吸煙論文資料

5/\*Arabic22SmokingBan&PersonalChoice Reportoncollegestudent’ssmokinginChongqingUniversity Class:372Groupmembers:ZhaoYujie趙玉潔(20120480) WuYuhe吳雨禾(20126548) WangQiancheng王乾丞(20123164) ZhanGuofeng詹國(guó)鋒(20120415) Supervisor:Prof.ZhangHong張宏P(guān)rof.MilaJune2,2013AbstractChinabeingthethirdlargestsmokingcountryintheworldithasahighrateofsmokersatalllevelsofthesociety.TheresearchpaperinvestigatesthesmokingsituationamongChongqinguniversitystudentsofdifferentgradesandmajors,causesofsmoking,students'awarenessofsmokingharmtotheirhealth,effectsofsmokingonindividualstudentsandthesocietyingeneralaswellasstudents'smokinghabitsandopinionofsmokingbaninChina.Suggestionsareofferedasaresultofthestudy.Keywords:Smokingban,causesofsmoking,smokingeffects,smokinghazards,second-handsmokingChapterThree:FindingsThischapteroftheresearchreportpresentsthefindingsandresultsoftheinvestigationofthesituationamongstudentsofChongqingUniversity,China.Itconsistsoffoursectionsaccordingtothemainandspecificresearchproblemsinvestigated,i.e.causesofstudents'smoking(3.1),theirawarenessofsmokingharmtostudents'health(3.2),theeffectofsmokingonindividualstudentsandthesocietyingeneral(3.3)aswellasstudents'smokinghabitandstudents'opinionofsmokingbaninChina(3.4).Reasonablesuggestionsareofferedasaresultofthestudy.3.1CausesofSmoking(ByWuYuhe吳雨禾，20126548)ThissectionoftheresearchprojectdiscussesnotonlythemaincausesofsmokingamongstudentsofdifferentgradesandmajorsinChongqinguniversitybutalsoconditionsthatleadthemtosmoking.AsaresultoftheQuestionnaireSurveyof200studentsandthefollow-upinterviewthevaliddatawasobtainedandanalyzedasfollows.3.1.1ConditionsWhichLeadStudentstoSmoking Two-thirds(81%)ofthestudentsmokersinChongqingUniversitypickedupacigaretteforthefirsttimebecauseoftheirfriendsandparents.We'vefoundoutthattherearemanysmokersintheirfamiliesandnetwork.Theremainingonethird(18%)diditeithertocontroltheirfeelingsorbecauseofloneliness.Thenumberofsmokersintheirfamiliesissmaller.(SeeChart1below)_____________________________________________________________________Chart1ConditionsWhichLeadStudentstoSmokingWithclassmatesandfriendsWithfamiliesWhenlonesomeOtherTotalQuantity25118145Proportion56%24%18%2%100% Thoughthepatternisobviousitisnecessarytoconsiderothermaincausesofstudents'smokingdescribedinsub-section3.2.1togetthewholepictureofthesituationinChongqingUniversity.3.1.2CausesofSmokingWhydocollegestudentssmokeonaregularbasis?WehavelistedmostprobableanswersinourQuestionnaireandreceivedthefollowingresults.Forexample,themajority(15%)ofCQUstudentsstartedsmokingbecausetheywerecuriousaboutsmokingbehaviororaffectedbytheirparentsand/orfriends(9%).Meanwhile,5%thinkthatsmokingwillhelpthemtoacquire“goodmanners”andgetalongwithotherpeoplebetter.11%ofstudentsbelievethatsmokingcanreducetheirstress,anxiety,tiredness(9%)andevensorrow.Others10%ofthemthinksmokinghelpsthemkillandtime,getrelaxedinspired.