正宗的西醫(yī)是怎么處理感冒發(fā)燒的

正宗的西醫(yī)是怎么處理感冒發(fā)燒的正宗的西醫(yī)是怎么處理發(fā)燒的這是從美國最負盛名的MAYOCLINIC所出首先，跟中醫(yī)一樣，他們也認為發(fā)燒是人體排毒的表現(xiàn)。對成人，如果沒有別的什么特別不適的癥狀，燒到40度（104F），你可以挺三天，還不退燒，再找醫(yī)生。理論上來講，小孩可以燒到更高，但是大人慌了手腳，趕緊上醫(yī)院，本來是對醫(yī)生的信任，來尋求幫助，可是我們的白衣天使們（不是所有）卻濫用這種信任，為了自己的經(jīng)濟收入，不惜以戕害無辜孩子的身體作代價。如果有興趣，還是讀原文吧。我感覺跟中醫(yī)的處理很像，只是他們沒有中藥。老外的處理方式對普通人來說，還是蠻值得借鑒的，翻譯一下，大家看看。＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝Fever發(fā)燒Overview綜述Whenyouoryourchildrenaren'tfeelingwell,oneofthefirstthingsyoumaydoischeckforafever.Althoughafeverisn'tanillnessitself,it'susuallyasignthatsomething'sgoingoninyourbody.Yetfeversaren'tnecessarilybad.Infact,theyseemtoplayakeyroleinhelpingyourbodyfightoffanumberofbacterialandviralinfections.當你或者你的小孩感到不舒服的時候，也許你會做的第一件事情就是看看是否發(fā)燒了。盡管發(fā)燒本身不是病，它通常是你的身體發(fā)生了問題的一個跡象。然而發(fā)燒不一定是件壞事。事實上，發(fā)燒有可能是在幫助你的身體戰(zhàn)勝數(shù)量眾多的細菌和病毒的感染，而發(fā)燒在這個過程中起到了關鍵的作用。Ifyou'reanadult,afevermaybeuncomfortable,butitusuallyisn'tdangerousunlessitmeasures103Forhigher.Forveryyoungchildrenandinfants,however,evenslightlyelevated?Lackofappetite缺乏食欲?Dehydration脫水?Generalweakness全身虛弱Veryhighfevers,between103and106F,maycausehallucinations,confusion,irritabilityandevenconvulsions.很高溫度的發(fā)燒（介于103華氏度（39.4攝氏度）到106華氏度（41.1攝氏度）之間）也許會引起幻覺，神智不清，亢奮甚至抽搐。Approximatelyfourpercentofchildrenyoungerthanage5experiencefever-inducedseizures(febrileseizures).Thesignsoffebrileseizures,whichoccurwhenachild'stemperaturerisesorfallsrapidly,includeabrieflossofconsciousnessandconvulsions.Althoughtheseseizurescanbeextremelyalarming,mostchildrendon'texperienceanylastingeffects.Febrileseizuresareoftentriggeredbyafeverfromacommonchildhoodillnesssuchasroseola,aviralinfectionthatcausesahighfever,swollenglandsandarash.大約4%的小于5歲的小孩會發(fā)生因發(fā)燒導致的痙攣（發(fā)燒痙攣）。在小孩的溫度迅速地升高或者降低的時候，痙攣的癥狀就發(fā)生了，包括暫時失去意識以及抽搐。盡管痙攣的癥狀很令人焦心，多數(shù)小孩的癥狀不會再持續(xù)。發(fā)燒痙攣通常由這些小孩子的疾病引發(fā)，諸如紅疹，病毒感染，扁桃體發(fā)炎以及皮疹。Causes原因Evenwhenyou'rewell,yourbodytemperaturevariesthroughouttheday—it'slowerinthemorningandhigherinthelateafternoonandevening.Infact,yournormaltemperaturecanrangefromabout97to99F.Althoughmostpeopleconsider98.6Fahealthybodytemperature,yoursmayvarybyadegreeormore.甚至在身體正常的時候，體溫在一天之內也會變動——早晨低，午后和夜晚高。事實上，正常體溫可以在97華氏度到99華氏度（36.1—37.2攝氏度）之內變動。盡管大多數(shù)人認為98.6華氏度（37攝氏度）是健康人的體溫，你的體溫也許會高出或者低于這個溫度1度。