國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)英漢雙語課件-第8章 Inspection-forcemajeure

Internationaltradepractice主講：劉偉良TelQ：1047205122Chapter8Inspection,ForceMajeure&PrivateDisputeResolution1.CommodityInspection2.ForceMajeure3.PrivateDisputeResolution1/35P171-2/351.CommodityInspectionThebuyerwantstomakesurehegetswhathe’spaidfor.Nationallawsorint’lconventionsrecognizethebuyer’srightofproductinspections.Thesellerwantstocontroltheproductqualityandtoprovehisproductsmeettherelevantcontractterms.Somecountrieshavelawsonmandatory強制的inspections.Insummary,commodityinspectionisanindispensablepartofinternationaltradeandinspectionclauseisanindispensableclauseofacontracttoprotecttheinterestsofboththebuyerandthesellerwhilecargostandardsmayvaryenormouslyfromcountrytocountry.P171-1)PlaceandtimeofinspectionShippingqualityandquantityLandedqualityandquantityInspectionattheportofshipmentandre-inspectionattheportofdestinationShippingquantityandlandedquality3/35①在出口國檢驗在產(chǎn)地檢驗：在離開產(chǎn)地（如：工廠、農(nóng)場、礦山）之前進行檢驗。在裝運港/地檢驗：以離岸質(zhì)量、數(shù)量、重量為準。②在進口國檢驗在目的港/地卸貨后檢驗：以到岸質(zhì)量、數(shù)量、重量為準。在買方營業(yè)處所或最終用戶所在地檢驗③在出口國檢驗，在進口國復驗在出口國檢驗作為賣方的結(jié)算依據(jù)；在進口國復驗，若復驗證明貨物存在違約情形，責任由于賣方負責。檢驗地點和時間4/352)Inspectionagencyandcertificate①ForeignagenciesFederalGrainInspectionService(FGIS)Food&DrugAdministration(FDA)Societe

GeneraleDESurveillanceS.A.(SGS）Underwriter’sLaboratoryLloyd’sSurveyor(UK)NIPPONKAIJIKENTEIKYOKAI(NKKK)Int’lWoolSecretariat②ChineseagenciesAQSIACCIC①國外檢驗機構(gòu)美國糧谷檢驗署美國食品藥品管理局瑞士日內(nèi)瓦通用鑒定公司美國保險人實驗室英國勞合氏公證行日本海事鑒定協(xié)會國際羊毛局②中國檢驗檢疫機構(gòu)國家質(zhì)量檢驗檢疫總局

中國檢驗認證有限公司AgenciesP173-2)InspectionagencyandcertificateCertificates檢驗鑒定類證書食品衛(wèi)生類證書獸醫(yī)類證書動物檢驗檢疫類證書檢驗證書的作用作為買賣雙方交接貨物的依據(jù)；作為索賠和理賠的依據(jù)；作為買賣雙方結(jié)算貨款的依據(jù)；作為海關(guān)驗關(guān)放行的憑證。植物檢疫類證書運輸工具檢驗檢疫類證書檢疫處理類證書進口貨物檢驗檢疫類證書6/35P174-CommodityInspection3)Methods&standardsofinspectionMakeclearinthecontractwhatmethodsandstandardsaretobeused.Foronecontract,onlyonemethodandonestandardshouldbeusedtoensureconsistencyininspection.4)Re-inspectionSufficienttimeshouldbeagreedpreviouslyforre-inspection.Placeofre-inspection:thechoiceoftheplaceofre-inspectiondependsmainlyonthenatureofthecommodity.5)ReceiptandacceptanceReceiptmeansthatthegoodshavecomeintothecontrolofthebuyerwithoutregardtoownershiportoagreementtoanyaspectofthegoods.Itdoesnotmeanacceptance.Acceptancemeansthatthebuyerhasthecontrolofthegoodswithconsentregardingthegoodsdelivered.Itmeansmorethanreceipt.7/35P174-CommodityInspection6)ClaimBeforefilingaclaim,checkthepointsbelow:Whethertheclaimisjustifiedbythecontract.Whethertheclaimismadeintime.Whethertheclaimiswellsupportedbygooddocumentation.Claimscanbesettledinthewayslistedbelow:Makingrefundwithcompensationforotherdirectlossesandexpensessuchasbankingcharges,storageandinspectioncharges.Devaluatingthegoodsaccordingtothedegreeofinferiority,extentofdamageandamountoflosses.Replacingthedefectivegoodswithnewonesthatconformtothespecifications,qualityandperformanceasstipulatedinthecontract.8/35CommodityInspection有關(guān)檢驗權(quán)的規(guī)定；檢驗或復驗的時間；檢驗或復驗的地點；檢驗方法/標準；檢驗條款應(yīng)包含的內(nèi)容檢驗項目；檢驗機構(gòu)；檢驗證書；索賠時限。9/35合同中的檢驗條款規(guī)定：“質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以裝運地檢驗報告為準”。但貨到目的地后，買方發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物與合同規(guī)定不符，并經(jīng)當?shù)厣唐窓z驗機構(gòu)出具檢驗證書。問：買方可否向賣方索賠？為什么？

