霧霾治理中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

霧霾治理中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)霧霾治理中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)原文：TheresearchofhazegovernanceissuesMarkusHAbstractHazeisPM2.5particlesfloatingintheatmospheresuchasdust,aerosolparticles,incertainhumidity,temperatureandotherweatherconditionshaverelativelystablestateoftheweatherphenomenon.Fogdisaster,istheresultofairpollutionforalongtime.Howtocontrolairpollutionisoneoftheurgentproblemsfacingmankind.Hazeweathermainlyisthedevelopmentpattern,causedbytheunreasonableindustrialstructureandenergystructure,itsrootsinthefossilenergy,alsoisacoalburning,oneisthefuel,anotherwayismoreextensive,alargeamountofpollutantdischarge,themainreasonsincludetheatmosphericairpressureislow.Thegrounddust,whichislowhumidityoftheair,thegroundandcarflowmakestirupdust.Automobileexhaustishazeisafactor,aswellasthefactoryproducesecondarypollution,etc.Thispapermainlystudiesthetypicalhazeliteratureisreviewed,mainlyanalyzesthecauseofthehazeandfoggovernancecountermeasuresandSuggestions.AndfromtheAngleoftheoreticalanalysis,drawlessonsfromtheintermediatemicroeconomictheory,givestheutilitymaximizationtomaximizethenetincomeandsociallevelsofsmogpollution.Finally,pointedoutthedirectionoffurtherresearch,therootcauseofthehazeinthefuturethemainempiricalresearchisprospected.Keywords:Haze;Literaturereview;Controlmeasures;Experience1IntroductionStudieshaveshownthatrecentstrongfogweatherisatmosphericstability,man-madepollutants,togetherwiththeabundantwatervaporanddust,isanaturalfactorsandhumanfactorscombinedactionofenvironmentalpollutionevent.Becauseofairflowandthelocationoftheadjacent,foginevitablepenetration,diffusion,etc.,nocountry,whichcitycanescapeinthefoghazecoveredlargearea.Allovertheworldhavetakenplaceindifferentlevelsofsmogevent,suchabeautifulenvironmentofthecountry,includingSingaporethereweredifferentdegreesofhazeweather,otherareMalaysia,Indiaandothercountries,hascausedextensiveconcernofthepeopleallovertheworld.Intoday'sincreasinglysocialandeconomicdevelopment,peoplepaymoreandmoreattentiontothesurroundingenvironment.Environmentnotonlyaffectsthefuturedevelopmentofthefoundation,alsoaffectspeople'shealth.Notassuredlaborhealth,humanresourcesrequiredforfurthereconomicdevelopmentbecomesmadrasreflected.Inmeteorology,duetoalargenumberoftinydropsofwaterfloatingintheair,makethehorizontalvisibilityislessthan1.0kmiscalledfog;Duetothesmalldrydustparticlesfloatingintheair,makethehorizontalvisibilitylessthan10.0kmcalledhaze,sometimescalledgrayhaze.Amixtureofbothiscalledsmog.Andourmainobjectofgovernanceishaze,fogandsomerelativelyminor.Inspiteofthefogdayalsoaffectthesafetyofpeopletravel,butcomparedwithhazecausedbyenvironmentalproblemswillsoonbemuchless.2LiteraturereviewThroughthestudyofresourceandenvironmentaleconomicsasweknow,commandtypegovernancemechanismisoftenlowefficiency.Justusecommandcontrolsuchhighlyregulativetools,notwellplaytheroleofreducingsmog.Thailand'scasestudyispointedoutthatthefailuremodeof"onesizefitsall"isnotconsideringtheregionalheterogeneity,complexityandburningashmotivationsbehind,sotheauthorsuggeststheexperiencesofthelocalcasestudyshouldbeextendedtoplanningandpolicyprocess,strengthentheautonomyoflocalgovernment,strengtheninter-regionalcooperation.Britishscholarsconductedmoredetailedresearch,analysisofthecompositionproblemofashhaze,thehazeformationmechanismhaveamoreclearunderstanding.Theythinktheashhazeweatherthantheashhazeweather,theparticleconcentrationincreases;theamountofwatersolubleinorganicionsintheparticulatematteralsoincreases.Tostudythewatersolublecomponentsofairparticulatescanunderstandthecrucialfactorfortheformationofurbanhaze.Intheprocessofcaseanalysisincities,theythinkthatplaysamainroleintheprocessofparticulatematteristheautomobileexhaustemissions.Throughthestudyofparticulatematter,11differentdiameterrangeisgreyhazeandtheashhazedays,therangeofparticlesinthewatersolubleinorganicanalysiswhichinorganiconmostaffectedbytheformationofhaze.Theyalsocorrectedthepreviousdefinitionofhaze,onlypayattentiontothevisibilityofthepast,donotemphasizethehumidity,thehumidityhaveimportantinfluenceontheformationandcontinuationofhaze.Grayhazeisvisibilitylessthan10kmandhumiditylessthan90%oftheweather.Theresultsoftheempiricalanalysis:grayhazedaysPM1.8/PM10isveryhigh,thevalueofthecorrelationismainlyduetothecoarseparticlesfromthesurfaceisfasterthanthenewlyformedfineparticlesdisperse,reinforcethestabilityoftheweather,andthinboundarylayerphenomenon.Particledistributionintheashhazedaysthanhigherashhazedaya€?speak,3.2-5.6micronsthickparticlepeakthan0.56-1.0mumfineparticulatematterishigher.DuetothesamplingtimeinApril,arelativelyhighwindspeedcanalsohelproaddustsuspended.Root,nitrate,ammoniumsulfateionsisinthehazeformation.Highhumidityhelpstoformdropletsofparticulatematter.Octoberisthemainsourceofparticulatematteraftercornharvestbiomassburning(highashcontentofinorganicioncontent).Potassiumascloudsfreezingnucleiforlowexothermicandvisibilityhassignificanteffect.Suspensionofroaddust,soildust,constructiondustismainlyisthesourceofcalciumandmagnesiumions.PM1.8andPM10intheroot,nitrateandammoniumsulfateintheashhazedaysmore,thereasonisthatrelativelyhighhumiditysulfurdioxide,nitrogenoxideandammoniaaftertherapidtransformationofmulti-phasereaction.Nitrateandsulfuricacidrootmaterialproportioncanbeusedasapollutionfromnon-pointpollutionormobilepollutionindex,becausethecarexhaustemissionsmorenitrogen,andsulfurmorecomefromthecombustionofcoal.AndresearcherssaytheashhazeweatheristhemainreasonisthattheinitialgaspollutantsrapidlyintoinorganicionleadtoPM2.5ofexplosivegrowth,especiallytheburningoffossilfuelsandemissionsincreasednixformation;Metalionsareoxidationcatalysts,nitrogendioxideintheprocessofsulfurdioxideintosulfatealsoplayedtheroleofcatalyst,inorganicsulfide,nitrideionsincreasedtheformationofhaze.Externalreasonisthatstrongcoldairandgeographicalunusualcycleofatmosphericconditions.Airpollutionreduceatmosphericoxidationabilityenhancement,visibility,worseningenvironmentquality.Theconversionprocessbetweenpollutionsourceandsedimentisverycomplex,jointlyaffecttheenvironment.Sulfurdioxide,nitrogenoxideandcarbonmonoxideismainlycomesfromfossilfuelcombustionandemissions,combustionandemissionsofnitrogenoxidesofsulfurdioxideintosulfatehasimportantrole.Inaddition,continuousgrayhazeweather,alsowiththegeographyandatmosphericenvironmentisrelatedtostopthespreadofthecontaminant.Ashhazeweatherlowpressureaccumulationofatmosphericpollutants,hightemperatureandhighhumidity,lowwindspeed,atmosphericboundarylayeristoothin,advectionisthemorecommonform,sharplyreducepollutantdispersioninspace,leadingtoregionalconcentrationsofpollutants,makestheashhazelastalongtime.