Yourbodytemperatureissetbyyourhypothalamus,anareaatthebaseofyourbrainthatactsasathermostatforyourwholesystem.Whensomething'swrong,yournormaltemperatureissimplysetafewpointshigher.Thenewset-point,forexample,maybe102Finsteadof97or98F.體溫是由體丘下部來調節(jié)的，體丘下部在腦子的底部區(qū)域，在身體的整個系統(tǒng)里面擔任了調溫器的作用。當身體發(fā)生狀況的時候，體溫只是被調節(jié)得高幾個點。新的體溫也許是102華氏度（約為38.9攝氏度），而不是原來的97或者98華氏度（36.1，36.7攝氏度）。Whathappenswithafever發(fā)燒時發(fā)生的情況Whenafeverstartsandyourbodytriestoelevateitstemperature,youfeelchillyandmayshivertogenerateheat.Atthispoint,youprobablywrapyourselfinyourthickestblanketandturnuptheheatingpad.Buteventually,asyourbodyreachesitsnewset-point,youlikelyfeelhot.Andwhenyourtemperaturefinallybeginstoreturntonormal,youmaysweatprofusely,whichisyourbody'swayofdissipatingtheexcessheat.當發(fā)燒開始的時候，身體試著提高溫度，你就會感到寒冷并且通過發(fā)抖來產(chǎn)生熱量。此時，你也許會用厚的毛毯來把自己裹起來，并把取暖電毯的溫度調高。但是事實上在你的身體達到新的溫度時，你很可能會感到發(fā)熱。在你的體溫最后開始達到正常的時候，你也許會大量地出汗，這是你的身體釋放高溫產(chǎn)生熱量的方式。Afeverusuallymeansyourbodyisrespondingtoaviralorbacterialinfection.Sometimesheatexhaustion,anextremesunburnorcertaininflammatoryconditionssuchastemporalarteritis—inflammationofanarteryinyourhead—maytriggerfeveraswell.Inrareinstances,amalignanttumororsomeformsofkidneycancermaycauseafever.發(fā)燒通常意味著你的身體對病毒或者細菌感染的抵抗反應。有時，輕度的中暑衰竭，太陽曝曬過度或者某種炎癥狀況（諸如暫時的動脈炎癥，譬如說腦動脈炎）也許也會引發(fā)發(fā)燒。惡性腫瘤或者某些腎癌引起發(fā)燒的幾率很小。Fevercanbeasideeffectofsomemedicationssuchasantibioticsanddrugsusedtotreathypertensionorseizures.Someinfantsandchildrendevelopfeversafterreceivingroutineimmunizations,suchasthediphtheria,tetanusandpertussis(DTaP)orpneumococcalvaccines.發(fā)燒也可能是一些藥物的副作用引起，譬如說抗生素和用來治療過度緊張以及抽搐的麻醉藥。一些嬰兒和小孩在注射免疫針之后會引起發(fā)燒，譬如說白喉，破傷風，百日咳或者肺炎疫苗。Sometimesit'snotpossibletoidentifythecauseofafever.Ifyouhaveatemperaturehigherthan100.9Fformorethanthreeweeksandyourdoctorisn'tabletofindthecauseafterextensiveevaluation,thediagnosismaybefeverofunknownorigin.Inmostcases,though,thereasonforyourfevercanbefoundandtreated.盡管在多數(shù)情況下發(fā)燒的原因能找到，并且能夠得到治療，有時還是不可能確定發(fā)燒的原因。如果你發(fā)燒超過100.9華氏度（38.3攝氏度）持續(xù)三個星期以上，并且為你治療的醫(yī)生在經(jīng)過充分的診斷之后，也不能確定病因，那么診斷結果也許會是不明病因的發(fā)燒。Whentoseekmedicaladvice何時尋求醫(yī)治Feversbythemselvesmaynotbeacauseforalarm—orareasontocalladoctor.Yettherearesomecircumstanceswhenyoushouldseekmedicaladviceforyourbaby,yourchildoryourself.發(fā)燒本身也許不是引起擔憂的原因——或者說看醫(yī)生的原因。然而在如下情況下，你應該為你的寶寶，小孩或者你自己尋求醫(yī)治。Forinfants嬰兒Anunexplainedfeverisgreatercauseforconcernininfantsandchildrenthaninadults.Callyourbaby'sdoctorifyourbaby:相較于大人，對于嬰兒以及小孩來說，不明原因的發(fā)燒是尋求醫(yī)治的主要原因。