(SeeChart2above)Generallyspeaking,accordingtothefeedbackinformationfromChongqinguniversitystudents,maincausesofsmokingcanbedividedintothreeparts.First,youngpeopleblindlyimitatepeoplearoundthem.Second,smokersarepeoplewhowanttoexpandtheirnetworkor/andacquire“goodmanners”.Third,peoplewanttogetpsychologicalcomfortfromcigarettesandcontroltheiremotions,suchassadness,uneasiness,anxietyandsoon.Therootcauseamongthesethreemainreasonsofsmokingistheenvironment.YoungpeopleingeneralandstudentsofChongqinguniversityareeasilyaffectedbytheenvironmentaroundthemwhichdetermineswhetherapersondevelopsahabitofsmokingornot.Manysmokers’parentsgetadivorceortheirrelationshipisunfavorableforthefamily.Certainly,parentsshouldsetagoodexamplefortheirchildren.Similarly,friendsshouldhavepositiveinfluencewhichunfortunatelyisnotalwaysthecase.Onceinawhile,acigarettegivesyoutheopportunitytomakefriendsandhelpscreateatopicoftheconversation.Unfortunately,itisstillanimportanttoolinourinterpersonalcommunication.Butweshouldalwaysrememberthat1,2millionofsmokersdieeveryyearinChinaoflungcancerandtheothersmoking-relateddiseases.Ifyousmokeinpublicplaces,thesecond-handsmokingaffectsnon-smokersasmuchassmokers,andthesocietywilldisapproveofyourselfishbehavior.Obviously,itisnotgoodforyourimageandinterpersonalrelations.Maybesomepeoplewhosupportsmokingwilltellusthatacigarettecanletyoufeelrelaxedandreducethelevelofanxiety,pressure,lonelinessandevenpain.Butit’snotso.Withitsmorethan4000chemicalcompoundsacigaretteproducesafalseimpressionthatyoucalmdownaftersmoking.Infact,duringsmokingbloodpressurerises,andaftersmokingonefeelsevenmorerestless.Afewpeoplesupposedthatsmokingcouldkilltime,butitisnotawisedecision.Whynotdosomethingmeaningfulinsteadofwastingtimeanddoingharmtoyourhealth?Allinall,thethreemainreasonswhypeoplesmokeareallnotveryconvincingforus.Peopleshouldcherishtheirlifeandprotecttheirenvironment.Afterall,cigarettesmokecontributestoenvironmentalpollutionanddoesnotgiveusfreshair.Tomymind,regardlessofanycauses,smokingcannotbeagoodandreliablewayofproblemsolving.Soweshouldquitsmokingandtreasureourlifeandfamily.3.1.3SummaryFromthedataoftheQuestionnaireSurveyof200ChongqingUniversitystudentsourresearchteamfoundouttherootcauseamongthethreemainreasonsofstudents'smokingmentionedabove.Youngpeopleareeasilyaffectedbytheenvironment.Forthemajorityofstudentstheenvironmentdetermineswhetherapersondevelopsahabitofsmokingornot.3.2Students'AwarenessofSmokingHazards(ByZhanGuofeng詹國(guó)鋒，20120415）Inthispartoftheresearchreport,Chongqinguniversitystudents'awarenessoftheharmofsmokingisanalyzedfromthepointofviewofsmokersandnon-smokers.3.2.1ResultsAccordingtoourinvestigationandthedataobtainedfromtheQuestionnaireSurvey,78%oftherespondentsrepliedtheydon'tagreethatsmokingcanhelpthemtogetridofanxietyandworry;12%ofpeoplecouldtryitpossibly;andonly10%answered“yes”theycouldn'tstopsmokingandwoulddoit.Thisshowsthatmostpeopleholdthenegativeattitudetosmokingandtheydon’tsupportpeopletogetridofanxietyandworrybysmoking.Italsosuggeststhatmostpeoplehavearationalattitudetosmoking.(SeeChart3below)_____________________________________________________________________noPossibleyestotalsmokers2413643nonsmokers82612100girls413145total1472219188___________________________________________________________________________________Wealsodidtwostudiesofasecond-handsmoking.First,whenstrangersaroundyousmoke,18%oftherespondentsaccordingtoourresults"stronglydisagree"withit,50%"opposebutkeepsilent",31%ofpeoplethink"Itdoesn’tmatter",andonly1%ofpeopleare"willing"tostopsmokers.