中美碳中和地區(qū)性進(jìn)展跟蹤（英）

TRACKINGSUBNATIONALPROGRESSTOWARDCARBONNEUTRALITYINTHEU.S.ANDCHINATheCalifornia-ChinaClimateInstituteNovember2023JUNE2021REPORTAUTHORSFredrichKahrl*,JessicaGordon*,FanDai*andJieHan?*California-ChinaClimateInstitute,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley?UniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyABOUTTHECALIFORNIA-CHINACLIMATEINSTITUTETheCalifornia-ChinaClimateInstitutewaslaunchedinSeptember2019andisaUniversityofCalifornia-wideinitiativehousedjointlyatUCBerkeley’sSchoolofLawandtheRausserCollegeofNaturalResources.ItisChairedbyJerryBrown,formerGovernoroftheStateofCalifornia,andVice-ChairedbytheformerChairoftheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardMaryNichols.TheInstitutealsoworkscloselywithotherUniversityofCaliforniacampuses,departmentsandleaders.Throughjointresearch,traininganddialogueinandbetweenCaliforniaandChina,thisInstituteaimstoinformpolicymakers,fostercooperationandpartnershipanddriveclimatesolutionsatalllevels.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTheauthorswouldliketothankthefollowingreviewersforhelpfulcomments:MichaelDavidson(UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego),HeGang(BaruchCollege,CityUniversityofNewYork,NinaKhanna(LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory),HongyouLu(LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory),andJimWilliams(UniversityofSanFrancisco).iCONTENTSAcknowledgementsiAcronymandAbbreviationListiiiExecutiveSummaryv1Background12CarbonNeutralityIndicatorsandMilestones23TrackingProgress:2000-202173.1ElectricityGeneration73.2CentralizedHeatSupply123.3Buildings133.4Industry173.5Transportation213.6Forestry253.7EnergyIntensity293.8CO?Intensity323.9EnergyandCO?IntensityTrendsVis-à-Vis2035Milestones354Conclusions385References40AppendixA:MilestoneCalculations43A.1Electricity44A.2Buildings45A.3Industry46A.4Transportation46A.5Forestry49AppendixB:DataSourcesandPreparationB.1U.S.Data51B.2ChinaData51iiAcronymandAbbreviationListBEABureauofEconomicAnalysisCECCaliforniaEnergyCommissionCECChinaElectricityCouncilCESCleanEnergyStandardsCEYEBChinaEnergyYearbookEditorialBoardCHPCombinedHeatandPowerCO2CarbonDioxideDOEDepartmentofEnergyEIAEnergyInformationAgencyEPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyETSEmissionsTradingSystemEVElectricVehicleFHAFederalHighwayAdministrationFIAFoodInventoryandAnalysisGDPGrossDomesticProductGSPGrossStateProductGWGigawatthaHectareICCTInternationalCouncilforCleanTransportationIEAInternationalEnergyAgencyIRAInflationReductionActLDVLight-dutyVehicleLPGLiquifiedPetroleumGasMIITMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyMOHURDMinistryofHousingandUrbanRuralDevelopmentMOUMemorandumofUnderstandingNBSNationalBureauofStatisticsNEANationalEnergyAdministrationNEVNewEnergyVehicleNDRCNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissioniiiAcronymandAbbreviationList(cont’d)NRELNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryPJPetajoulesPHEVPlug-inHybridElectricVehicleRFSRenewableFuelStandardRPSRenewablePortfolioStandardSEPSStateEnergyDataSystemsSFAStateForestAdministrationofChinatceTonsCoalEquivalentU.S.UnitedStatesUSDAUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureUSFSUnitedStatesForestServiceZEVZeroEmissionsVehiclem3/ha-yCubicMetersperHectareperYearivEXECUTIVESUMMARYTheUnitedStates(U.S.)andChinahavesetambitioustargetsforcarbonneutrality–reducingcarbondioxide(CO?)emissionstonetzerolevelsby2050and2060,respectively.Implementationofpoliciestomeetthesetargetswilltakeplaceatasubnationallevel,withinU.S.statesandChineseprovinces.Howcangovernmentsandnon-governmentalorganizationstracksubnationalprogresstowardcarbonneutrality?Thisreportdevelopsindicatorsand2035milestonesforeachindicatortotrackprogressbyU.S.statesandChineseprovincestowardmid-centurycarbonneutralitygoals.Itbuildsona2021report,GettingtoNetZero,whichdevelopedaframeworkforsupportingcoordinationoncarbonneutralitybetweentheU.S.andChina,includingtechnologypathways,commonmilestones,andpriorityareasfordialogue,researchanddevelopment,andinternationalleadership.Theindicatorsinthisreport(Table1,pg.vi)aimtobalancesimplicityandcompleteness,withpubliclyavailabledatathatcanberegularlyupdatedovertime.Theyfocusontwocoretransitions:thetransitionfromfossilfuel-dominanttonon-fossilfuelenergysystems,and(2)thetransitiontomorecarbon-intensivelanduse.Table1includestwokindsofindicators:flow(adoption)andstock(fleet)indicators.Flowindicatorstracktheflowofnewinfrastructureandequipmentandmaychangerelativelyquickly.Stockindicatorstrackchangesintotalenergymixandlanduseandwilltendtochangerelativelyslowly.Intandem,flowandstockindicatorscanprovideausefullensontheimpactsofpolicyandthepaceofnearer-termandlong-termchange.Formostflowindicators,standardized,publiclyavailabledataarenotyetavailableatasubnationallevel.Nationalgovernmentscanplayanimportantroleinaddressingthisdatagap.The2035milestonesinTable1arenationalmilestones,consistentwitheithercurrentnationalpolicyorstudiesoflonger-termcarbonneutralitypathways.1Indicatorvaluesforeachstateandprovincewilllikelychangeatdifferentrates,butchangesshouldbedirectionallyconsistentwiththe2035milestones,andovertimethereshouldbegreaterconvergenceinindicatorvaluesamongstatesandprovinces.Akeygoaloftrackingsubnationalprogressistoidentifytheregionsandsectorsthatmayneedmoretargetedsupportfromnationalgovernments,inordertoinformandadaptnationalpolicy.TheU.S.andChinahaveverydifferenteconomies,geographies,andenergysystems.Sowhydevelopacommonsetofindicatorsforbothcountries?Bydevelopingcommonindicators,wecanidentifysectorsandregionswhereeachcountryismakingfasterorslowerprogress,asthebasisfordialogueandcoordinationbetweennationalandsubnationalgovernments.Acommonsetofindicatorsalsocanhelptobuildconfidencethatstatesorprovincesintheothercountryaremakingprogressinenergyandlandusetransitions.Overthepasttwodecades,theU.S.andChinahavebothmadesignificantprogressintheinitialstagesofatransitiontonon-fossilfuelenergysystems,thoughthusfarthemostvisiblechangeshavebeenintheelectricitysector.Inbothcountries,non-fossilfuelgeneration–renewables,Ofthesemilestones,only“shareofnon-fossilfuelelectricitygenerationintotalgeneration”intheU.S.isexplicitlytiedtoaspecificnationalpolicygoal.Theremainingmilestonevaluesareconsistentwiththeresultsoflonger-termdecarbonizationstudies.SeeAppendixAforanoverviewofmilestonecalculations.vTable1|Indicators,RecentIndicatorValues,and2035MilestonesSECTORINDICATOR2020VALUE2035U.S.CHINAU.S.ENERGYSUPPLYShareofnewnon-fossilfuelcapacityintotalnew79%67%>90%generationcapacity(3-yearmovingaverage)(2019-2021)(2018-2020)ElectricityGenerationShareofnon-fossilfuelelectricitygenerationin40%32%>95%totalgenerationCentralizedHeatShareofnon-fossilfuelenergyintotalcentral-N/A2%N/ASupplyizedheatsupplyENERGYCONSUMPTIONShareofheatpumpsalesintotalwaterheaterN/AN/A80%andfurnacesalesBuildingsShareofnon-fossilfuelenergyinresidentialand51%61%70%commercialfinalenergyconsumptionIndustryShareofnon-fossilfuelenergyinindustrialfinal22%32%45%energyconsumptionShareofzero-emissionsvehicle(ZEV)salesin8%22%80%light-dutyorpassengervehiclesales(2022)(2022)TransportationShareofZEVsalesinheavy-dutyorfreight<1%7%60%trucksales(2022)(2022)Shareofnon-fossilfuelenergyintransportation5%7%20%finalenergyconsumptionLANDUSEAnnualincreaseinforestareaasashareofto-0.1%/yr0.3%/yr0.1%/yrtallandarea(percentagepointsperyear,%/yr)(2007-2017)(2010-2020)ForestAreaAnnualincreaseinforestvolumeperforestarea1.1m3/ha-yr1.7m3/ha-yr1.0m3/ha-yr(cubicmetersperhectareperyear,m3/ha-yr)(2010-2020s)(2010-2020)ECONOMY-WIDEEnergyIntensityReductioninenergyconsumptionperunitreal33%36%43%(relativetogrossdomesticproduct(GDP)(2000-2020)(2000-2020)2020)CO2IntensityReductioninenergy-relatedCO2emissionsper44%38%70%(relativetounitrealGDP(2000-2020)(2000-2019)2020)FlowindicatorStockindicatorSourcesandnotes:SeeAppendixAforadetaileddescriptionofhowmilestonevalueswerecalculated.Sourcesformosthistoricalvaluescanbefoundincorrespondingsectionsofthereport.ZEVsalessharesaresharesofelectricvehiclesalesfromtheInternationalEnergyAdministration(IEA)(2023).Thesedataincludeplug-inhybridelectricvehicles(PHEVs),whicharenotzeroemitting,nototherzeroemittingvehicles,suchasfuelcellvehicles.TheU.S.doesnothaveasignificantcentralizedheatsupply,andthuswedonotreportthisindicatorfortheU.S.Severalflowindicatorvaluesare“N/A”becausedataarenotpubliclyavailable.Wereporttheforestrymetricsintotal,ratherthanperyear,laterinthereport;useoftheperyearvalueshereenablescomparisonwithhistoricalvaluesvilargehydropower,andnuclear–nowaccountsforabout70%to80%ofnewgenerationcapacity.Between2010and2020,theshareofelectricitygeneratedfromnon-fossilfuelenergyresourcesrosefrom30%to40%intheU.S.andfrom19%to32%inChina.Regionally,thelargestincreasesintheshareofnon-fossilgenerationbetween2000and2020wereinareaswithhigherqualitywindresources:themidwesternU.S.andnorthernChina.Morerecently,however,largedeclinesinthecostofsolargenerationhaveledtogreaterregionalconvergenceintheshareofnewnon-fossilgenerationcapacityinChina,atrendthatislikelyemergingintheU.S.aswell.Theenergyconsumingsectors–buildings,industry,andtransportation–presentamorenuancedstory.InChina,theshareofnon-fossilfuelenergyuseinbuildingsandindustrygrewrapidlyoverthelastdecade,drivenbyacombinationofenvironmentalpolicyandtechnologicalchange.IntheU.S.,non-fossilenergysharesinbuildingsandindustrywererelativelyflat;likelyaconsequenceoflownaturalgaspricesandlimitedfederalandstatepoliciestoencouragefuelswitching.Neithercountryhasmadesignificantprogressinreducingtheshareoffossilfuelconsumptionintransportation,despitemorethanadecadeofnationalbiofuelpolicies,morestringentnationalvehicleemissionsstandards,andstateandprovincialeffortstosupportalternativetransportationfuels.Thegeographyofchangesinstateandprovincialfossilfuelconsumption,energyintensity,andCO?intensityreflectsthedifferentsocial,technology,andresourcechallengesthattheU.S.andChinafaceintransitioningtheirenergysystemstonon-fossilfuelenergysources.Inthebuildingssector,forinstance,northernurbanareasinChinahaveextensivedistrictheatingnetworks,whereassouthernurbanareasandmostruralareaslackcentralizedheatsupply.China’schallengesforincreasingtheshareofnon-fossilenergyuseinbuildingswillbeto(1)developnon-fossilheatingsolutionsforruralandsouthernurbanareasand(2)decidewhethertodevelopnon-fossilenergysourcesfordistrictheatingortoelectrifybuildingheatinginnorthernurbanareas.IntheU.S.,bycontrast,thereisverylittledistrictheating,andmostfossilfuelheatinginurbanandruralareasissuppliedbynaturalgasandoilproducts.Thelargestchallengeforincreasingtheshareofnon-fossilenergyuseinU.S.buildingswillbetodevelopreliableandlow-costwaystoelectrifyheatingincoldernorthernregions.Sustainedprogressoverthenext15yearswillbecriticalforputtingtheU.S.andChinaonatrajectorytomeettheirmid-centurycarbonneutralitygoals.Inthetransportationsector,forinstance,willemissionsstandards,governmentprograms,andincentivesbeenoughtodriverapidadoptionofelectricvehicles(EVs)andgrowthintheshareofnon-fossilfuelenergyintransportation?Willthegrowthofnon-fossilfuelgenerationbeenoughtoensurethattransportationelectrificationactuallyleadstosignificantreductionsinCO?emissions?Theindicatorsinthisreportprovideacomprehensive,yetstilltractable,meansofgaugingsubnationalprogressoverthenextdecade.ThevalueoftrackingprogresstowardcarbonneutralityintheU.S.andChinatogether,ratherthandoingsoseparately,willincreaseovertimeasbothcountriesfaceandovercomearangeofregionalchallenges:landconstraintsonrenewableenergydevelopment;renewableintegrationchallengesinregionalelectricgrids;technology,political,andeconomicchallengesinindustry;buildingelectrificationincolderareasandelectrificationofheavierindustries;adoptionofnon-fossilfueledtransportationmodesinlogisticalhubs;anddifficultiesinreconcilingeconomicdevelopmentandlandconservation.BymonitoringtheU.S.andChinaintandem,cooperationbetweenthetwocanfocusonregionsthatfacecomparablechallenges–forinstance,landconstraintsinthenortheastU.S.andChina’scoastalprovincesmaymeanthatbothtakeamoredistributedapproachtorenewableenergydevelopment.Regionallytargetedbilateralcooperationcanhelptopromoteconvergenceinindicatorsamongstatesandprovincesovertime.viiCHAPTERONEBACKGROUNDTheU.S.andChinabothhavesetambitiousnationalgoalsforachievingcarbonneutralitybyaroundmid-century.Changesinenergysystemsandlandusetomeetthosegoalswilloccuratastateorprovinciallevel,whichmeansitwillbeimportanttotrackstateandprovincialprogresstowardtheselonger-termgoalsthroughnearer-termindicatorsandmilestones.ThisreportdevelopsindicatorsandmilestonesfortrackingU.S.states’andChineseprovinces’progresstowardnationalmid-centuryclimateneutralitygoals.Itbuildsonapreviousreport,GettingtoNetZero:U.S.-ChinaFrameworkandMilestonesforCarbonNeutrality,2whichfocusedonnational-levelU.S.-Chinacoordinationandmilestones.Incontrast,thisreportdevelopsindicatorsandmilestonesfortrackingprogresstowardcarbonneutralityatasubnationallevel.Thisreportisorganizedintofivemainsections:CarbonNeutralityIndicatorsandMilestonesprovidesanoverviewoftheindicatorsand2035milestonesdevelopedforthisreport.TrackingProgress:2000-2021illustrates,foreachindicator,howU.S.statesandChineseprovinceshaveprogressedoverthelasttwodecades.Conclusionsconfirmstheimportanceofindicators,highlightskeytakeawaysfromtheanalysisofhistoricaltrends,andoutlineschallengesgoingforward.AppendixA:MilestoneCalculationsexplainshow2035milestoneswerecalculatedforeachindicator.AppendixB:DataSourcesandPreparationdescribesdatasourcesanddatapreparationmethodsforindicatorvalues.Althoughmostoftheindicatorsinthisreportcanbetrackedusingpubliclyavailabledata,thereareseveraldatagapsandissuesforsubnationalindicatorsinboththeU.S.andChina.Throughoutthereport,weidentifywherethesegapsandissuesareandhownationalgovernmentscanplayaroleinresolvingthem.Theindicatorsdevelopedforthisreportwillcontinuetobeupdatedregularly,asdataavailabilityallows.2 Daietal.