CaseStudy110/35不可以索賠，質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以裝運地檢驗報告為準。P177-2.ForceMajeure-不可抗力Forcemajeureisacommonclauseincontractswhichessentiallyfreesoneorbothpartiesfromliabilityorobligationwhenanextraordinaryeventorcircumstancebeyondthecontrolofthepartiespreventsoneorbothpartiesfromfulfillingtheirobligationsunderthecontract.不可抗力條款是一種免責條款。合同中規(guī)定：如當事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同全部或部分義務(wù)時，免除其全部或部分責任，而另一方當事人則不得對此要求損害賠償。12/35P177-1)DefinitionofforcemajeureAforcemajeureeventisonethatcangenerallybeneitheranticipatednorbroughtundercontrol.Certainnaturaldisasterssuchasflood,earthquakeandvolcano(ActofGod)andsocialdisturbancessuchaswar,strikeandriot暴亂areconsideredtobeforcemajeure.非當事人的主觀意志所決定，也非當事人能力所能抗拒的客觀事實，使得當事人在訂約時所謀求的商業(yè)目的無法達成，從而導致當事人的責任被免除的情況。不可抗力事故均為意外事故，包括：①自然原因引起的，如：地震、旱災(zāi)、火災(zāi)、風災(zāi)、雪災(zāi)等；②社會原因引起的，如：戰(zhàn)爭、政府封鎖、禁運和罷工等。13/35P177-FeaturesofaforcemajeureeventExternality:itisnotduetothenegligenceofthebuyerortheseller.Unforeseeability:ithappensafterthecontractissignedandisunforeseeableatthetimeofconclusionofthecontract.Unavoidability:neitherthebuyernorthesellercancontrolthesituationanditiscompletelyimpossibletoperformtheobligation.構(gòu)成不可抗力的條件在合同成立并生效后發(fā)生；非因任何一方當事人的過失或疏忽造成；對事故發(fā)生，當事人不能預見、無法避免和無法預防。市場風險、價格波動、匯率變化等均不能視為不可抗力事件。14/35P177-2)ConsequencesofforcemajeureTerminationofcontract(終止合同):incasenaturaldisastersorothereventshavemadeitimpossibletofulfillthecontract,thecontractcanbeterminated.Postponementofcontract(延期執(zhí)行合同):incaseevents(suchastransportationstoppagecausedbyanearthquake)willonlydelaythefulfillmentofacontract,thecontractcanbepostponed(butnotterminated)sinceitisstillpossibleforthesellertocarryouthiscontractobligation.發(fā)生不可抗力后，一方當事人必須及時通知對方（并盡快提供由商會等公證機構(gòu)出具的證明文件），同時提出處理建議，征求對方同意。發(fā)生不可抗力后，當事人必須盡最大努力將不可抗力造成的影響降低到最小。

15/35我方于1990年11月2日與伊朗簽定FOB進口合同。因海灣戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)，我方接貨貨輪無法駛抵伊朗，到1991年4月海灣戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后，我方方能派船接貨，而外商以我方未能按時派船接貨為由，要求我方賠償其倉儲費。請問：外商的要求是否合理？

看情況。我方未能按時派船接貨是因不可抗力事件。但我方必須按約定的通知期限和通知方式通知對方，并與對方商定是解除合同還是延期履行。若沒有按時通知，我方對賣方因未收到通知而造成的損害應(yīng)負賠償責任。CaseStudy119/35我方以CIF紐約出口200套家具的到美國。合同規(guī)定1996年12月交貨。11月底，我方商品倉庫發(fā)生雷擊火災(zāi)，致使一半出口家具燒毀。我方以發(fā)生不可抗力為由，要求免除交貨責任。美方不同意，堅持要求我方按時交貨。我方無奈，經(jīng)努力于1997年1月初交貨，美方卻要求索賠。試問：①我方要求免除交貨責任的要求是否合理?