(SeeChart4below) Second,whenyourroommatessmokeinthedorm,54%ofthestudents"stronglydisagree"withit,20%"opposebutkeepsilent",24%answer"Itdoesn’tmatter",only2%ofthestudents"arewilling"tostopsmokers.(SeeChart5below)Itiseasytounderstand:withsmokingstrangersstudentsusuallykeepsilent.Ourroommatesarefamiliartous,whenwecan'tstandasecond-handsmoking,we'lldefinitelytellthemaboutit.Introvertstendtokeepsilent.Smokingstudentsarerelativelytolerantofstrangerssmokingnearby.3.2.2DataAnalysisMostcollegestudentsknowthehealthhazardsofsmokinganddislikesmokinginpublicplacesverymuch,butinordertoavoidcausingunnecessaryconflictandforaseriesofotherreasons,theydonotstopsmokingbehavior.ThosestudentswhofeelsmokinginpublicplacesisOK,haveaverylowawarenessofthedamagessmokingcausestohumanhealth.Psychologyteachesusthatthereareseveralmaintypesofsmokers5:thefirsttypesmokesbecauseofthehabitofsmoking.Thereisnootherpositiveornegativemotivecomponents.Thisillustratesthesmokers'curiosityandtheinnervoidtheywanttofillinwithsmoking,tokilltimeandsomehowenrichthemselves.Thesecondtypeofsmokersseekstostimulateapositiveemotionalresponsethoughsmoking,experiencenicefeelingsandsensations.Thethirdtype-toreducesnegativeemotionalreactions,suchastension,anxiety,etc.orinteractswithotherseasier.Thesecondandthirdtypesofsmokersalsobelievethatsmokinghelpsthemtocalmdownintensesituations,workandstudybetterwhichshowsthattheirself-confidenceisnotstrongenough.Thefourthtypeofsmokersisinfluencedbysocialaspectsofsmoking,suchasgroupidentity,mutualrecognitionofothersmokers,etc.Thistypecanreflectakindofvanity,wrongthinkingandtemptation.Theythinksmokingisasignofbeingmatureandwillbeappreciatedbyothers.3.2.3SummaryTosumitup,throughthissurveywefoundoutthatmostCQUstudentsareawarethatsmokingisharmfulfortheirhealthandareverymuchagainstasecond-handsmokinginpublic.Collegestudentsareeducatedpeopleandshouldusetheirtalentsforthebenefitofthenation,setupagoodexampletoothersandstopsmokingnotonlyfortheirownbutothers'sake.3.3EffectsofSmoking(ByWangQiancheng王乾丞，20123164)InthissectionoftheresearchreporttheinfluenceofsmokingonindividualstudentsofChongqingUniversityandtheChinesesocietyingeneralarediscussedandthedataobtainedfromtheQuestionnaireSurveyisbeinganalyzed.3.3.1EffectsofSmokingonIndividualsItiswell-knownthatsmokingisharmfultoourmindandbody.Whenacigaretteburns,itreleasesamountsoftar,carbonmonoxide,nicotine,dioxinandirritatingsmokewhichcancausedifferentdegreeofdamagetoourbody.Noteverystudent5./jk693.htmknowsthatamoderncigaretteisnotsimplypaperandtobacco.Itcontainsmorethan4000otherchemicalingredientsharmfulbothtohumanmindandbody.Accordingtothestatisticalresultsofthequestionnairesurvey,75%oftherespondentswereawareofthedangersofsmokingbut23%ofthemdidn’tbelieveit,and11%knewkindsofdangers.buttheystillsmoke,why?Becausetheythinkthatsmokingcanrelievestressanditlooksnicetosharecigarettesamongclassmatesandcolleagues.