中國歷史與文化概論

A

SURVEY

OF

CHINESECULTURE王金巴教學(xué)目的為了使學(xué)生比較全面地了解中國悠久而又豐富的傳統(tǒng)文化，擴(kuò)展知識(shí)，

理清脈絡(luò)，從而認(rèn)識(shí)中國傳統(tǒng)文化的

基本特征及其對(duì)歷史的影響。在了解、認(rèn)識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，深入分析中國傳統(tǒng)文

化的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)與精神，引發(fā)思考中國

傳統(tǒng)文化的繼承和創(chuàng)新問題，提高學(xué)

生的人文素質(zhì)。課程基本要求學(xué)習(xí)和研究中國傳統(tǒng)文化，要求有認(rèn)真務(wù)實(shí)的態(tài)度，掌握正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法，有積極

思考和勇于探索的精神。在學(xué)習(xí)過程中，

盡量增加閱讀，尤其是具有經(jīng)典意義的文

獻(xiàn)，并將歷史梳理與邏輯分析的方法有機(jī)

地結(jié)合起來。課堂講授以重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)為主，并提出問題，在課堂內(nèi)外開展同學(xué)之間、

師生之間的討論。留心考察社會(huì)，包括文

物古跡以及存留于現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)生活中的傳統(tǒng)

習(xí)俗、宗教禮儀、道德規(guī)范等。Contents1

An

overview2

Philosophy

and

religions3

Literature4

Arts5

Education6 Science

and

technology7

Sports8

Traditionalfestivals·9

Culinary(烹飪)culture·10 Dress

and

adornments·11

Architecture·12

Major

tourist

cities·13

World

heritage

sites·14

Travel

tipsAssessmentDaily

Performance

40%1.

Attendance

20%2.

Classroom

Performance

25%3.

Homework

25%4.

Quiz

30%B.

Final

Assessment

60%Chapter

OneAn

overview1.

National

DayOct

1

in

honor

of

the

foundingof

the

PRC

on

Oct

1,

1949.·National

FlagNational

Flag·

On

Sep

27,1949,

the

First

PlenarySession

of

the

CPPCC;

the

red

five-starflag

as

the

national

flag

of

the

PRC.

Thered

color→revolution,

the

yellow

colorthe

golden

brilliant

rays

radiating

fromthe

vast

red

land.

four

smaller

starssurrounding

a

bigger

one

→

theunity

ofthe

Chinese

people

under

the

leadershipof

the

CPC.·

National

Emblem

On

June

18,

1950,

the

Second

Session

of

the

FirstCPPCC

National

Committee

adopted

the

designand

illustration

of

the

national

emblem.

On

Sep

20that

year,

Mao

Zedong

ordered

the

promulgation公布o(jì)f

thenationalemblem.

patterns

of

the

national

flag,the

Tian’anmenRostrum城樓,a

wheel

gear

and

ears

of

wheat→symbolizes

the

New-Democratic

Revolution

of

theChinese

people

since

theMay

4th

Movement

in1919

and

the

birth

of

New

China

under

thepeople’s

democratic

dictatorship專政led

by

theworking

class

on

the

basis

of

the

worker-peasantalliance.National

AnthemMarch

of

the

Volunteers:Arise,

ye

who

refuse

to

be

slaves!

Let

us

amount

our

flesh

and

blood

towards

ournew

Great

Wall!The

Chinese

nation

faces

its

greatest

peril,The

thundering

roar

of

our

peoples

will

be

heard!Arise!

Arise!Arise!We

are

many,

but

our

heartsbeatas

one!Selflessly

braving

the

enemy’s

gunfire,

march

onSelflessly

braving

the

enemy’s

gunfire,

march

onMarch

on!

March

on!

on!·

written

in

1935

with

lyrics

by

the

poet

TiaHan

and

music

by

the

composer

Nie

Er,honoring

those

who

went

to

the

front

tofight

the

Japanese

invaders

in

northeastChina

in

the

1930s.