②我方最終的處理方法是否妥當?我方要求不合理。因我倉庫遇不可抗力導致一半出口家具燒毀，但不可抗力并沒有嚴重到不能履約的程度，故我方不能要求免除全部交貨責任，但可延期交貨。不妥。我方?jīng)]有要求對方同意延期執(zhí)行合同，導致對方提出索賠。

CaseStudy220/35P177-3)Pointstorememberwhendraftingtheclause①Determinethescope–確定不可抗力范圍Generalstipulation(概括式):“generallyrecognizedforcemajeurecauses”.Specificlisting(列舉式):“war,flood,storm,heavysnow.Specificlistingplusgeneralstipulation(綜合式):“war,flood,storm,heavysnoworanyothercausesbeyondtheircontrol/andothergenerallyrecognizedforcemajeureevent”.②Specifytheconsequences–明確處理原則和方法Whenthecontractcanbeterminated.Whenthecontractcanonlybepostponed.16/35P177-3)PointstorememberwhendraftingtheclauseDesignatetheagencytoissuecertificateSpecifywhichagencyistobetheissuer.明確由哪個機構(gòu)出具證明文件。SetthetimelimitofnoticetotheothercontractorThepartywhowantstoquotetheclauseshouldinformtheotherpartyofhisdecisionwithinareasonabletimelimit.明確在何時之前必須通知對方有關(guān)不可抗力事件及影響。17/35P177-4)PointstorememberwhenquotingtheclauseDecideifanaccidentiswithinthescopeaccordingtothecontractterms.Notifytheothercontractorassoonaspossible(theotherpartyshouldreplyquicklyifheagreesordisagrees).Supplythecertificateissuedbythecorrectagency.一方接收到對方關(guān)于不可抗力的通知或證明后，無論是否同意都應(yīng)及時答復，否則，有些國家（如：美國），將認為這是默認。18/35P180-3.PrivateDisputeResolution–爭議的解決NegotiationsMediationArbitrationLitigation協(xié)商調(diào)解仲裁訴訟Methodsofprivatedisputeresolution21/35P180-1)ArbitrationArbitrationisamethodofhavingadisputebetweentwoormorepartiesresolved,outsidethecourts,byimpartialpersonscalledarbitratorswhoareknowledgeableinthesubjectmattersofdispute.Itisthemosttraditionalformofprivatedisputeresolution.Criminalcasescannotbesettledbyarbitration.仲裁是指糾紛當事人在自愿基礎(chǔ)上達成協(xié)議，將糾紛提交非司法機構(gòu)的第三者審理，由第三者作出裁決的一種解決糾紛的制度和方式。仲裁在性質(zhì)上是兼具契約性、自治性、民間性和準司法性的一種爭議解決方式。①Arbitrationdefined22/35P180-②AdvantagesofarbitrationFinal,bindingdecisions

-Arbitralawardsareusuallynotsubjecttoappeal上訴,theyaremuchmorelikelytobefinalthanthejudgmentsofcourtsoffirstinstance.Int’lrecognitionofarbitralawards裁定

-Arbitralawardsenjoymuchgreaterint’lrecognitionthanjudgmentsofnationalcourts.144countrieshavesignedthe1958UNConventionontheRecognitionandEnforcementofForeignArbitralAwards.Neutrality

中立-Arbitrationmaytakeplaceinanycountry,inanylanguageandwitharbitratorsofanynationality.Withthisflexibility,itisgenerallypossibletostructureaneutralprocedureofferingnoundue過度的advantagetoanyparty.23/35P180-②AdvantagesofarbitrationSpecializedcompetenceofarbitrators

-Arbitrationoffersthepartiestheuniqueopportunitytodesignatepersonsoftheirchoiceasarbitrators,providedtheyareindependent.Thisenablesthepartiestohavetheirdisputesresolvedbypeoplewhohavespecializedcompetenceintherelevantfield.Speedandeconomy-Arbitrationisfasterandlessexpensivethanlitigation訴訟.Confidentiality-Arbitrationhearingsarenotpublic,andonlythepartiesthemselvesreceivecopiesoftheawards.23/35③ArbitrationcaseflowAppointarbitratorsUsually1or3arbitratorsareappointed.Thearbitrationbodyappoints1.Orboththeplaintiff/claimant原告andthedefendantappoint1eachandthearbitrationbodyappointsathird.Submitdisputetoarbitrationifthedisputeistobesubmittedtoapermanentbody,theapplicationissentdirectlytothetribunal審理委員會andtothedefendant被告(respondent).Ifthedisputeistobesubmittedtoatemporarybody,theapplicationissentdirectlytothedefendant.HearingacaseCasehearingcanbecarriedoutbyface-to-facereplyorcorrespondence.Insomecases,thetribunalmaygivetheorderofinterim臨時的measuresofprotectionwhilethearbitrationisgoingon.IssueanawardAfterhearing,thearbitratorswilldeliberate權(quán)衡thecaseandthenserveanaward,thedecisionmadeinwrittenformbythearbitrationtribunalafterdeliberation.P181-24/35仲裁程序仲裁申請?zhí)峤恢俨蒙暾垥?；提交仲裁請求所依事實的證明文件；在仲裁委員會的仲裁員名冊中指定一名或數(shù)名仲裁員，或委托仲裁委員會主席/主任指定；按仲裁委員會的仲裁費用表預繳仲裁費。仲裁庭的組成國際上一般做法：爭議案件可由3、5、7名仲裁員（其中1名為首席仲裁員）組成仲裁庭，以和議方式審理，也可由獨任仲裁員單獨審理。我國的做法：仲裁庭可由3名仲裁員或1名仲裁員組成。除非另有特別約定，我國的仲裁庭一般由3名仲裁員組成。由3名仲裁員組成的，設(shè)首席仲裁員。25/35仲裁審理仲裁審理一般包括以下步驟：①開庭；②和解及調(diào)解；③收集、審定證據(jù)；④采取保全措施。仲裁庭審理案件有兩種方式：①開庭審理；②書面審理。仲裁裁決基于當事人的請求，仲裁庭在仲裁過程中可就有關(guān)事項作出部分裁決、中間裁決和臨時裁決；在仲裁終結(jié)時就整個爭議事項作出終局裁決書。依《國際商會調(diào)解與仲裁規(guī)則》：仲裁程序正式開始后6個月內(nèi)作出裁決。在世界大多數(shù)國家，仲裁裁決是終局的，對雙方當事人均有約束力。仲裁程序26/35P182-④EffectofarbitrationInmostcountries,