(SeeCharts6below) Weallknowthatsmokingaffectsnotonlyasmoker'shealth,i.e.aphysicalbody,butalsoemotions,mentalconcepts,interpersonalrelations,etc.AtransferservicecompaniesoperatingDODA,publishedareportonsmokingeffectofinterpersonalrelationship.Accordingtotheresults,54%ofyoungpeoplefrom25–34yearsofageadmitthat"smokinghasaneffectoninterpersonalrelationship".Theanswer"hasnoeffectoninterpersonalrelationship"accountedforonly46%【6】.3.3.2EffectsofSecond-handsmokingWeliveinacollectiveenvironment,thebehaviorofothersunwittinglyaffectsus,andsimilarly,wealsounconsciouslyinfluenceotherpeople.Whensmoking,doyouthinkaboutthefeelingsofothers?Doyouconsidertheinfluenceofyoursmokingonotherpeople?AccordingtothedataobtainedfromourQuestionnaireSurvey,ifastudent'sfamilyhasmanysmokers,itwillhaveagreatimpactonhim/her.Inthisway6.Japanesenon-smokersmorethinks"smokingisgoodforinterpersonalrelationships"bysource.October,2010.http://www./news/21165it'spossibletopredictthelinkbetweenthesmokingbehavioroffamilymembersandcollegestudents'smokingbehaviorinourschool.Thereisacertainrelationshipbetweenthesetwofactors.Besides,studentshaveclassmatesandfriendswhoalsoexerciseacertaininfluenceonthem. Ifwesmokeinpublicplaces,thoughothersmayhatethiskindofbehavior,mostofthemwillremainsilent,asthedataofoursurveyshowed.Wethinkthatsmokinginpublicplacesisanuncivilizedbehavior,affectingpeople'senvironmentandcausingaseriesofproblems,butbecausetheharmofsecond-handsmokingisnottheissueofthisresearch,Iwillnotwritemoreaboutit.3.3.3EffectsofSmokingontheChineseSocietyFirst,IwanttowriteaboutthecigaretteinfluenceonChineseeconomy.ManypeopleincludingmanygovernmentofficialsbelievethatChinesecigarettetaxesmakeagreatcontributiontothecountryeconomy,eventhoughsmokingisharmfultohealthofitspopulation.Becauseofhightaxes,thegovernmentisreluctanttogiveuptheproductionandsaleoftobacco.However,docigarettetaxesreallybenefitthecountry?Maybe,butonlyin2006,1millionpeoplediedofsmoking-relateddiseasesinChina.Comparedtothetobaccotaxof105billionYuanin2000,46.3%ofwhichwasturnedintomedicalexpenses,itshowstheprofitisnotreallygreat.AndthemedicalexpensesinChinarisemuchfasterthanthetobaccoindustryprofittaxes.Ifduetotobaccoconsumption,diseasesanddeathratesin2025increased33%,thenthecostofhealthcarealonewillbemorethanthetobaccoindustry'sprofitsforChina.Otherindirectcosts,directmedicalcostsandlostworkingcapacityforafixednumberofyearsareenoughtooffsettheeconomicvalueoftobaccotaxes.Thatdoesn'tincludeothereconomiclossescausedbytobaccoconsumption,suchasfires.Inthelongterm,cigarettesareextremelyunfavorabletothiscountry.Inaword,Ijustwanttosaysmokingisharmfultooursociety.3.3.4SummaryFromourQuestionnaireSurveyemployedinthecourseofinvestigationwelearnedthatthemajorityofChongqinguniversitystudentsareawarethatsmokingisharmfultotheirhealth,buttheleveloftheawarenessofmanyisnothighorstrongenough.Theyknowbutdon’tbelieveitexperimentingwiththeirownhealth.Theeffectsofsmokingonindividualstudents,bothsmokersandpeoplearoundthemandoursocietyareenormous.Itisthetimethatwethinkseriouslyabouttheinfluenceofsmoking.3.4Students'SmokingHabitsAndSuggestions（ByZhaoYujie趙玉潔，20120480）Inthissub-sectionoftheresearchreportstudents'smokinghabits–smokingfrequency,thetimeofsmokinghabitdevelopmentaswellasstudents'viewsonsmokingbanarediscussedbasedontheanalysisofthedataobtainedthroughtheQuestionnaireSurveyof200Chongqinguniversitystudentsofdifferentgradesandmajors.Somereasonablesuggestionsareofferedtoconcludethediscussion.3.4.1FrequencyofSmokingAccordingtooursurvey,45CQUstudentsoutof188respondentssmoke.Outofthese45smokers,3studentsattemptedsmokingbutdidn’tdevelopthishabit,23smokersonlysmokeinahandfulofcases,13smokerssmokeoccasionally,and6smokerssmokeonaregularbasis.