Decided

upon

as

theprovisional

national

anthem

of

the

newChina

on

Sep

27,1949,

at

the

First

PlenarySession

of

the

CPPCC,

the

song

wasofficially

adopted

as

the

national

anthem

othe

PRC

on

Dec

4,

1982,

by

NPC.National

CapitalOn

Sep27,

1949,

the

First

Plenary

Session

othe

CPPCC

unanimously

adopted

aresolution

making

Beijing

capital

of

the

PRBeijing:

the

nation’s

politicalcentre,ieconomic,

scientific

and

cultural

heart.Being

one

of

the

famous

ancient

capitalcities

in

China,

BJ

has

gone

through

greatdevelopment

and

changes

since

thefounding

of

the

PRC

in

1949.Places

of

historic

interest

andscenic

beauty

in

BJ:Forbidden

City:

the

Imperial

Palace,

the

largestand

best-preserved

collection

of

ancient

buildingin

China.the

Chinese

imperial

palace

from

the

Ming

Dynasty

to

the

end

of

the

Qing

Dynasty.

located

in

the

middle

of

Beijing,

and

now

houses

the

Palace

Museum.

For

almost

five

centuries:

the

home

ofthe

Emperor

and

his

household,

the

ceremonial

and

political

centre

of

Chinese

government.Temple

of

Heaven天壇;天壇:a

platform

forthe

Ming

and

Qing

emperors

to

performsacrifices

and

solemn

rites.a

complex

of

Taoist

buildings

situated

in

southeastern

urban

BJ,

in

Xuanwu

District.

IT

was

visited

by

the

Emperors

of

the

Ming

and

Qingdynastiesfor

annual

ceremonies

of

prayer

to

Heaven

for

good

harvest.

It

is

regarded

as

a

Taoist

temple,

although

Chinese

Heaven

worship,

especially

by

the

reigning

monarch

of

the

day,

predatesTaoism.Summer

Palace:

the

largest

ancient

preservedgarden

in

China;Yihe

yuan→“Gardens

of

Nurtured

Harmony”apalace

in

BJ.is

mainly

dominated

by

Longevity

Hill長壽山

and

the

Kunming

Lake.

It

covers

an

expanse

of

2.9

km2,3/4

of

which

is

water.

The

central

Kunming

Lake

covering

2.2

km2

was

entirely

man

made

and

the

excavated挖的soil

wasused

to

build

Longevity

Hill.

In

its

compact

70,00

m2

of

building

space,one

finds

a

variety

ofpalaces,gardens,andother

classical-stylearchitectural

structures.Ming

Tombs:the

stately

and

majesticmausoleums（陵墓）of

13

Ming

Dynastyemperors;located

some

50

km

due

north

of

urbanBJ

at

a

speciallyselected

site.

The

sitewas

chosen

by

the

3rd

Ming

Dynasty

emperor

Yongle

(1402

-

1424),

who

moved

the

capital

of

China

from

Nanjing

to

the

present

locationof

northwest

BJ.The

Great

Wall

of

China:

a

series

of

stoneand

earthen

fortifications

in

China,

buil

rebuilt,

and

maintained

between

the

5thcentury

BC

and

the

16th

century

toprotect

the

northern

borders

of

theChinese

Empire

from

Xiongnu

attacks

during

the

rule

of

successive

dynasties.it

stretchesover

approximately

6,400

kmfrom

Shanhaiguan

in

theeastto

Lop

Nur羅布泊in

the

west,along

an

arc

thatroughly

delineates

the

southern

edge

ofInner

Mongolia,

but

stretches

to

over

6,70

km

in

total.

At

its

peak,

the

Ming

Wall

was

guarded

by

more

than

one

million

men.

Ithas

been

estimated

that

somewhere

in

therange

of

2

to

3

million

Chinese

died

as

parof

the

centuries-long

project

of

buildingthe

wall.GeographyLocation

and

Boundary

Located

in

the

east

of

the

Asian

continent,

on

thewestern

shore

of

the

pacific

Ocean,

Chinahas

aland

area

of

about

9.6

million

km2,

the

3rd

largestcountry

in

the

world,

next

only

to

Russia

andCanada.

From

north

to

south,

the

territory

of

Chinastretches

from

the

centre

of

the

HeilongjiangRiver

north

of

the

town

of

Mohe

to

the

ZengmuReef

at

the

southernmost

tip

of

the

NanshaIslands.

From

east

to

west,

the

nation

extendsfrom

the

confluence（交匯處）of

the

HeilongjiangRiverand

WusulijiangRiver

to

the

Pamirs.·

China

is

bordered

by

the

DemocraticPeople’s

Republic

of

Korea

to

the

east;Mongolia

to

the

north;Russia

to

thenortheast;Russia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan

and

Tajikistan

to

the

northwesAfghanistan,Pakistan,India,Nepal

andBhutan

to

the

west

and

southwest;andMyanmar緬甸,Laos

and

Vietnam

to

thesouth.Across

the

seas

to

the

east

andsoutheast

are

Korea,Japan,thePhilippines,Brunei文萊,Malaysia

andIndonesia.·

The

Chinese

mainland

is

flanked

to

the

eastand

south

by

the

Bohai

Sea,

Yellow

Sea,East

China

Sea

and

South

China

Sea.

