跨境電商英語-課件 Unit 4 Legal Issues

跨境電商英語Cross-BorderE-CommerceEnglish浙江省中高職一體化貫通系列教材Unit4LegalIssuesUnitOverviewAfterstudyingthisunit,youwillbeableto…learnbasicknowledgeofe-commercelaw;understandhowbusinessstructuredetermineslegalissuesincross-bordere-commerce;introduceintellectualpropertyprotectionpoliciesofdifferentplatforms;enhancelegalawarenessandrespectfornationale-commercelawwhileconductingbusinessonline.Contents目錄Warming-up01Listening02Reading03Speaking04Writing05Workshop0601Warming-upCollectingsalestaxPrivacyanddatasecurityMarketinginfringementIntellectualinfringementTask1Onlinebusinesslawsgovernhowabusinessownerconductsbusinessontheinternet.Theselawscovermarketing,taxes,securityandareever-changingastechnologyevolves.Therearesomee-commercebusinesslawsthatallonlinebusinessownersmustknow.Chooseoneofthemandshareyouridea.Task2Peoplereceivespamtextmessagesandemailsfrequently.Arespamtextsandemailslegalorillegal?Ifyouwanttomarketyourproductorservicebytextoremail,whatshouldyoudotoavoidsendingspamtextmessagesoremails?Whatarethelegalconsequencesofspamtextmessagesandemails?Suggestedreadingmaterials:Spamtextsandemailscanbeillegalifnotdoneproperly.Tosendtextmessagesoremailstocustomers,youmustgettheirconsent.Ifyouhaveanestablishedrelationshipwithaconsumer,youcouldobtainthatcustomer'sconsenttosendtransactionaltextmessagesandemails,suchascompanyupdates,appointmentremindersandpayments.Dependingonthetypeandnumberofspamtextmessagesoremailsasenderdistributes,therecouldbesignificantlegalconsequencesforspamtextmessagingandemailing.Consumerscanreportspamthroughapps,mobileserviceproviders.Ifmessagesandemailscontinueafteraconsumerhasblockedandreportedthem,businessescouldbeliableforheftyfinesonaper-messagebasis.參考譯文參考譯文如果操作不當(dāng)，垃圾短信和電子郵件可能是違法的。要向客戶發(fā)送短信或電子郵件，必須征得他們的同意。如果您已與消費(fèi)者建立關(guān)系，您可以征得客戶同意發(fā)送交易短信和電子郵件，如公司更新、預(yù)約提醒和付款。根據(jù)發(fā)送者發(fā)布的垃圾短信或電子郵件的類型和數(shù)量，垃圾短信和電子郵件可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生重大的法律后果。消費(fèi)者可以通過應(yīng)用程序、移動(dòng)服務(wù)提供商舉報(bào)垃圾短信。如果在消費(fèi)者攔截并舉報(bào)后，短信和電子郵件仍繼續(xù)發(fā)送，企業(yè)可能要承擔(dān)按每條短信計(jì)算的巨額罰款。02ListeningTask1Listentothefollowingpassagesandchoosetherightanswers.ScriptTask21.Whatisrecommendedinthepassage?A.toprotectcustomers’personalinformation.B.toensureyoure-commercesiteissecure.C.reducingthefrequencyofdatabreaches.2.Accordingtoasurvey,_________ofsmallbusinessesthatsufferedadatabreachwentoutofbusiness.A.12%B.20%C.10%3.Accordingtothepassage,theU.S.hasafederalprivacyrule.A.True.B.False.C.Notmentioned.4.Stateswhichhavepasseddataprotectionlawsinclude_________.A.CaliforniaB.MaineC.BothAandB.5.Companiescancollectdatatheyneedforthebusinesspurpose,andkeepitaftertransaction.A.True.B.False.C.Notmentioned.CCCBBTask1Listentothefollowingpassagesandchoosetherightanswer.Scripts:Itisessentialtoprotectcustomers'personalinformationandtoensureyour

e-commercesiteissecure.Onedatabreachorhackisallittakestodestroyasmallbusiness.Accordingtoa

survey,10%ofsmallbusinessesthatsufferedadatabreachwentoutofbusiness.WhiletheU.S.doesn'thaveafederalprivacyrule,suchasEurope's