3Empiricalstudyofhazepollutioncontrol

3.1Industrialpollution

Oneisstrictlypunishillegalemissions.TheUnitedStateshasastrictpunishmentmeasurestodealwithillegalemissions.Californiarelatedlawsandregulations,suchasillegalemissionswillbefinedforenterprise,themaximumfineof$50000aday,afinetimefromillegalemissionstomeettherequirementsoftherectificationoftheday.,inadditiontothefineandconfiscationofillegalincomeofeconomicbenefits,environmentaldamagewillhavecivilactionandpublicinterestlitigationshallbeinvestigatedforcompensation,themostseverepunishmentcorporatebusinesslicenseisrevoked,greatlyimprovetheillegalcostofenterprises.Thesecondistheenvironmentalpermitsystemdifferentiation,dynamic.Finland'sthirdlargestcitytamperedaccordingtospecificemissionsituationofeachenterpriseallkindsofindustrypollutionpermitsstandard.Supervisionpersonnelandenterprisetechnicalpersonnelrepeatednegotiations,andseektheopinionsofthestakeholdergroups,throughconsultationanddiscussionforapplytospecificenterprisesoftradablepermits.3.2IndustryplanningSingaporegovernmentrequiresmorecloselywithindustrylayoutmustbewiththeenvironmentalplanning,industrialzoneshouldbethenextdirectionandawayfromtheoriginalecologicalsystem.Inaddition,theSingaporeforeachspecificareaoftheenvironmentalfunctionzoning,issuedadetailedenvironmentalqualitystandardsystem,andsetupstrictemissionstandardsforindustrialprojects.Thesecondisthroughcentralheatingco-generationimplementation.InFinland,nearlyalltownsanddenselyarepopulatedareabywayofcogenerationcentralheating.DistributedinallpartsofthecountryofthethermalpowerplantUSESwasteheatpowergenerationheatingwater,toprovidecustomerswithcentralheatingandwashingwithhotwater.Eachresidentialareaofcentralheatingautomaticcontrolcentercanbeadjustedaccordingtothevariationofoutdoortemperatureheatingtemperature.Inthebackwaterheatingpipeheatingbycentralheatingpipelinesbeingsentbacktothethermalpowerplant,theimplementationrecycledafteruse.SwedenisoneoftheArcticCircle,heatingrelationshipbothqualityoflife,andisrelatedtoenergyconsumptionandenvironmentalpollution.Sweden'smostresidentialareaandofficebuildingusecentralheating,heatingfacilitiesoftenhaveoutdoorsensorhead.Indoortemperatureisassumedinacertaintemperature,theamountofheatingcentralheatingastheoutdoortemperaturechangeandadjustment,thismakestheindoortemperatureofSwedenbasicmaintainedpeoplelivingneedstemperaturealltheyearround.Swedendepartmentspecificallysetupenergyconsultantinlocalgovernments,tohelpthefamiliesofdifferentdesigndifferentschemeofenergyuse,includingheating,tominimizehouseholdspending,andatthesametimeprotecttheenvironment.3.3ThecityplanningThantheSwedishcityofHamaresidentsmustsignanecologicalenvironmentalcontractstocheck-in,fullyembodiestheHamathantheconceptofecologicalcity.Motorvehiclepollution,andfirstisthecontrolofmotorvehiclepollution.Motorvehiclepollutionisacomplicatedproblem,andatadeeperleveloftrafficplanningandurbanspacelayout.Singaporethroughthetaxpolicy,vehiclequotasystem,fuelqualitystandards,completeinspectionmaintenancesystem,regionalpassportandaseriesofsystem;Roadcongestioncharges;Busservice,establishandimproveavarietyofpreferentialencouragingpublictransit;Prospectiveofthecomprehensivetrafficplanningisaseriesofmeasuressuchascomprehensivegovernanceofmotorvehiclepollution.Secondistopromotecleanvehiclesandproducttechnologyandmeasures.LosAngelescitygovernmentvigorouslypromotescleanvehicletechnologyandproducttocutpollution.Inaddition,bytaxandtaxincentivestopromotetransportationelectrification,promotetheuseofahybridcar.Thirdistoencouragelowcarbontravel.Hama,itsresidentsareencouragedtousebicycles,electriccarsandbusesandotherlow-carbonwaytotravel.

譯文：

霧霾治理問(wèn)題研究

MarkusH

摘要

霧霾是漂浮大氣中的PM2.5等尺寸微粒、粉塵、氣溶膠等粒子，在一定的濕度、溫度等天氣條件相對(duì)穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下產(chǎn)生的天氣現(xiàn)象。霧霾災(zāi)害，是大氣長(zhǎng)期污染造成的結(jié)果。如何治理大氣污染，是全人類面臨急需解決的問(wèn)題之一。霧霾天氣主要是發(fā)展方式粗放、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和能源結(jié)構(gòu)不盡合理造成的，其根源還在化石能源，一個(gè)是燒煤，一個(gè)是燃油，另外發(fā)展方式比較粗放，排放了大量的污染物，主要原因包括：大氣空氣氣壓低。地面灰塵大，空氣濕度低，地面的人和車流動(dòng)使灰塵攪動(dòng)起來(lái)。汽車尾氣是是霧霾的一個(gè)因素，以及工廠制造出的二次污染等。本文主要對(duì)代表性的霧霾研究文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了綜述，主要分析了當(dāng)前霧霾的成因和霧霾治理的對(duì)策建議。并從理論分析的視角，借鑒中級(jí)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)理論，給出了效用最大化和社會(huì)凈收益最大化的霧霾污染水平。最后通過(guò)指出進(jìn)一步研究的方向，對(duì)未來(lái)霧霾主要成因的實(shí)證研究進(jìn)行了展望。