Morethan

7,000

islands

scatter

across

the

seas.The

largest

of

these

is

Taiwan

Island.

TheDiaoyu

and

Chiwei

islands

are

located

to

thnortheast

of

Taiwan

Island.

China’ssouthernmost

island

groups

are

called

theDongsha,

Xisha,

Zhongsha,

Nansha

and

Zengmu

Reef.Topography（地形）China

is

a

country

of

varied

topographicalfeatures

with

highlands

in

the

west

andplains

in

the

east.

Mountainous

land

andvery

rough

terrains

make

up

about

67%

ofChinese

territory,

basins

and

plains

33%.Taking

a

bird"s-eye

view

of

China,

theterrain

gradually

descends

from

west

toeast

like

four

steps

of

a

staircase.·The

first

step

is

the

Qinghai-TibetPlateau

in

Southwest

China.

With

anaverage

elevation

of

about

4,000m,it

is

known

as

the

“roof

of

theworld”.

Its

highest

peak

is

calledMount

Qomolangma.

Thesurrounding

snow-cappedmountains

are

the

origins

of

manyof

China’s

large

rivers.·The

second

step

includesthegently

sloping

Inner

MongoliaPlateau,the

Loess（黃土）Plateau,the

Yunnan-GuizhouPlateau,the

Tarim

Basin,theJunggar

Basin

and

the

SichuanBasin,with

an

average

elevationof

between

1,000

m

and

2,000

m.

The

third

step,dropping

to

500-1,000m

inelevation（海拔),begins

at

a

line

drawn

aroundthe

Greater

Hinggan興安嶺,Taihang,Wushanand

Xuefeng

mountain

ranges

and

extends

eastward

to

the

coast

of

the

Pacific

Ocean.

Here,from

north

to

south,

are

the

Northeast

Plain,

theNorth

China

Plain

and

the

Middle-Lower

YangtzePlain.

Interspersed

amongst

the

plains

are

hillsand

foothills.

To

the

east,

the

land

extends

out

into

the

ocean,in

a

continental

shelf,

the

fourth

step

of

thestaircase.

The

water

here

is

mostlylessthan

200m

deep.Rivers

and

LakesChina

abounds

in

rivers.More

than

1500rivers

each

drain

1000km2

or

largerareas.Most

of

the

large

rivers

have

theisource

on

the

Qinghai-Tibet

Plateau,

and

drop

greatly

between

source

andmonth.As

a

result,China

is

rich

inwater-power

resources,leading

theworld

in

hydropower水利發(fā)電potential,with

reserves

of

680

million

kw.·

The

Yangtze

River

is

the

longest

river

inChina(6300

km),

and

the

3rd

longestriver

in

the

world.

Its

source

is

in

theTanggula

Mountain

of

Qinghai

Province.It

flows

through

11

provinces,autonomous

regions

and

municipalities.one

of

the

main

artery主干道of

watertransportation

between

eastern

andwestern

China.Many

important

ports

andeconomic

centres

are

located

along

it.·

China’s

2nd

longest

river,the

YellowRiver,rises

in

Qinghai

Province

andflows

some

5464

km

to

the

Bohai

Sea.Asthe

most

heavily

silt泥沙-laden

river

inthe

world,it

has

formed

a

raised-bedriver（地上河）in

middle

and

lowerreaches.The

Yellow

River

catchment流域

area

is

an

important

production

base

forgrains

in

China.

Scattered

through

China

are

about

24800

naturallakes.

Most

of

which

are

found

on

the

Middle-Lower

Yangtze

Plain

and

the

Qinghai-Tibet

PlateauFreshwater

lakes

such

as

Poyang

Lake,

DongtingLake,

Taihu

Lake,

and

Hongze

Lake

mostly

lie

inthe

former

area,

while

in

the

latter

are

saltwaterlakes,

such

as

Qinghai

Lake

and

Nam

Co

Lake.