GeneralDataProtectionRegulation,somestates,including

California,

Maine,and

Nevada,havepassedlaws.It'simportantthatyouadheretobestpractices.Onewaytodothatistofollowthe"privacybydesign"recommendations,whichincludethefollowing:First,privacyandsecurityshouldbebuiltintoproductsandservicesfromthebeginning.Second,companiesshouldonlycollectdatatheyneedforthebusinesspurposeanddisposeofitoncethetransactioniscomplete.Third,e-commercesitesshouldhavereasonablesecurityinplacetoprotectconsumerdata.Fourth,datamanagementpersonnel,proceduresandcontrolsshouldbeimplementedtoprotectcustomers'privacy.Task2Listentothefollowingpassageandfillintheblankswiththemissingwords.E-mailisapopularwayto1.________topotentialandexistingcustomers.BusinessownersintheU.S.mustensuretheire-mailmarketingcampaigns2.__________theCAN-SPAMAct.Passedin2009bytheFederalTradeCommission,theactstatesthatbusinessownersmaybesubjecttopenaltiesofup3._________foreachseparatee-mailviolation.UndertheCAN-SPAMAct,onlinemerchantsmaybe4.________forthefollowing:Theemailcontainsadeceptivesubjectline.Theemailcontainsfalseormisleadingheaders.Youremaildoesn’tdisclosethatthemessageis5.________________.Theemaildoesn’tinstructrecipientshowtooptoutofreceivingfutureemails.Youfailtomonitortheactionsofanemailmarketingserviceyourcompanyhashired.marketScriptsTask3complywith$43280finedanadvertisementTask2Listentothefollowingpassageandfillintheblankswiththemissingwords.Scripts:E-mailisapopularway

tomarkettopotentialandexistingcustomers.Businessownersmustensuretheire-mailmarketingcampaignscomplywiththe

CAN-SPAMAct.Passedin2009bytheFederalTradeCommission,theactstatesthatbusinessownersmaybesubjecttopenaltiesofup$43,280foreachseparateemailviolation.UndertheCAN-SPAMAct,onlinemerchantsmaybefinedforthefollowing:Theemailcontainsadeceptivesubjectline.Theemailcontainsfalseormisleadingheaders.Youremaildoesn'tdisclosethatthemessageisanadvertisement.Theemaildoesn'tinstructrecipientshowtooptoutofreceivingfutureemails.Youfailtomonitortheactionsofanemailmarketingserviceyourcompanyhashired.

Task3Listentothefollowingpassageanddecidethefollowingsentencesaretrue(T)orfalse(F).1.ItiseasytoavoidIPinfringement.2.Whenyouhireanoutsidesourcetocreatesomethingforyourbusiness,theownershipofthecreatedworktransferstoyourcompanyautomatically.3.Graphicistheonlycontentthatbusinesseshavetoworryabout.4.HiringanewemployeesometimescanalsoleadtoIPviolations.5.Protectedmaterialmustremainunusedafteryouhaveconsentandlicensesfromtheowner.FContentsFFTFTask3Listentothefollowingpassageanddecidethefollowingsentencesaretrue(T)orfalse(F).Script:Trademarks,copyrights,patents,tradesecretsarethemajortypesofIPprotectionsonemightencounter.Unfortunately,avoidingIPinfringementisnotalwayseasy.EntrepreneursruntheriskofviolatingthelegallimitsofIPrightsinmanyways.

OneofthecostliestIPmistakesentrepreneurscanmakeisusingworktheydon'towntherightsto.Whenyouhireanoutsidesourcetocreatesomethingforyourbusiness,ownershipofthecreatedwork–graphics,writtencontent,coding,websites,etc.–doesn'tautomaticallytransfertoyourcompany.Itneedstobeexplicitlystatedinacontractthatthecreatorgivestheirrightstothatworktoyou.It'snotonlygraphicsandothercontentthatbusinesseshavetoworryabout.BusinessescanopenthemselvesuptoIPviolationssimplybyhiringanewemployeewhoreliesonprotectedinformationintheirwork.Whethercopyright,trademark,patentlawortradesecretsapply,protectedmaterialmustremainunusedunlessyouhaveexplicitconsentandtheappropriatelicensesfromtheowners.