如果你的嬰兒：?Isyoungerthan2monthsofageandhasarectaltemperatureof100.4Forhigher.Evenifyourbabydoesn'thaveothersignsorsymptoms,callyourdoctorjusttobesafe.小于2個月并且直腸溫度大于或等于100.4華氏度（38攝氏度），即便你的寶寶沒有其他生病的跡象或者癥狀，為安全起見還是要叫醫(yī)生。?Isolderthan2monthsofageandhasatemperatureof102Forhigher.大于2個月并且直腸溫度大于或者等于102華氏度（38.9攝氏度）?Isanewbornwhohasalower-than-normaltemperature—under95Frectally.新生兒并且溫度低于正常體溫——直腸溫度低于95華氏度（35攝氏度）?Hasafeverandunexplainedirritability,suchasmarkedcryingwhenyouchangeyourbaby'sdiapersorwhenheorsheismoved.Someinfantsmighthaveafeverandseemlethargicandunresponsive.Ininfantsandchildrenyoungerthanage2,thesemaybesignsofmeningitis—aninfectionandinflammationofthemembranesandfluidsurroundingyourbrainandspinalcord.Ifyou'reworriedthatyourbabymighthavemeningitis,seeyourdoctorrightaway.Don'twaituntilmorningtoseeyourusualphysician—meningitisisanemergency.發(fā)燒并且不明原因的亢奮，譬如在你給寶寶換尿片的時候或者挪動寶寶的時候，寶寶嘶聲裂肺地哭。一些嬰兒也許正發(fā)燒并顯得昏昏欲睡毫無生氣。對于嬰兒以及小于兩歲的小孩來說，這些也許是腦膜炎的跡象——包裹腦子以及脊髓的膜質和液質的感染以及炎癥。如果你擔心寶寶也許得了腦膜炎，立刻尋求醫(yī)治。不要等到第二天早晨才去看醫(yī)生——腦膜炎是一種急癥。Forchildren小孩Childrenoftentoleratefeversquitewell,althoughhightemperaturesmaycauseparentsagreatdealofconcern.Still,it'sbesttobeguidedmorebyhowyourchildactsthanbyanyparticulartemperaturemeasurement.Ifyourchildhasafeverbutisresponsiveandisdrinkingplentyoffluidsandwantingtoplay,there'sprobablynocauseforalarm.盡管高溫也許會引起家長很大的擔憂，其實小孩通常較能忍受發(fā)燒。然而，最好是根據(jù)你的小孩的行為，而不是根據(jù)任何測得的溫度來指導你。如果你的小孩發(fā)燒了，但是他還是比較活潑并且喝水很多，還想玩耍，也許你就不必擔憂。Callyourpediatricianifyourchildislistlessorirritable,vomitsrepeatedly,hasasevereheadacheorstomachacheorhasanyothersymptomscausingsignificantdiscomfort.Ifyourchildhasafeverafterbeingleftinaveryhotcar,seekmedicalcareimmediately.如果你的小孩很倦怠或者很急躁，并一再嘔吐，頭很痛或者肚子痛，或者有其他使得他很不舒服的癥狀，請聯(lián)絡你的兒科醫(yī)生。如果你的小孩被留在一輛非常熱的車子里面呆了很久，并且發(fā)燒的話，請立即尋求醫(yī)治。Alsocallyourdoctoriffeverpersistslongerthanonedayinachildyoungerthanage2orlongerthanthreedaysinachildage2orolder.如果一個小于兩歲的小孩持續(xù)發(fā)燒超過一天，或者一個大于或等于兩歲的小孩持續(xù)發(fā)燒超過三天的話，請聯(lián)絡醫(yī)生。Don'ttreatfeversbelow101Fwithanymedicationsunlessadvisedbyyourdoctor.除非醫(yī)生建議，否則如果發(fā)燒低于101華氏度（38.3攝氏度）的話，不要采用任何藥物治療。