(SeeChart7below)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________WecandrawaconclusionthateveniftherearemanysmokersintheUniversity,someofthemdoesn’tindulgeinsmokingseriously,theysmokeoccasionally,notonaregularbasis.Soitisgratifyingthatwestillhavehopetohelpthemgetridofthisbadhabit.Therearefewstudentswhoattemptedtobaccobutdidnotgetaddictedtoit.Itisawarningforthemtoquitsmokingattheirfirstattempt.Thereisnotimetodelay.3.4.2.TimeWhenSmokersDevelopaSmokingHabitInanswertothethirdquestionofthesurvey,wefoundoutthat8%ofCQUsmokersdevelopedtheirhabittosmokeinJuniorHighschoolandbefore,16%smokersinSeniorHighschooland18%smokershavedevelopedthishabitincollege.(SeeChart8below)_____________________________________________________________________8%16%18%3%8%16%18%3%____________________________________________________________________Weseethatundergraduatesmokers’smokingageisprettyyoung.Manyofthemwereteenagerswhentheysmokedtheirfirstcigarette.Weknowthatthisperiodofpubertyisthetimeofphysicalgrowthandsmokingunderminedtheirhealthgreatly.4000cigarettechemicalsjustdidtheirjob.Theycanbringmanysmoking-relateddiseaseslikebronchitisorpneumonia,andweakenstudents’memory.Wealsofoundoutthatsomeofourstudentshavebeensmokingforsuchalongtimethatwewereshocked.Wecan’tignorethiscondition,ifwecannotcontrolit,itwillinfluenceteenagersevenmore.3.4.3Students'OpinionsonSmokingBanInthissubsectionChongqingstudents'opinionsonsmokingbanisdiscussed.EffectiveMay5,2011thesmoke-freelawsapplytoallpublicindoorspaces-restaurants,bars,Internetcafes,andpublictransportation[7].Theregulationcameintoforce2yearsago,butviolatorsarestillnumerous,andaquestioniswhetherthevaguelywordedrulesaretooweaktomakearealdifferenceinthesociety.Inspiteofthehugepenaltyof30000Yuanforownersofthepublicplaceswhofailedtostopsmokerstheproblemisstillhere–manypeoplesmokeinrestaurantsandatwork.AsforChongqingUniversitystudents,thoughthemajorityofthemsupportsmokingbaningeneral,somethinkthatthereisnowaytoimplementitinChinaastolimitlocaltobacco’scompaniesproductionisnotpossible.HereiswhatIthinkofthematter.3.4.4SummaryandSuggestionsAsindividuals,weshouldrealizethedangersofsmoking,acceptthesmokingbanlaws,governmentalpropagandaandeducationonsmokinghazardsandenhanceourownself-control.Don’tsmokeevenhalfacigaretteever!Enhancetheabilitytodistinguishwhattodoandwhatnot.Whenweareinagroupweshouldsticktoourprinciples,maintainourselves,resistthetemptationofsmokingandkeepapositivementalstate.Secondly,weshouldpreserveourmoralintegrity,notobeythevoiceofotherpeopletodoillegalthings.7.