03ReadingSetting:

Whetheryou'restartingabrandnewbusinessoryou'reanestablishedretailer,takingyourbusinessonlineisafantasticandexcitinggrowthopportunity.However,withalloftheseadvantagescomesomecomplexlegalissues.Differentcountrieshavedifferentlaws,andevendifferentbusinessstructuresmaybringdifferentlegalissues,thusknowingwhichonesapplytoyouiscritical.Inadditiontothelargevarietyoflawstotakeintoaccount,youmustrememberthatthelawisfluidandsubjecttochange.

StartingtaskWhetheryourcompanyisawell-establishedcompanyorayoungstartup,PESTLEanalysisallowsbusinessownerstorecognizethepotentialchangebothininternalfactorsandexternalfactors.Particularly,atypicalcasestudyofPESTLEanalysiswillbeconducivetoyoursuccessofbusiness.DoyouknowwhatPESTLEstandsfor?SoleProprietorship,CorporationorLLC?Gettingreadytostartane-commercebusiness?Whatisonyourlist-to-doaremorelikelyfunthingslikechoosingyourbrandname,designingyourlogo,sourcingtheproducts,customizingthewebsite,anddevelopingmarketingplans.Butdoesalogoorawebsitemakeyou“l(fā)egit”?So,beforeyougoon,youshoulddecideabusinessstructureandcompletebusinessincorporation.Thereareseveraltypesofbusinessstructures,whichdeterminehowyouwillbetaxed,whatyourliabilitieswillbe,howyouwillsecurefundingandcapital,etc.Eachbusinessstructurehasitsbenefits.參考譯文Themostbasictypeofbusinessissoleproprietorship.Thisstructureisanbusinessownedbyasingleindividual,withnolegalseparationbetweenentityandowner.Ifyouownasoleproprietorship,youhavetotalcontroloverthebusinessandallofitsincome.Yourbusinessprofitistaxedjustlikepersonalincome,andyoucandowhateveryouwantwithwhat’sleftover.Beside,youassumecompletelegalresponsibilityforthebusiness’lossesandliabilities,whichmeanslessprotectionforyourpersonalassets.Itisrelativelysimpletocreateandoperateasoleproprietorship,thusitisapopularchoiceamongtheself-employed,especiallythefreelancersorsmallbusinessstart-ups.Butaswordhastwosides.Youmayhavedifficultyinraisingcapitalbecausebanksandinvestorsaregenerallylesslikelytoprovidefinancialsupportforasoleproprietorshipjustbecauseit’saless“formal”businessentity.參考譯文Acorporationisalegalentitywhichseparatesfromaperson,soownersarefreefrompersonalliability,exceptforrareandextenuatingcircumstances.Instead,acorporationassumesalltherisksinsteadofpassingthemontothepeoplewhoownandrunit.Comparedtootherbusinessstructures,corporationsaremoreeasilytransferredtonewowners.Insomecases,shareholdersofsmallcompaniesmaygettaxedtwice.Specifically,thecorporationwillpaytaxesonitsprofitsandthentheshareholderswillpaytaxesontheirshareoftheprofitsintheformofpersonalincome.Theprimarybenefitofacorporationisthatitsshareholder’spersonalpropertyisprotected.Theliabilitywillnotbepassedontotheshareholdersevenifthecorporationdoesnothaveenoughmoneytopayforadebt.Andcorporationscanalwayssellsharestoraisecapital,whichsignifiesstabilityandreliablecompensationtoitsemployees.Whereas,itismoredifficulttoformandmanageacorporationthanotherbusinessentities.參考譯文AnLLCisshortforlimitedliabilitycompany,whichisastructurethatcombinescharacteristicsofacorporationandasoleproprietorship.TherearemanytypesofLLCs,eachwithdifferentparameters.Thesole-ownerLLC,whichconsistsofjustoneowner,ismostcomparabletoasoleproprietorship.LLCsarealwaysthenextstepafterlaunchingasasoleproprietorship.Itsadvantagesliesmainlyinflexibilityandprotection.Whileasoleproprietorshipputsyourpersonalassetsatriskwithzeroliabilityprotection,anLLClegallyseparatesthebusinessentityfromtheperson.Soyourpersonalassetshavemoreprotectionandcan’tnecessarilybeseizedforcompanydebts.Withasole-ownerLLC,youcanchoosetobetaxedasanScorporationorasaCcorporation.Incorporating

yourbusinessmakesitofficialintheeyesofthegovernment.You’llprotectyourpersonalassets,buildcreditandhistoryforyourcompany,andevenenjoylowertaxesinsomecases.Butthebestbenefitsofbusinessincorporationareperhapsintangible.Incorporationtransformsyourideaintoareal,officialbusiness—therestisuptoyou.參考譯文Exercise參考譯文個(gè)體工商戶、股份有限公司還是有限責(zé)任公司?