關(guān)鍵詞:霧霾;文獻(xiàn)綜述;治理措施；經(jīng)驗(yàn)

1引言

研究表明，最近的強(qiáng)霧霾天氣是大氣穩(wěn)定、人為污染物排放、豐富水汽和浮塵共同作用的結(jié)果，是一次自然因素與人為因素共同作用的環(huán)境污染事件。由于空氣的流動(dòng)與區(qū)位的相鄰，霧霾必然會(huì)發(fā)生滲透、擴(kuò)散等，沒(méi)有哪個(gè)國(guó)家，哪個(gè)城市可以在霧霾籠罩的大區(qū)域里獨(dú)善其身。世界各地都發(fā)生了不同程度的霧霾事件，包括新加坡這樣的環(huán)境優(yōu)美的國(guó)家，都出現(xiàn)了不同程度的霧霾天氣，其他還有馬來(lái)西亞，印度等國(guó)家，引起了各國(guó)人民的廣泛關(guān)注。在社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)日益發(fā)展的今天，人們?cè)絹?lái)越重視周邊的環(huán)境。環(huán)境不僅影響到未來(lái)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，還影響著人們的健康。勞動(dòng)力的健康得不到保證，經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展所需的人力資源就變成無(wú)源之水。在氣象學(xué)上，把由于大量微小水滴浮于空中，使水平能見(jiàn)度小于1.0km的稱為霧;由于細(xì)微干塵粒浮于空中，使水平能見(jiàn)度小于10.0km的稱為霾，有時(shí)形象的稱之為灰霾。兩者的混合就是通常所說(shuō)的霧霾。而我們要治理的主要對(duì)象是霾，而霧相對(duì)次要一些。盡管大霧天也影響人們的安全出行，但比起霾所引起的環(huán)境問(wèn)題就要遜色的多。

2文獻(xiàn)綜述

通過(guò)資源與環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)我們知道，命令型的治理機(jī)制往往效率較低。僅僅利用命令控制這樣高度規(guī)制性的工具，不能很好地起到減少霧霾的作用。EdselE.在泰國(guó)清邁的案例研究中指出“一刀切”的模式失敗之處在于未考慮各地區(qū)的異質(zhì)性、復(fù)雜性和灰分燃燒的背后動(dòng)因，因此作者建議應(yīng)將本地案例研究中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)推廣到計(jì)劃和政策的制定過(guò)程中，鞏固本地政府的自治權(quán)利，加強(qiáng)跨區(qū)域的合作。英國(guó)學(xué)者進(jìn)行了更細(xì)致的研究，分析了灰霾的組分問(wèn)題，對(duì)霧霾的形成機(jī)制有一個(gè)更清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。他們認(rèn)為灰霾天氣比非灰霾天氣，顆粒物集中度增加，顆粒物中的水溶性無(wú)機(jī)物離子量也增加。研究空氣顆粒物的水溶性成分可以了解城市灰霾形成的關(guān)鍵因素。在城市案例分析中，他們認(rèn)為顆粒物形成過(guò)程中起主要作用的是汽車尾氣排放。通過(guò)研究11種不同直徑范圍的顆粒物，比較灰霾天和非灰霾天顆粒物中水溶性無(wú)機(jī)物的分布范圍，分析哪種無(wú)機(jī)物對(duì)霧霾形成的影響最大。他們還糾正了以往對(duì)霾的定義，過(guò)去只注重可視度，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)濕度，而濕度對(duì)霾的形成和延續(xù)有重大影響?；姻仓傅氖强梢曅缘陀?0公里且濕度小于90%的天氣狀況。實(shí)證分析的結(jié)果:灰霾天PM1.8/PM10的值相關(guān)性非常高，主要是由于來(lái)自地層表面的粗顆粒物比新形成的細(xì)顆粒物消散的快，穩(wěn)定的天氣和薄邊界層強(qiáng)化了這一現(xiàn)象。灰霾天的顆粒物分布范圍比非灰霾天峰值更高，3.2－5.6μm的粗顆粒物峰值要比0.56－1.0μm的細(xì)顆粒物更高。由于采樣時(shí)間在四月，相對(duì)較高的風(fēng)速也有助于道路灰塵懸浮。硫酸根、硝酸、銨離子是在霾中形成。高濕度有助于形成液滴的顆粒物。十月是玉米收獲后顆粒物的主要來(lái)源(高灰分的無(wú)機(jī)離子含量)。鉀為低放熱和云凍結(jié)核