Foradults成人Callyourdoctoraboutafeverif:發(fā)燒時尋求醫(yī)治如果：?Yourtemperatureismorethan104F體溫超過104華氏度（40攝氏度）?You'vehadafeverformorethanthreedays發(fā)燒超過三天Inaddition,callyourdoctorimmediatelyifanyofthesesignsandsymptomsaccompanyafever:此外，如果在發(fā)燒時伴隨有以下跡象以及癥狀的話，請尋求醫(yī)治：?Asevereheadache嚴重的頭痛?Severeswellingofyourthroat喉嚨腫得很厲害?Unusualskinrash異常皮疹?Unusualeyesensitivitytobrightlight眼睛對亮光的異常過敏?Astiffneckandpainwhenyoubendyourheadforward歪脖并且在頭前傾時感到痛?Mentalconfusion意識錯亂?Persistentvomiting持續(xù)嘔吐?Difficultybreathingorchestpain呼吸困難并且胸痛?Extremelistlessnessorirritability極端倦怠或者亢奮?Abdominalpainorpainwhenurinating腹痛或者小便痛?Anyotherunexplainedsymptoms其他不明原因的癥狀Screeninganddiagnosis診斷Yourdoctorwilllikelydiagnosethecauseofyourfeverbasedonyourothersymptomsandaphysicalexam.Sometimesyoumayneedadditionalteststoconfirmadiagnosis.Ifyourdoctorsuspectspneumonia,forinstance,youmayhaveachestX-rayfollowingyourphysicalexam.Inothercasesyoumayhavebloodorurineteststocheckforsignsofinfection.根據(jù)其他癥狀并且在常規(guī)檢查完之后，醫(yī)生一般會診斷出發(fā)燒的原因。有時需要其他的測試來確定診斷結果。例如，如果醫(yī)生懷疑肺炎的話，也許會在常規(guī)檢查之后，讓你來一個胸透。在其他情況下，也許會讓你進行血液檢查或者尿檢來看是否有感染的跡象。Ifyouhavealow-gradefeverthatpersistsforthreeweeksormore,buthavenoothersymptoms,yourdoctormayrecommendavarietyofteststohelpfindthecause.ThesemayincludebloodtestsandX-rays.如果你發(fā)燒溫度不高持續(xù)三周，但沒有其他癥狀，醫(yī)生也許會建議你做些檢測來幫助發(fā)現(xiàn)病因。這些檢查也許包括血液檢查以及胸透。Complications并發(fā)癥Arapidriseorfallintemperaturemaycauseafebrileseizureinasmallpercentageofchildrenyoungerthanage5.Althoughthey'realarmingforparents,thevastmajorityoffebrileseizurescausenolastingeffects.在小于5歲的小孩中，很小一部分會因為體溫迅速波動而引發(fā)痙攣。盡管小孩的狀況會使父母擔憂，多數(shù)痙攣不會有進一步的影響。Ifaseizureoccurs,layyourchildonhisorherside.Removeanysharpobjectsthatarenearyourchild,loosentightclothingandholdyourchildtopreventinjury.Don'tplaceanythinginyourchild'smouthortrytostoptheseizure.Althoughmostseizuresstopontheirown,callforemergencymedicalassistanceiftheseizurelastslongerthan10minutes.如果痙攣發(fā)生的話，讓小孩側躺。將任何扎人的東西從小孩身邊拿走，解松小孩的衣物并且保護好你的小孩不要受到外物傷害。不要嘗試把任何東西放在小孩的嘴巴里面來阻止小孩的痙攣。盡管大多數(shù)痙攣自動會停下來，如果痙攣超過10分鐘的話，趕緊尋求醫(yī)治。Ifpossible,trytotimetheseizureusingyourwatchoraclock.Becausethey'resoalarming,seizuresoftenseemtolastlongerthantheyreallydo.Alsotrytonotewhichpartofyourchild'sbodybeginstoshakefirst.Thiscanhelpyourdoctorunderstandthecauseoftheseizure.Yourpediatricianshouldseeyourchildassoonaspossible.如果可能的話，對痙攣的時間進行計時。因為痙攣很令人焦心，所以痙攣的時間通常顯得比實際時間要長。也要注意小孩身體哪一部分先開始顫抖。這個有助于醫(yī)生明白痙攣的原因。應該盡快讓醫(yī)生來給小孩治療。Treatment治療Medicaltreatmentdependsonthecauseofyourfever.Yourdoctorwilllikelyprescribeantibioticsforbacterialinfections,suchaspneumoniaorstrepthroat.Forviralinfections,includingstomachflu(gastroenteritis)andmononucleosis,thebesttreatmentisoftenrestandplentyoffluids.