準(zhǔn)備做電商？待辦事項(xiàng)清單上可能列滿了如選擇品牌名稱，設(shè)計(jì)公司標(biāo)志，采購產(chǎn)品，定制網(wǎng)站和制定營銷計(jì)劃這些有趣兒的事。但商標(biāo)或網(wǎng)站能讓您“合法”嗎?所以，在這之前，您應(yīng)該決定好采用哪種公司商業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)并完成公司的注冊。商業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)有幾種類型，不同的商業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)決定您將如何納稅，您的法律責(zé)任有哪些，以及您將如何籌集資金和資本等等。每種商業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)各有優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

個(gè)體工商戶是最基本的商業(yè)類型。這種結(jié)構(gòu)是由個(gè)人擁有企業(yè)，法律上沒有區(qū)分企業(yè)實(shí)體和所有人。如果您是一個(gè)個(gè)體工商戶，那么所有業(yè)務(wù)和收入都由您完全掌控。商業(yè)利潤和個(gè)人收入一樣要繳稅，剩下的您可以隨意處置。此外，您對企業(yè)的損失和負(fù)債承擔(dān)完全的法律責(zé)任，這也意味著您的個(gè)人資產(chǎn)受到的保護(hù)較少。創(chuàng)辦和經(jīng)營個(gè)體工商戶相對簡單，是個(gè)體經(jīng)營者，特別是自由職業(yè)者或小型初創(chuàng)企業(yè)的普遍選擇。但是劍有雙刃。您可能很難籌集到資金，因?yàn)殂y行和投資者通常不太可能為個(gè)體工商戶提供資金支持，因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)不那么“正式”的企業(yè)實(shí)體。

股份有限公司是一種獨(dú)立于個(gè)人的法律實(shí)體，因此，除了罕見和情有可原的情況外，公司所有人無需承擔(dān)個(gè)人責(zé)任。相反，公司承擔(dān)所有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給所有人和經(jīng)營者。與其他商業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)相比，股份有限公司更容易轉(zhuǎn)讓。在某些情況下，小公司的股東可能要交兩次稅。具體來說，公司將為其利潤納稅，然后股東將為利潤所得以個(gè)人收入的形式納稅。

股份有限公司最主要的優(yōu)勢在于股東的個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)受到保護(hù)。即使公司沒有足夠的錢來償還債務(wù)，債務(wù)也不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移到股東身上。而且股份有限公司可以通過出售股票來籌集資金，對于公司員工這意味著穩(wěn)定和可靠的報(bào)酬。然而，與其他商業(yè)實(shí)體相比，公司的組建和管理更為困難。

LLC是有限責(zé)任公司的簡稱，是一種結(jié)合了股份有限公司和個(gè)體工商戶特點(diǎn)的商業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。有限責(zé)任公司也有很多種類型，每一種都有不同的參數(shù)。獨(dú)資企業(yè)僅有一名股東，和個(gè)體工商戶最接近。有限責(zé)任公司通常是作為個(gè)體工商戶起步運(yùn)營后的下一步發(fā)展。

它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)主要在于靈活性和保護(hù)性。個(gè)體工商戶會(huì)讓您的個(gè)人資產(chǎn)面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，沒有任何責(zé)任保護(hù)，但有限責(zé)任公司在法律上將企業(yè)實(shí)體與個(gè)人分開。因此，您的個(gè)人資產(chǎn)會(huì)得到更多的保護(hù)，不會(huì)因?yàn)楣緜鶆?wù)而被沒收。對于獨(dú)資企業(yè)而言，您可以選擇作為作為小型企業(yè)公司或常規(guī)公司繳納稅費(fèi)。

