球滲透在不斷增加，并且使用這種沒接尋求健康信息夜更為頻繁。此外，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)潛在的個人定制和交互性優(yōu)于其他達成交付的渠道。（三）結果共有353個新聞故事進行了鑒定，包含三個關鍵領域的3086條陳述。在報告的24周時間里，pH1N1是前8周里領先的健康故事，并在20周內保持在前五名最常見的健康故事。我們也注意到，該病毒在報道過程中很少提到，名字由pH1N1代替，通常還被稱為豬流感。因此在報告確切的情況時，我們保留了豬流感這個詞。1.pH1N1的嚴重性所有陳述，高達63.4%的死亡率說明了pH1N1的嚴重性。這是通過四個經(jīng)常性