Poyang

Lake,

in

the

north

of

Jiangxi

Province

andwith

an

area

of

3583

km2,

is

the

largest

of

its

kindQinghai

Lake,

in

northeast

Qinghai

Province

andwith

an

area

of

4,583km2,

is

the

largest

one

of

itskind.·

many

man-made

canals.The

most

famous

is

theGrand

Canal（大運(yùn)河）between

BJ

and

Hang

Zhou,1,801

km

in

long.It

passes

through

thecity

of

Tianjin

and

four

provinces(Hebei,Shandong,

Jiangsu

and

Zhejiang)

and

links

fivemajor

rivers:

the

Haihe

River,

the

Yellow

River,the

Huaihe

River,theYangtze

River

and

theQiantangjiang

River.

The

canal

was

open

tonavigationover

1000

yrs

ago.

It

played

animportant

role

in

facilitating

trade

between

thesouth

and

the

north

and

was

regarded

as

thecountry’s

transportation

and

information“highway”

before

the

advent

of

the

railways.·

Today,

some

of

the

canal’s

sections

have

been

widened,

deepened

orstraightened

out,

and

a

number

of

waterconservancy

and

ship

locks

have

beenadded.

This

old

canal

still

provides

watetransportation

from

north

to

south,irrigation

water

for

the

farmlands

on

botof

its

sides,

and

cruise

tours

to

thedelight

of

travelers

from

home

andabroad.Climate

Most

ofChina

lies

in

theNorth

Temperate

Zone北溫帶,characterized

by

a

warm

climate

anddistinctive

seasons,a

climate

well

suitedforhabitation.

Most

of

China

hasacontinental

monsoon(季風(fēng))

climate.From

Sep

to

April

the

following

year,thedry

and

cold

winter

monsoons

blow

from

Siberiaand

the

Mongolian

Plateau,resulting

in

cold

anddry

winters

and

great

differences

between

thetemperatures

of

north

and

south

China.From

Aprilto

Sep,warm

and

humid

summer

monsoons

blowfrom

the

seas

in

theeast

and

south,

resulting

inoveralls

high

temperatures

and

plentiful

rainfalland

little

temperature

difference

between

northand

south

China.·

In

terms

of

temperature,the

nation

can

besectored

from

south

to

north

intoequatorial,tropical,subtropical,warm-temperate,temperate,and

cold-temperatezones.Precipitation降水量graduallydeclines

from

the

southeastern

to

thenorthwestern

inland

area,and

the

averageannual

precipitation

varies

greatly

fromplace

to

place.In

southeastern

coastalareas,it

reaches

over1500

mm,while

innorthwestern

areas,it

drops

to

below

200mm.An

Outline

HistoryChina

has

a

recorded

history

of

nearly

4000ys

and

is

one

of

the

4

homes

of

theworld’s

earliest

civilizations.Chinese

dynastic

history

can

be

dividedinto

two

periods:

the

ancient

period(ancient

times-1840)

and

the

modern

period(1840-present).The

Ancient

Period·

Chinese

history

began

with

two

legendaryfigures-Emperor

Huang

and

Emperor

Yan,

who,together

with

their

bribes,inhabitedthe

drainage

area

along

the

middle

reachesof

the

Yellow

River.By

the

time

of

XiaDynasty,after

centuries

of

living

side

byside,these

two

tribes

has

gradually

mergedinto

one.Consequently,the

Chinese

peopleusually

call

themselves“the

descendantsof

Yan

and

Huang炎黃子孫.·

It

was

during

the

Xia

Dynasty

that

the

institutionslavery

began.Therearemany

legends

describingthe

life

of

the

people

in

this

period,especially

othe

three

sage（賢明的）kings

after

EmperorHuang

and

Emperor

Yan—Yao,Shun

and

Yu.Yaomade

great

contributions

to

the

lunar

calendar.

Hisuccessor,

Shun,

was

physically

and

intellectuallgifted

and

was

a

man

with

great

virtues.

Yu

wasfamous

for

conquering

the

floods.

Heinspiredpeople

to

dig

ditches

to

divert

water

away

insteadof

building

dams.

He

worked

ceaselessly

for

13

yrsand

succeeded

in

controlling

the

floods.

Legendhas

it

that

he

was

so

busy

that

“thrice

he

had

gone

past

his

own

house

without

even

lookingin”.·Following

the

Xia

Dynasty

arose

theShang

Dynasty（1600—1046

BC）,the

Western

Zhou

Dynasty（1046—771

BC）,

the

Spring

and

Autumnand

the

Warring

States

Periods（770—221

BC）.·

In

221

BC,Ying

Zheng,the

highlygifted,ambitious

king

of

the

Qin

Kingdom

endedthe

turmoil

and

chaos

among

dukes諸侯and

kings

in

the

Warring

States

Period.