anarbitrationawardis“finalandbinding”providedthattherearenoillegalactionsbyanypartyinvolvedinthearbitrationprocess.Anarbitrationawardissubjecttoreviewbyacourtonlyonaverylimitedbasis.⑤Fees:feesareusuallytobebornebythelosingpartyofthedispute(unlessotherwisestipulatedbytheaward).27/35P182-⑥ArbitrationclauseItembodiestheagreementofbothpartiesthat,ifanydisputeariseswithregardtotheobligationswhichonepartyhasundertakentotheother,suchadisputeshallbesettledbyatribunaloftheirownconstitution.Itmayexcludethecourtfromhavingjurisdiction管轄overthedispute.Itgivesjurisdictiontothearbitratororanarbitrationbody,whichshouldhaveasetofruleswithregardtothearbitrationbythatbody.Functionsofanarbitrationagreement仲裁協(xié)議的作用表明雙方當事人愿意將爭議提交仲裁解決，不向法院起訴。排除法院對爭議案件的管轄權(quán)。使仲裁機構(gòu)取得對爭議案件的管轄權(quán)。我國《仲裁法》：沒有仲裁協(xié)議，一方申請仲裁，仲裁機構(gòu)不予受理。28/35⑥Arbitrationclause仲裁條款：雙方當事人在契約中明確將其可能發(fā)生的爭議提交仲裁解決的條款。(合同內(nèi)條款)仲裁協(xié)議書：爭議發(fā)生前或后，當事人雙方經(jīng)協(xié)商共同簽署的把爭議提交仲裁解決的專門性文件。(合同外文件)其他文件所包含的仲裁協(xié)議：雙方當事人針對有關(guān)商事關(guān)系而互相往來的信函、電傳、電報以及其他書面材料中所包含的仲裁協(xié)議。(合同外文件)仲裁協(xié)議的形式29/35仲裁意愿（當事人一致同意將爭議提交仲裁）仲裁事項（提交仲裁的爭議范圍）仲裁地點（國家-城市）仲裁機構(gòu)名稱仲裁規(guī)則仲裁裁決效力（裁決是否具終局性）我國的涉外商事仲裁都選擇常設(shè)機構(gòu)，沒有臨時仲裁。若仲裁條款中只寫明仲裁城市而沒寫明仲裁機構(gòu)名稱，即推定當事人默示選擇了該仲裁地的常設(shè)仲裁機構(gòu)。我國：凡提交到仲裁委員會仲裁的，均視為當事人同意采用該委員會仲裁規(guī)則。仲裁條款內(nèi)容30/35Alldisputesarisinginconnectionwiththecontractortheexecutionthereofshallfirstbesettledthroughfriendlynegotiations.Incasenosettlementcanbereachedthroughnegotiations,thecaseshouldthenbesubmittedtotheForeignTradeArbitrationCommissionoftheChinaCouncilforthePromotionof

Int’lTrade,ShenzhenBranch,inShenzhen,China,forarbitrationunderitsarbitralregulations.Thedecisionrendered開出bythesaidCommissionshallbefinalandbindinguponbothparties.Neitherpartyshallseekresourcesfromthelaw-courtorotherauthoritiesforrevisingthedecision.Thearbitrationfeeshallbeborne