醫(yī)治取決于發(fā)燒病因。醫(yī)生很可能會對細菌感染開一些抗生素藥，譬如肺炎或者喉部鏈鎖狀球菌感染。對于腸胃型流感（腸胃炎）和單核細胞增多癥這些病毒感染來說，最好的治療方法通常是休息以及大量飲水。Yourdoctormayalsosuggesttakingover-the-countermedications,suchasacetaminophen(Tylenol,others)oribuprofen(Advil,Motrin,others)toloweraveryhighfever.Adultsmayalsouseaspirin.Butdon'tgiveaspirintochildren.Itmaytriggerarare,butpotentiallyfatal,disorderknownasReye'ssyndrome.醫(yī)生也許會建議你服用一些非處方藥，譬如退熱凈(一種替代阿司匹林的解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥，羥苯基乙酰胺)或者布洛芬(抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛藥)來降高溫。成人也許還會服用阿斯匹林(解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥)。但是不要給小孩服用阿司匹林。如果服用的話，也許會引發(fā)一種很少見但是潛在致命的神經(jīng)紊亂癥——雷氏綜合癥！Prevention預防Thebestwaytopreventfeversistoreduceyourexposuretoinfectiousdiseases.Oneofthemosteffectivewaystodothatisalsooneofthesimplest—frequenthandwashing.最好的防止發(fā)燒的方法是盡量不要和有傳染性的病源接觸。最有效也是最簡單的方法之一就是——勤洗手。Teachyourchildrentowashtheirhandsoften,especiallybeforetheyeatandafterusingthetoilet,spendingtimeinacrowdedpublicplaceorpettinganimals.Showthemhowtowashtheirhandsvigorously,coveringboththefrontandbackofeachhandwithsoap,andrinsingthoroughlyunderrunningwater.Carryhand-washingtoweletteswithyoufortimeswhenyoudon'thaveaccesstosoapandwater.Whenpossible,teachyourkidsnottotouchtheirnoses,mouthsoreyes—themainwayviralinfectionsaretransmitted.教育小孩勤洗手，尤其在飯前和便后以及在擁擠的公共場所或者和寵物呆過之后。告訴他們怎么樣仔細洗手，要用香皂洗每只手的前邊和后邊，并用流動的水將手完全沖洗干凈。在你沒有香皂和水的時候，身上要帶上洗手用的小毛巾。如果可能的話，教育你的小孩不要用手去摸鼻子，嘴巴或者眼睛——這些是病毒感染傳播最主要的途徑。Self-care自我治療Becauseyourbodylosesmorewaterwithafever,besuretodrinkplentyoffluidstoavoiddehydration.Waterisbest,butifit'shardtogetyourchildrentodrinkwater,encouragethemtodrinkjuicesorsportsdrinkscontainingelectrolytes,ortoeatfrozenicepops.Adultsandchildrenshouldalsogetenoughrest.Don'tbeconcernedwithtreatingafeverjustbecauseit'safever.Often,alow-gradefeverisactuallyhelpingfightoffaninfection.Inaddition,followtheseguidelinesforbothchildrenandadults:因為在發(fā)燒的時候身體失水比平時更多，一定要多喝水來避免脫水。喝水是最好的，但如果在很難喝到水的情況下，設法讓孩子喝果汁、包含電解質的運動型飲料或者吃冰凍的冰汽水。大人和小孩都應該得到充分的休息。不要因為發(fā)燒是小毛病而自作聰明地進行干預。通常情況下，低燒實際上在幫助戰(zhàn)勝感染。此外，對于大人和小孩來說，都要遵循以下指導意見：Fortemperatureslessthan102F對于小于102華氏度（38.9攝氏度）的溫度Don'tuseanymedicationforafeverinthisrangeunlessadvisedbyyourdoctor.Anddon'tgivechildrenaspirinbecauseoftheriskofReye'ssyndrome.Instead,dressincomfortable,lightclothingandtrybathinginlukewarmwater.Atbedtime,coveryourselforyourchildwithjustasheetorlightblanket.