(2021).1CHAPTERTWOCARBONNEUTRALITYINDICATORSANDMILESTONESCarbonneutralityindicatorsaremeasurestotrackprogressagainstcarbonneutralitygoals.Indicatorsshouldbesuccinctandimpactful:theyshouldtrackimportantchangesinenergysystemsandlandusethatareexpectedtobenecessarytomeetlonger-termgoals.Inpractice,thismeansfocusingonarelativelysmallsetofindicatorsthatcapturethemostcriticalchangesintheflowandstockofenergyinfrastructureandend-useequipment(seeBox)andinlanduse.Atthesametime,atleastsomeindicatorsshouldbepolicyrelevant,meaningthattheycanbedirectlyshapedbypolicyandregulation.FlowandStockIndicatorsFlowindicatorscapturemorerapidchangesintheadoptionandretirementofnewenergyinfrastructureandequipmentandmarginalchangesinlanduse.Stockindicatorscaptureslowerchangesinthetotalstockofenergyinfrastructureandequipment.Thefigurebelowillustratesthedistinctionbetweenflowandstockindicatorsusingavehicleexample.Everyyear,somenewvehiclesareaddedtoandretiredfromthetotalstockofvehicles.Flowindicatorstrackchangesinvehicleadditions(sales)andretirementsorintheattributesandperformanceofthesevehicles.Stockindicatorstrackchangesinthetotalstockofvehiclesorintheattributesorperformanceoftheentirefleetofvehiclesontheroad.Changesinflowvariablescanoccurrelativelyquickly.Forinstance,inCaliforniasalesoflight-dutyZEVsincreasedfrom4%to18%oftotallight-dutyvehiclesalesfrom2017to2022.AHowever,changesinstockvariablestendtooccurmoreslowly.DespiteincreasesinZEVsales,throughtheendof2020California’stransportationsectorwasstill98%reliantonpetroleumproducts.BChangesintotaltransportationsectorenergyusehappenmoreslowlybecausesalesofnewcars(inCalifornia,about2millionperyear)tendtobesmallrelativetothestockofvehicles(inCalifornia,about14millionregisteredin2020).CDataarefromtheCaliforniaEnergyCommission(CEC),/data-reports/energy-almanac/zero-emission-vehicle-and-infrastructure-statistics/new-zev-salesDataarefromtheU.S.EnergyInformationAdministration’s(EIA’s)StateEnergyDataSystem(SEDS).VehiclesalesdataarefromtheCEClinkabove;totalregisteredvehiclesdataarefromtheU.S.FederalHighwayAdministration’s(FHA’s)HighwayStatisticsSeries,/policyinformation/statistics/2020/mv1.cfm2Bydefinition,achievingcarbonneutralitymeansthatacountryreducesitsnetCO?emissions—annualCO?emissionsminusanycarbonthatisterrestriallyorgeologicallysequestered—tozero.3BecausefossilfuelcombustionisthemainsourceofCO?emissionsintheU.S.andChina,reducingtheshareoffossilfuelsinthetotalsupplyofenergywillbethecornerstoneofeffortstoachievenetzeroCO?emissionsinbothcountries.Almostallnon-fossilfuelenergyresources—biomass,geothermal,hydropower,nuclearfission,solar,waves,andwind—arecurrentlyusedtogenerateelectricity.4Thisimpliesthat,atleastinthenearterm,thetwomostimportantstrategiesforreducingCO?emissionswillbetoincreasetheamountofelectricitygeneratedfromnon-emittingsourcesofenergyandtoelectrifysourcesofenergydemand.Thesetwostrategiescorrespondtotwokindsofstockindicators:(1)theshareofnon-fossilfuelenergyinelectricitygeneration,and(2)theshareofnon-fossilfuelenergy,includingelectricity,consumptioninthebuildings,industry,andtransportationsectors.5ForChina,wealsoincludeanon-fossilshareindicatorforheatsupplythatcapturesthecountry’slargedistrictheatingnetwork.Inadditiontothesestockindicators,weproposefournearer-termflowindicatorsthatmoreaccuratelygaugechangesinthesalesandadoptionofnewequipmentandinfrastructure.Theseincludetheshareofnon-fossilfuelgeneratingcapacityintotalnewgeneratingcapacity,theshareofheatpumpsalesintotalwaterheaterandfurnacesales,theshareofZEVsalesinlight-dutyvehiclesales,andtheshareofZEVsalesinheavy-dutyvehiclesales.Asdescribedinthenextsection,thelastthreeoftheseindicatorshavedataavailabilityissuesthatcanhopefullybeaddressedovertime.Fouradditionalindicatorsareusefulfortrackingchangesinlanduseandeconomyovertime.Theseincludeincreasesintheshareofforestareaintotallandareaandincreasesinforestvolumeperforestarea,whichareareproxiesforchangesintheamountofcarbonstoredinforests,andreductionsinenergyintensityandreductionsinCO?intensity,whichtrackchangesinenergyconsumptionandCO?emissionsperunitofgrossstateorprovincialproduct.Interimmilestonescanbecreatedforeachoftheseindicators.Aninterimmilestonereflectseitherapolicygoaloraninterpolatedvaluebetweentheindicator’spresentvalueandafuture(2050or2060)valuethatwouldbeconsistentwithachievingcarbonneutralitygoals.Thisreportuses2035asaninterimmilestoneyear,consistentwithpolicymakingtargetsinboththeU.S.andChina.Itusesnationalmilestones,basedongovernmentpolicytargets,independentstudies,andinterpolatedvalues(seeAppendixA).Statesandprovinceswilldifferintheextenttowhichtheymeetthesemilestonesduetoresourceendowmentsandpolicy,butnationalmilestonesneverthelessprovideausefulgaugeofsubnationalprogresstowardinterimandlonger-termpolicygoals.Table2showsbaseyearvaluesand2035milestonesvaluesforeachindicatorexaminedinthisreport.Forenergyconsumingsectors,theenergyaccountingframeworkforourindicatorstreatsenergycarriers,suchaselectricityandsteam,asnon-fossilenergyresources.Therefore,wehaveseparateindicatorsfortheprimaryenergysupplyforthesecarriers:electricitygenerationand,forChina,heatsupply.6Thismeansthatitisimportanttotrackenergysupplyandconsumptionindicatorsintandem.Transportationelectrificationwithafossilfuelintensiveelectricitysupply,forinstance,willnotnecessarilyleadtoreductionsinCO?emissions.NetCO?emissionsinanygivenyeardonotneedtobezeroforacountrytobecarbonneutral;netemissionsshouldbezerooversometimehorizon–adecade,forinstance.Theexceptioninthislistisbiomass,whichisoftenblendedintogasolineanddieseltocreatebiofuels.Higherconsumptionofnon-fossilfuelprimaryenergyresources,suchasbiomass,willalsoincreasetheshareofnon-fossilfuelenergyinfinalenergyconsumptioninthebuildings,industry,andtransportationsectors,butintheneartermmostoftheincreasewilllikelycomefromelectrification.Wefollowreportingconventionsinaccountingforconversionlossesinelectricitygenerationandheatsupplyindicators.Forelectricitygeneration,sharesareoftotalgenerationanddonotincludeenergyconversionlosses.Forheatsupply,sharesareofprimaryenergysupply.3Table2|Indicators,RecentIndicatorValues,and2035MilestonesSECTORINDICATOR2020VALUE2035MILESTONESU.S.CHINAU.S.CHINAENERGYSUPPLYShareofnewnon-fossilfuel79%67%capacityintotalnewgeneration>90%>90%Electricity(2019-2021)(2018-2020)capacity(3-yearmovingaverage)GenerationShareofnon-fossilfuelelectricity40%32%>95%>55%generationintotalgenerationCentralizedHeatShareofnon-fossilfuelenergyinN/A2%N/A10%SupplytotalcentralizedheatsupplyENERGYCONSUMPTIONShareofheatpumpsalesintotalN/AN/A80%80%waterheaterandfurnacesalesBuildingsShareofnon-fossilfuelenergyinresidentialandcommercialfinal51%61%70%75%energyconsumptionIndustryShareofnon-fossilfuelenergyinindustrialfinalenergy22%32%45%45%consumptionShareofZEVsalesinlight-dutyor8%22%80%80%passengervehiclesales(2022)(2022)ShareofZEVsalesinheavy-duty<1%7%60%60%Transportationorfreighttrucksales(2022)(2022)Shareofnon-fossilfuelenergyintransportationfinalenergy5%7%20%20%consumptionLANDUSEAnnualincreaseinforestarea0.1%/yr0.3%/yrasashareoftotallandarea0.1%/yr0.2%/yr(2007-2017)(2010-2020)(percentagepointsperyear,%/yr)ForestAreaAnnualincreaseinforestvolume1.1m3/ha-yr1.7m3/ha-yrperforestarea(cubicmetersper1.0m3/ha-yr1.4m3/ha-yr(2010s-2020s)(2010-2020)hectareperyear,m3/ha-yr)ECONOMY-WIDEEnergyIntensityReductioninenergyconsumption33%36%43%43%(relativeto(relativetoperunitrealGDP(2000-2020)(2000-2020)2020)2020)CO?IntensityReductioninenergy-relatedCO?44%38%70%60%(relativeto(relativetoemissionsperunitrealGDP(2000-2020)(2000-2019)2020)2020)FlowindicatorStockindicatorSourcesandnotes:SeeAppendixAforadetaileddescriptionofhowmilestonevalueswerecalculated.Sourcesformosthistoricalvaluescanbefoundincorrespondingsectionsofthereport.ZEVsalessharesaresharesofelectricvehiclesales,fromIEA(2023).Thesedataincludeplug-inhybridelectricvehicles(PHEVs),whicharenotzeroemitting,nototherzeroemittingvehicles,suchasfuelcellvehicles.TheU.S.doesnothaveasignificantcentralizedheatsupply,andthuswedonotreportthisindicatorfortheU.S.Severalflowindicatorvaluesare“N/A”becausedataarenotpubliclyavailable.Wereporttheforestrymetricsintotal,ratherthanperyear,laterinthereport;useoftheperyearvalueshereenablescomparisonwithhistoricalvalues..4Table3|KindsofPoliciesthatMayAffectDifferentIndicatorsSECTORORAREAPOLICIESINDICATORSShareofnewnon-fossilfuelcapacityintotalnewElectricitygenerationcapacity(3-yearRenewableportfoliostandards(RPS),cleanenergymovingaverage)Generationstandards(CES),emissionsstandards,regionalShareofnon-fossilfuelemissionscaps,capandtradeprograms,carbonelectricitygenerationintotaltax,regulatoryandmarketreformsgenerationCentralizedHeatShareofnon-fossilfuelenergyintotalcentralizedSupplyheatsupplyBuildingstandardsandcodes,taxincentives,Shareofheatpumpsalesintotalwaterheaterandutilityprograms,consumereducationprograms,furnacesalesworkforcetraining,carbontax,buildingBuildingsShareofnon-fossilfuelcertification,netzeroenergybuildingpolicies,governmentbuildingpolicies,regulatoryandenergyinresidentialandcommercialfinalenergymarketreformsconsumptionIndustryprograms,productlabeling,taxincen-Shareofnon-fossilfuelIndustrytives,energyefficiencystandards,emissionsenergyinindustrialfinalstandards,regionalemissionscaps,capandtrade,energyconsumptioncarbontax,governmentprocurementShareofZEVsalesinZEVmandates,emissionsstandards,taxincen-light-dutyandheavy-dutyvehiclesalesTransportationtives,utilityprograms,charginginfrastructureShareofnon-fossilfuelinvestment,governmentprocurementenergyintransportationfinalenergyconsumptionAnnualincreaseinforestareaasashareoftotallandNationalconservationprograms,reforestationarea(percentagepointsperLandUseprograms,ecosystemrestorationprograms,year,%/yr)incentivesforprivatelandowners,extensionAnnualincreaseinforestsupport,capandtradeoffsetsvolumeperforestarea(cubicmetersperhectareperyear,m3/ha-yr)Allenergy,fiscal,andmonetarypoliciesthatReductioninenergyEconomy-Wideencou