Heestablished

the

1st

united,centralised,multi-ethnic

feudal

monarchy封建王朝—thQin

Dynasty（221—206BC）,stylinghimself“First

Emperor”.The

FirstEmperor

unified

the

lge,the

measurementsystem

and

the

currency,set

up

theprefectures（郡）and

counties

system,constructed

the

famous

Great

Wall

andbuilt

extravagant（奢侈的）palaces

andmausoleums.·The

Han

Dynasty（206

BC—AD

220）wasestablished

by

Liu

Bang,

with

its

capital

aChang’an

(now

Xi’an).

2

periods:Western

Han

Dynasty（206

BC—AD

25）and

Eastern

Han

Dynasty（AD

25—220）.·

The

Han

Dynasty

survived

for

426

yrs.

ByAD

220,

China

evolved

into

the

3

KingdomsPeriod,in

a

tripartite

balance（三國鼎立）the

Wei

Kingdom（AD

220—265）,

the

ShuKingdom（AD

221—263）and

the

WuKingdom（AD

222-280）.·

Following

the

Three

Kingdoms

Periodwere

consecutively

the

Jin

Dynasty（AD265—420）,

the

16

Kingdoms（AD

304—439）,

the

Southern

and

NorthernDynasties（AD—420-589）and

the

SuiDynasty（AD

581—618）.

By

the

year618,

the

Tang

Dynasty（AD

618—907）,the

commonly-regarded

glorious

periodin

Chinese

history,

was

founded

by

LiYuan.·Following

the

Tang

Dynasty

came

the

period

of

theFive

Dynasties

andthe

Ten

Kingdoms（AD

907—979）.In

960,Zhao

Kuangyin

launched

arebellion.His

lieutenants（隨從將領(lǐng)

clothed

him

in

the

yellow

imperialgown

and

asked

him

to

ascend

thethrone（登基）.Thus,theestablished

the

Song

Dynasty（960—1279）.·In

1209,Genghis

Khan成吉思汗

founded

the

Mongol

Empire

upon

hisunification

of

the

scattered

Mongoltribes.Kublai忽必烈,a

grandson

ofGenghis

Khan,swept

southward

across

Central

China

in

1271

andfounded

the

Yuan

Dynasty（1271—1368）with

Dadu（nowBeijing）as

thecapital.·

In

1368

the

Ming

Dynasty（1368—1644）was

founded

by

Zhu

Yuanzhang(明太祖）.During

the

later

period

of

the

MingDynasty,a

new

military

power

in

thenortheast

of

China

arose.Led

byNu’erhachi（努爾哈赤）,their

chieftain（首領(lǐng)）,the

Manchu

tribesmen

onhorsebacks

fought

with

the

Ming

forcesfor

3

generations

at

the

Great

Wall,andfinally

established

the

Qing

Dynasty（1616—1911）.The

Modern

Times·

The

Opium

War（鴉片戰(zhàn)爭）was

theturning

point

in

Chinese

history

whichmarked

the

close

of

ancient

period

andthe

beginning

of

the

modern

history.From

1840

on,imperialists

madecontinuous

inroads（侵犯）into

China,and

China

gradually

became

a

country

ofsemi-feudal,semi-colonial

status.

The

Qing

Dynasty,

the

last

of

China’s

feudaldynasties,

was

finally

overthrown

by

theRevolution

of

1911

led

by

Sun

Yat-sen（1866—1925）.

One

year

later,

the

Republic

of

Chinawas

founded

under

his

leadership.

With

theintroductionof

Marxism

and

Leninisminto

China

and

under

the

influence

of

the

OctRevolution

in

Russia,

the

May

4th

Movementbroke

out

in

1919,

and

in

1921

the

ChineseCommunist

Party

was

founded,

thus

beginninga

new

period

in

Chinese

history.

After

the

anti-Japanese

War

and

the

Liberation

War,

the

PRC

was

founded

in

1949.Administrative

Divisions

According

to

the

Constitution

of

the

PRC,China’s

administrative

units

are

currently

basedon

a

three-tier

system（三級(jí)建制）,dividing

thenation

into

provinces,counties

and

townships:The

country

is

divided

into

provinces,autonomous

regions

and

municipalities

directlyunder

the

Central

Government;provinces

and

autonomous

regions

are

divided

into

autonomous

prefectures,

counties,autonomouscounties,

and

cities;counties

and

autonomous

counties

are

dividedinto

townships,

minority

townships,

and

towns.At

present

China

has:23

provinces;5

autonomous

regions

are;4

municipalities;2

special

administrative

regions.Population·China,

the

most

populous

country

inthe

world,

had

a

total

population

of1,307.56

million

at

the

end

of

2005,according

to

the

“StatisticalCommunique

of

National

EconomicandSocialDevelopment（國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展統(tǒng)計(jì)公報(bào)）in

2006”publishedby

the

National

Bureau

of

Statistics.·

Moreover,

the

population

ishigh,with135

people

per

km2

butunevenlydistributed.

