普通心理學(xué) 第三講 biology

第3章心理學(xué)的生理基礎(chǔ)

BiologicalBasesofPsychology北大心理學(xué)系專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課01June20241Broca醫(yī)生工人腦部受傷額葉外側(cè)不能說話，但能理解他人的語言。Broca區(qū)01June20242Anatomy

解剖學(xué)（人體）01June20243OutlineofThisLecture

本章概要TheNervousSystemanditsBasicUnits

神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的基本構(gòu)成TheEndocrineSystem

內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)TheInteractionofBiologyandMentalProcess

生理和心理的相互作用（舉例）01June202441NervousSystem01June20245人體神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)大腦脊髓軀體神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)01June202461神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)TheCentralNervousSystem(CNS)

中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)ThePeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)

外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Neurons:BasicUnitsoftheNS

神經(jīng)元：神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的基本單位01June202471.1TheCentralNS（CNS）01June202481.1.1EvolutionoftheCNS細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞節(jié)、神經(jīng)節(jié)索、腦TheSpinalCord(脊髓)TheHindbrain(后腦)TheMidbrain(中腦)TheForebrain(前腦)TheCerebralCortex(大腦皮層)01June202491.1.2TheSpinalCordReflexactionSpinalnerves（PNS）Relaystation01June2024101.1.3TheHindbrain位于脊髓之上，由延髓、小腦和部分網(wǎng) 狀結(jié)構(gòu)組成。MedullaOblongata(延髓)錐體交叉、橋腦（心跳、循環(huán)、呼吸）Cerebellum(小腦)（平滑的運動、平衡）ReticularFormation(網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu))網(wǎng)狀激活系統(tǒng)（非特異性傳導(dǎo)）01June2024111.1.4TheMidbrain包括部分網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)和其它神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)01June2024121.1.5TheForebrainHypothalamusHomeostasis體內(nèi)平衡（體溫、心率、血糖）飲食、攻擊、性、情緒等內(nèi)分泌Thalamus（中繼站）Cerebrum(Subcorticalstructure) Thelimbicsystem ThebasalGanglia（主要與運動有關(guān)）01June202413TheLimbicSystem高級進化產(chǎn)物（哺乳動物及以上動物才有）Septalarea隔區(qū)曾認(rèn)為是快樂中樞Amygdala杏仁核參與情緒過程（學(xué)習(xí)和識記情緒事件）Hippocampus海馬記憶（不能記憶新的信息）01June2024141.1.6TheCerebralCortexLobesoftheCerebralCortexFunctionalLocalizationCerebralLateralizationPrimaryandAssociationAreas01June202415LobesoftheCerebralCortexTheFrontalLobes(額葉)TheParietalLobes(頂葉)TheOccipitalLobes(枕葉)TheTemporalLobes(顳葉)Hemispheres大腦半球Longitudianalfissure縱向裂Corpuscallosum胼胝體Centralfissure中央裂01June202416FunctionalLocalizationBrocaarea

Wernickearea視覺區(qū)聽覺區(qū)嗅覺區(qū)Somatosensorycortex軀體感覺區(qū)Motorcortex運動（言語）區(qū)01June202417CerebralLateralizationSplit-BrainStudies

割裂腦的研究(Sperry)Lateralization

功能的單側(cè)化（單側(cè)優(yōu)勢）Compensation01June202418OneBrainorTwo?R.W.Sperry&M.S.Gazzaniga01June202419大腦半球功能單側(cè)化語言積極情緒空間消極情緒01June2024201.2PeripheralNervousSystem

（PNS）TheSomaticNervousSystemTheAutonomicNervousSystem(ANS)01June202421TheSomaticNervousSystem腦神經(jīng)（面部肌肉、粘膜、腺體等）12對：嗅、視、動眼、滑車、三叉、外展、面、位聽、舌咽、迷走（內(nèi)臟血管和腺體）、舌下脊神經(jīng)（頸部以下身體的感覺和運動）31對頸神經(jīng)8對胸神經(jīng)12對腰神經(jīng)5對骶神經(jīng)5對尾神經(jīng)1對01June202422TheAutonomicNervousSystemThesympatheticnervoussystem交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)（處理麻煩）Theparasympatheticnervoussystem副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)（打理家政）01June2024231.3NeuronsFunctionalUnitofNSAnatomyofaNeuronFiringofaNeuronTransmissionofImpulsesbetweenCells01June2024241.3.1FunctionalUnitofNSNeurons神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，又稱神經(jīng)元，是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)基本功能單位。 三類Sensoryorafferentneurons感覺神經(jīng)元Motororefferentneurons運動神經(jīng)元Interneurons聯(lián)絡(luò)神經(jīng)元產(chǎn)生和傳導(dǎo)沖動01June2024251.3.2AnatomyofaNeuronCellbody細(xì)胞體Dendrites樹突Axon軸突Myelinsheath髓鞘NodeofRanvier朗飛氏節(jié)Terminalbuttons終端小球01June2024261.3.3FiringofaNeuron神經(jīng)傳遞是電化學(xué)過程“鹽水袋”：鈉、鉀和氯離子細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)外的交換01June202427神經(jīng)元放電Polarization極化現(xiàn)象（－70mv）Depolarization去極化現(xiàn)象Hyperpolarization過極化現(xiàn)象Restingpotential靜息電位GradedPotentials漸變電位Actionpotential動作電位All-or-none全或無原理01June202428漸變電位的特點電位強度隨離刺激點距離增加而衰減電位是累積相加的01June202429動作電位的特點不因距離而衰減無累積效應(yīng)(All-or-none)01June2024301.3.4TransmissionofImpulsesbetweenCells神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間并無直接的連接突觸結(jié)構(gòu)(synapse)是神經(jīng)元連接方式01June202431AnatomyofSynapse突觸前膜突觸間隙突觸后膜突觸囊泡(synapticvesicles)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)(neurotransmitter)受體(receptor)01June2024322TheEndocrineSystem

內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)內(nèi)分泌區(qū)別于外分泌，是無管腺體，分泌物為激素，直接進入血液或淋巴系統(tǒng)人體主要內(nèi)分泌腺Pituitary垂體腺Thyroid甲狀腺Adrenals腎上腺Gonad(testicleorovary)性腺01June202433垂體腺主腺（Mastergland）控制其他腺體的功能分泌多種激素：生長激素（巨人、侏儒）性腺激素（精子或卵細(xì)胞的成熟）抗利尿激素、分娩和乳汁分泌01June202434甲狀腺分泌甲狀腺素促進細(xì)胞的氧化作用，增進新陳代謝心境（昏睡、懶散和抑郁）01June202435胰腺位于胃和十二指腸的腸系膜上兼有外分泌和內(nèi)分泌的特征外分泌：消化酶，進入腸道內(nèi)分泌：胰島素，進入血液01June202436腎上腺腎臟頂端腎上腺皮質(zhì)：分泌葡萄糖皮質(zhì)素、礦物質(zhì)皮質(zhì)素及雄性激素。維持平衡腎上腺髓質(zhì)：分泌腎上腺素，使交感神經(jīng)興奮01June202437性腺睪丸卵巢01June2024383TheInteractionofBiologyandMentalProcess外傷導(dǎo)致心理障礙心理活動是否導(dǎo)致腦結(jié)構(gòu)或功能改變？01June202439Rosenzweigetal(1972)Brainchangesinresponsetoexperience.ScientificAmerican,226,22-29.01June202440Moreexperience=Biggerbrain?被試：大鼠“Disneyland”Vs.“貧民窟slum”結(jié)果：大腦皮層更重更厚腦內(nèi)一種酶更具