在政府監(jiān)管層面來看，注冊公司使您的商業(yè)行為正規(guī)化。您可以保護(hù)個(gè)人資產(chǎn)，為公司建立信用和歷史，甚至在某些情況下享受更低的稅率。但是組建公司的最大好處也許是無形的。公司可以將您虛無縹緲的想法轉(zhuǎn)化為真正的、正式的業(yè)務(wù)——剩下的就看您發(fā)揮了。Task1Completetheformthatsummarizesthetext.UnderstandingthetextBusinessstructureBenefitsDrawbacksSoleproprietorshipSimpletocreateandoperateCorporationDifficulttoformandmanage.LLCNotmentioned.Task1Completetheformthatsummarizesthetext.UnderstandingthetextBusinessstructureBenefitsDrawbacksSoleproprietorshipSimpletocreateandoperateCorporationDifficulttoformandmanage.LLCNotmentioned.Difficulttoraisecapital.Protectionandsellsharestoraisecapital.Flexibilityandprotection.Task2Answerthequestionswiththeinformationyoufindinthetext.1.Whatareonthelist-to-doifyouplantostartane-commercebusiness?

answer：_______________________________________________________

2.Whydobusinessstructuresmatter?answer：_______________________________________________________

3.Whyisitdifficulttoraisecapitalasasoleproprietorship?answer：_______________________________________________________

4.

HowdoesLLC’sprotectionfunctionwork?answer：_______________________________________________________

5.Whatarethebenefitsofincorporatingyourbusiness?answer：_______________________________________________________

UnderstandingthetextTask3Task2Answerthequestionswiththeinformationyoufindinthetext.1.Whatareonthelist-to-doifyouplantostartane-commercebusiness?Funthingslikechoosingyourbrandname,designingyourlogo,sourcingtheproducts,customizingthewebsite,anddevelopingmarketingplans.2.Whydobusinessstructuresmatter?Businessstructureswilldeterminehowyouwillbetaxed,whatyourliabilitieswillbe,andhowyouwillsecurefundingandcapital,etc.UnderstandingthetextTask2Task2Answerthequestionswiththeinformationyoufindinthetext.3.

Whyisitdifficulttoraisecapitalasasoleproprietorship?Becausebanksandinvestorsaregenerallylesslikelytoprovidefinancialsupportforasoleproprietorshipjustbecauseit’saless“formal”businessentity.4.HowdoesLLC’sprotectionfunctionwork?AnLLClegallyseparatesthebusinessentityfromtheperson.5.Whatarebenefitsofincorporatingyourbusiness?You’llprotectyourpersonalassets,buildcreditandhistoryforyourcompany,andevenenjoylowertaxesinsomecases.Themostofall,incorporationtransformsyourideaintoareal,officialbusiness.UnderstandingthetextTask2DealingwithlanguageTask3Completethewordsthatmatchthemeaningsontheright.Thefirstlettersarealreadygiven.1.s_________beingoneonly2.t_________

tomakesomethingthelegalpropertyofanotherperson3.c_________tomakeorchangesomethingaccordingtothebuyer’soruser’sneeds4.f_________theabilitytochangeorbechangedeasilytosuitadifferentsituation5.i_________havingvaluebutnotexistingphysically6.s_________tobeasignofsomething7.c___________afactoreventthatmakesasituationthewayitis8.i__________tolistofficiallyasacompanybymeetingcertainlegalrequirements9.t_________tocompletelychangesomething,especiallyinawaythatimprovesit10.e_____somethingthatexistsapartfromotherthingsandhasaclearidentityofitsownoleransferustomizelexibilityntangibleignifyircumstancencorporateransformntityTask4CompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsinTask3.1.Inthismanner,eachswitchsignalcanbe___________totheuserscomfort.2.Nobodyreally

knows

whatthe

marks

onthe

ancientstones__________.3.The

______survivor

ofthe

accident

was

found

inthe

water

aftersix

hours.4.ZapataTradingwasfoundedin1986and____________in1989.5.Customer

goodwill

isanimportant

___________asset

ofanybusiness.

6.I

think

she

coped

verywell

underthe____________

.7.Underthe

program,thegovernmentsoldsharesto

citizens

fora

nominal

fee

toquickly

________

state

enterprises

into

privatecompanies.8.Thesystemallowsalotmore__________inthewaythe

fireplace

canbeplacedinthehouse.9.She____________the

house

to

her

daughter

beforeshe

died.10.The

museums

work

closely

together,butare

separatelegal

__________.customizedsignifysoleincorportatedintangiblecircumstancestransformflexibilitytransferredentitiesTask5TranslatethesentencesintoChinese,andrewriteasentencebyusingthephrasesinbrackets.1.Ifyouownasoleproprietorship,youhavetotalcontroloverthebusinessandallofitsincome.(havecontrolover...)Translate:______________________________________________________________Write:_________________________________________________________________2.Youmayhavedifficultyinraisingcapitalbecausebanksandinvestorsaregenerallylesslikelytoprovidefinancialsupportforasoleproprietorship.(belikelyto...)Translate:______________________________________________________________Write:_________________________________________________________________3.Thesole-ownerLLC,whichconsistsofjustoneowner,ismostcomparabletoasoleproprietorship.(consistof)Translate:______________________________________________________________Write:_________________________________________________________________4.Whileasolepropputsyourpersonalassetsatriskwithzeroliabilityprotection,anLLClegallyseparatesthebusinessentityfromtheperson.(put...atrisk)Translate:______________________________________________________________Write:_________________________________________________________________5.Incorporationtransformsyourideaintoareal,officialbusiness.(o...)Translate:______________________________________________________________Write:_______________________________________________________________如果您是一個(gè)個(gè)體工商戶，那么所有業(yè)務(wù)和收入都由您完全掌控。Artistsliketo

have

some

controlover

wheretheirworksarehunginagallery.Youngdriversarefarmorelikelytohaveaccidentsthanolderdrivers.The

household

maynow

consist

ofseveral

teenagers

oran

elderlyrelative.Thecoal's

importers

deny

they're

puttingminersjobsatrisk.您可能很難籌集到資金，因?yàn)殂y行和投資者通常不太可能為個(gè)體工商戶提供資金支持。獨(dú)資企業(yè)僅有一名股東，形式和個(gè)體工商戶最接近。個(gè)體工商戶會(huì)讓您的個(gè)人資產(chǎn)面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，沒有任何責(zé)任保護(hù)，但有限責(zé)任公司在法律上將企業(yè)實(shí)體與個(gè)人分開。公司可以將您虛無縹緲的想法轉(zhuǎn)化為真正的、正式的業(yè)務(wù)。Ultimately,thenew

technology

transformsthemediumintosomethingelse.Contents04SpeakingSetting:Alle-commerceplatforms,includingAmazon,Alibaba,AliExpress,Lightinthebox,

respect

intellectualproperties,includingbutnotlimitedtocopyright,trademark,patent,designandtradesecrets.

Andtheyalwayshavepolicytotakeactionwhenanyinfringementhappens.ResearchingroupstofindoutwhatareIPinfringementpoliciesoftheseplatforms,andsharewhatyouhavefoundinclass.Whatshouldyoudoorwhatinformationshouldprovideifyoufindsomeoneelsesellgoodsthatinfringeyourintellectualpropertyrights?Openquestion.Contents05WritingTask1

Alibabaanditspartnerssteppedupintellectualpropertyrightsprotectionin2020,makingstronggainsagainstbadactorsandsuspectedinfringinglistings.Thetwochartsbelowarepartof2020IPprotectionstatistics

Alibabareleased.Lookatthetwocharts,anddescribethetrendtheyshow.Usefulexpressions:...showedarisingtrend,from...to......increased(slightly/dramatically/fundamentally/moderately/considerably)...accountsfor...Task2Writeinyourownwordsinnolessthan100wordstodescribethechartsabove.Suggestedanswer:Fromthebarchart,wecanseethatAlibaba’scollaborationwithrightsholdersandbrandshadpickedup(/witnessedarisetrend/rised)duringtheyearof2020.MembershipoftheAlibabaAnti-CounterfeitingAlliancegrewto193rightsholdersfromaroundtheworld,coveringover700brands,upfrom170rightsholdersand500brandsayearearlier.AACAmemberswerefrommanycountriesandregionsaroundtheworld,amongwhichEuropeancountriesaccountedfor34%,whichwasthemost,followedbyNorthAmericafor29%.Therewere24%membersfromChinaand13%fromelsewhereintheAsia-Pacificregion.06WorkshopAtpresent,e-commerceoperators,suchasAlibabaandJD.comwillfacepenaltiesofupto2millionyuan($309,400)shouldtheyfailtoaddressintellectualpropertyviolationsontheirplatforms,afterChina’sStateAdministrationforMarketRegulationreleasedadraftversiontoamendthenationale-commercelaw.Task1

WorkingroupstosearchonChina’se-commercelaw.Task2Shareandp