The

population

density

incoastal

regions

in

east

China

is

higherand

that

in

the

central

and

west

Chinaregions,

the

population

becomes

scarce.The

distribution

pattern

was

determinedby

economic

conditions

and

geographicconditions.·

In

1949,

a

population

of

541.67

million.With

a

stable

society,

productiondevelopment,

improvement

of

medicalconditions,

and

a

lack

of

awareness

on

theimportance

of

birth

control,

Chinawitnessed

a

rapid

population

increase

to806.71

million

in

1969.

Since

the

late

1970the

Chinese

government

has

beenimplementing

the

policy

of

family

planningor

“one

child

policy”,

hoping

to

controlthe

population

increase,

improvepopulation

quality,

promote

thedevelopment

of

the

economy

and

society,and

protect

the

environment.

The

familyplanning

policy

has

seen

remarkableachievements.Distribution

of

the

Ethnic

Groups

From

thehinterlands腹地ofthenorth,tothelush盛的jungles

in

the

south,from

the

mountains

ofTaiwan

in

the

east,to

the

top

of

the

world

in

thewest,China

serves

as

home

to

56

ethnic

groups.

The

largest

group,

the

Han,

makes

up

over

91.59%of

China’s

vast

population,

and

the

world

usesthe

term

of

Han

culture

to

refer

to

Chinese

culture

The

other

55

minority

ethnic

groups,

nestled

awayin

China’s

vast

frontiers,

maintain

their

own

rictraditions

and

customs.

Great

contributions

havebeen

made

by

the

minority

ethnic

groups

toChina’s

culture

and

science.

Many

of

China’sbeautiful

poems,

myths,

folk

tales,

songs,

anddances

come

directly

from

minority

ethnic

groups.·

Although

smallin

number,

the

55

minorityethnic

groups

are

distributed

extensivelythroughout

China.

They

are

widelydispersed,

often

inhabiting

strategicallyimportant

border

regions.

The

regions

where

they

are

most

concentrated

are

InnerMongolia,

Xinjiang,

Tibet,

Guangxi,

Ningxiheilongjiang,

Jilin,

Liaoning,

Gansu,Qinghai,

Sichuan,

Ynnan,

Guizhou,Guangdong,

Hunan,

Hebei,

Fujian

and

Taiwan.

Many

minority

ethnic

peoples

havetraditionally

established

their

villages

imountainous

and

pastoral

areas,

on

highplateaus

and

in

deep

forests.·

Equality,unity,mutual

assistance

andcommon

prosperity

are

the

basicprinciples

of

the

Chinese

government

inhandling

the

relations

between

ethnicgroups.In

accordance

with

these

basicprinciples,China

practices

a

regionalethnic

autonomy

system,in

which

ethnicgroups

live

in

compact（密集的）communities

and

autonomous

organs

ofself-government

are

established

underthe

unified

leadership

of

the

state.·The

Political

SystemThe

Constitution

of

the

People’sRepublic

of

China

is

the

fundamental

lawof

the

state.The

NPC

is

the

highest

organ

of

statepower.

Local

people’s

congresses

arelocal

organsofstate

power.

The

StandingCommittee

of

the

NPC

is

the

permanentorgan

of

the

NPC.

The

term

of

office

of

theNPC

and

its

Standing

Committee

is

5

yrs.The

NPC

and

its

Standing

Committee

areempowered

with

the

rightsof

legislation,decision,

supervision,

election

andremoval.The

Communist

Party

is

the

sole

party

inpower

in

China.

there

are

8

democraticparties

in

China.

Multi-party

cooperationand

political

consultation

under

theleadership

of

the

CPC

is

the

basic

politicsystem

in

China.The

State

Council,

or

the

CentralPeople’s

Government,

of

the

PRC

is

theexecutive

body

of

the

highest

organ

ofstate

power

and

the

highest

organ

of

stateadministration.·The

CPPCC

is

a

united

front統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)

線organization

under

the

leadershipof

the

CPC

and

an

organ

for

variousother

political

parties,massorganizations

and

perso