“NewSmokingBanEffectiveinChina”byWangGuanggunin2011,/english2010/video/2011-05/02/c_13855260.htmChapterFour:ConclusionsandOtherSuggestions Inoursurvey,weinvestigatethesmokingsituationinourcollege.Thefinaldataconfirmedourworkinghypothesisthatmany(23.4%)ofstudentsinouruniversitysmoke.Ourresearchteamfoundouttherootcauseamongthereasonsofstudents'smokingisenvironment,becausethemajorityofstudentssmokedaffectedbytheirfriendsandfamilies.ThoughmanyChongqinguniversitystudentsareawareofsmokinghazards,thelevelofawarenessofmanyisnothighorstrongenough.Theyknowbutdon’trealizetheeffectsofsmokingonindividualstudents,bothsmokersandnon-smokersandoursociety.Maybetheyshouldthinkaboutitmoreseriously.Somesuggestionsarefollowing.Parentsshouldsupervisetheirchildrenbetterstrengtheningcommunicationwiththem,understandingtheircollegelife,andpayingmoreattentiontochildren’sphysicalandpsychologicaldevelopment.Discoveringthattheirchildrenstartsmoking,theyshouldgivethemmoreeducationandguidancetohelpthemquitsmoking.Moreattentionshouldbepaidtochildren’suseofpocketmoney.Itisbestnottosmokeinfrontofthechildrenortogetherwiththemsothatparentscouldserveamodelfortheirchildren.Schoolsshouldstrengtheneducationofstudentsaboutsmoking,providethecorrespondingrulesandestablishaconstraintmechanism.Smokingshouldbeforbiddeninpublicplacesevenifsomesmokersareunhappyaboutit.Chongqinguniversityauthoritiesshouldtrytoimproveanti-smokingeducation,establishcounselingcenters,andprovidedoctors'consultationshelpingstudentstogetridofthisbadhabit.Theschoolcanorganizestudents'meetingswithsicksmokers,watchanti-smokingvideosaboutsmokinghazardssothattheycouldfollowthesmokers’advice.Ifpossible,schoolcanleadstudentstohospitalstovisitsicksmokersandseetheirsufferingduetoalong-termsmoking,etc.Itwillbepersuasive.References1.“InChina,smoking'sthebigthing”byPittsburghPost-Gazette/PeterLeo,May3,2006/stories/local/morning-file/in-china-smokings-the-big-thing-432434/2.“InChongqing,therearehalfofmenaresmokingandtheratesofwomensmokingis3%accordingtothesurvey.”ByGuLiang/WangCheng,2011.http://2010./qk/91041X/201102/37446868.html3.Japanesenon-smokersmorethinks"smokingisgoodforinterpersonalrelationships"bysource.October,2010.http://www./news/211654.“SMOKING,THETOBACCOINDUSTRY,ANTI-SMOKINGANDBETELNUTINCHINA”,July2011/china.php?itemid=140&catid=35.“NewSmokingBanEffectiveinChina”,byWangGuanggun2011,/english2010/video/2011-05/02/c_13855260.htm6.“SomeanalysisandinterventioncountermeasuresofChongqing’spresentsituationofsmokinginpublicplaces”ByLiuShanshan,June,1,2011/a/20110601/000630.htm7./jk693.htmAppendix1QuestionnaireSmokingBanandPersonalChoiceDearfriends,OurresearchteamisinvestigatingasmokingbanandpersonalchoiceproblemamongChongqingUniversitystudents.Please,takeafewminutestohelpusfinishtheQuestionnaire.ReadthefollowingQuestions,chooseyouranswerandtick(√)it.Youranswerswillbecompletelyconfidential.Thanksforyourhelp.Personalinformation(ifyoudon'tmind): Gender:MaleFemale Grade:Major:Haveyoueversmoked?YesB.TriedbutquitC.No,neverD.Idon'tlikesmoking.2.Ifyes,whendidyousmokeforthefirsttime?WithclassmatesandfriendsB.WithyourfamilyC.WhenlonelyD.Other______3.Doyouhavethehabitofsmoking?YesB.No,smokeoccasionallyC.NeversmokedDQuitsmoking4.Whendidyougetthehabitofsmoking?InJuniorHighSchoolorbeforeB.InSeniorHighSchoolC.InCollegeD.Neversmoked5.Whatarethereasonsofyoursmoking?(Youmaychooseseveralanswers.)CuriosityB.ImitatingadultsC.Friends'andfamilyinfluenceD.Desiretohave“good”mannersE.RebellionF.AnxietyG.PsychologicaltraumasH.BoringlifeI.StressJ.Lonelinessand/orhelplessnessK.SearchforinspirationL.Other_______6.Doyousmokeonlywhendepressedorsadortogetridofanxiety