除非醫(yī)師建議，否則不要服用任何藥物。因為有雷氏綜合癥的風險，所以不要給小孩服用阿司匹林。相反地，要穿得舒服而輕松一點，泡一個溫水澡。睡覺的時候，只給你或者你的小孩蓋一床被單或者一條輕毯子。Fortemperaturesbetween102and104F對于102到104華氏度之間的溫度（38.9——40攝氏度）Takeacetaminophenoribuprofenaccordingtothelabelinstructionsorasrecommendedbyyourdoctor.Ifyou'renotsureabouttheproperdosage,besuretocheckwithyourdoctororpharmacist.Adultsmayuseaspirininstead.根據(jù)說明書或者醫(yī)囑服用退熱凈(一種替代阿司匹林的解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥)或者布洛芬(抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛藥)。如果你對劑量沒有把握，一定要跟醫(yī)生或者藥劑師確認。成人也許可以服用阿司匹林。Becarefulnottogivetoomuchmedication.Highdosesorlong-termuseofacetaminophenmaycauseliverorkidneydamage,andacuteoverdosescanbefatal.Ifyou'renotabletogetyourchild'sfeverdown,don'tgivemoremedication.Callyourdoctorinstead.Sideeffectsofaspirinandothernonsteroidalanti-inflammatorydrugssuchasMotrinandAdvilincludestomachpain,bleedingandulcers.注意不要服藥過多。大劑量或者長時期服用退熱凈也許會引起肝臟或者腎臟損傷，一次超量服用會導致致命的結果！如果你不能將小孩的溫度將下來，不要再服用更多的藥物。而是要叫醫(yī)生。阿司匹林以及其他非類固醇抗炎癥藥物——例如Motrin和Advil——會有胃痛，出血和潰瘍等副作用。Fortemperaturesgreaterthan104F對于超過104華氏度（40攝氏度）的溫度Giveadultsorchildrenacetaminophenoribuprofenfollowingthemanufacturer'sinstructionsorasrecommendedbyyourdoctor.Adultsmayuseaspirininstead.Ifyou'renotsureaboutthedosage,checkwithyourdoctororpharmacist.Becarefulnottogivetoomuchmedication.依照藥廠的說明書或者醫(yī)囑給大人或者小孩服用退熱凈或者布洛芬。大人也許可以用阿司匹林來代替。如果你對劑量沒有把握，一定要跟醫(yī)生或者藥劑師確認。一定要注意不要服用過量的藥物。Acetaminophenisavailableinliquid,chewableandsuppositoryformsforchildren,butit'softeneasiesttogivemedicationsinliquidform.Forasmallchild,useasyringewithmeasurementsonthesideandabulbonthetip.Gentlysquirtthemedicineinthebackcornersofyourchild'smouth.對于小孩子來說，退熱凈有口服液，口香糖和栓劑等幾種形式選擇，但通常很容易采用溶劑的方式給小孩服藥。對于一個比較小的小孩子來說，可以采用邊上帶刻度，頂部是圓球的注射器來為他服藥。輕輕地將藥物推射到小孩的嘴巴里面的后部。Useafive-toten-minutespongebathoflukewarmwatertotrytobringyourownoryourchild'stemperaturedown.Aspongebathismostlikelytohelpifit'susedshortlyafteradosageofacetaminophenoribuprofen,sothatthemedicationcanworktokeepthefeverdownafterthebathtakeseffect.用帶溫水的海綿擦洗全身五到十分鐘使得你自己或者你的小孩的體溫降下來。在服用一劑退熱凈或者布洛芬之后，立刻用海綿擦身很有用，這樣在擦后藥效能夠將溫度降下來。Ifyourchildshiversinthebath,stopthebath,dryyourchildandwait.Shiveringactuallyraisesthebody'sinternaltemperature—shakingmusclesgenerateheat.Ifthe