海文學校2001碩士入學英語模擬試題（二）

海文學校2001碩士入學英語模擬試題（二）SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(5points)1._______thatmanyanimalsseemtobehighlysensitivetovarioussignalsassociatedwithearthquakes,thebasicquestionremainsofhowthisbehaviorcanbeputtouseinearthquakeprediction.A.GrantedB.providedC.ConsideringD.Assuming2.NowthereisinAmericaacuriouscombinationofpride_______toapositionwhereitisnolongernecessarytodependuponmanuallaborforalivinganddelightinwhatoneisabletoaccomplishwithhishand.A.inhavingrisenB.tohaverisenB.havingrisenD.inrising3.Itshowshoweconomicandsocialand,aboveall,politicalchangeshaveplayedtheirpart,sothat,correctly______,thepostagestampinwhichmillionsofpeople,youngandold,findpleasure,knowledgeandevenprofit,hasalwaysbeenafaithfulmirrorofthetimes.A.interpretingB.interpretedC.tobeinterpretedD.beinginterpreted4.Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience______onbenches,chairsorboxes.A.havingseatedB.seatedC.seatingD.havingbeenseated5.CornoriginatedintheNewWorldandthuswasnotknowninEuropeuntilColumbusfoundit_______inCuba.A.beingcultivatedB.havingcultivatedC.hasbeencultivatedD.cultivating6.Theresearchersareworkingwithfoodcompanieskeentoseeiftheirproductscanbemaderesistanttobacterialattackthroughalterations_______thefood’sstructure.A.forB.ofC.toD.in7.JosephHellerisagreatnovelistwhohasthrilledthousandsofreaders,______manyAmericanaccomplishednovelistskneelathisfeetandcan’thelpsinginghispraises.A.inthatB.somuchsothatC.sinceD.while8.Allthepublicfacilitiesrequirecontinuousspendingonnewequipmentandnewdevelopmentiftheyaretoserveusproperly,requiringmoremoneythan________throughtaxesalone.A.raisedB.israisedC.toraiseD.raising9.IwouldhavecomesoonerbutI______thatyouwerewaiting.A.didn’tknowB.haven’tknownC.hadn’tknownD.hadn’tknown10.Hewenttoworkonfootyesterday,thoughhe_______bybus.A.couldhavegoneB.shouldhavegoneC.wouldgoD.musthavegonePartBDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethaibestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)11.AccordingtoamajorU.S.newspaper,presidentClintonwill_______amissiontothecountrytoinvestigatethecauseofthesuddendisappearanceofthetwodiplomats.A.assignB.dispatchC.undertakeD.execute12.Duringtheinterview,themayorexpressedhisheart-feltgratitudethroughthereportersforthetimelyassistanceandsupportthatpeoplefromothercitieshavekindly_____tohiscitizensafterthecitywasstruckbyseveralearthquakes.A.renderedB.securedC.soughtD.furnished13.Thepurposeofthesurveywasto_______theinspectorswithlocalconditions.A.informB.instructC.acquaintD.notify14.Beforeyoucanstartabusiness,youwillhavetoraisethenecessary_______.A.investmentB.savingsC.incomeD.capital15.Ifyoususpectthattheillnessmightbeserious,youshouldnot_______goingtothedoctor.A.pickoutB.makeoutC.giveoffD.putoff16.Thestudentsfailedtomeetthenecessary_______foradmissiontothecourse.A.fulfillmentB.requirementsC.qualitiesD.competency17.Afterthetheftofhiscarheputinaninsurance_______for$3000.A.accountB.receiptC.assessmentD.claim18.________afire,hotelguestsareaskedtoremaincalm.A.AsaresultofB.IntheeventofC.ByreasonofD.Inthetimeof19.When________,theduckkeepsitseyesandearsclosed,usingitsbilltolocatefood.A.submittedB.sunkC.soakedD.submerged20.Asweallknow,housesare_______tobeatrestwithrespecttotheearthbuttheearthitselfisnotmotionless.A.resumedB.assumedC.speculatedD.consumed21.Themotionpictureisonlyaseriesofstillphotographswhicharesplitandviewedinrapid______tocreatetheillusionofmovementandcontinuity.A.sequenceB.successionC.transmissionD.conveyance22.Thewholeareaofnationalandlocalgovernmentswassubjectedtoathoroughfinancial______,andinefficiencyandwastewereattacked.A.searchB.surveyC.stabilityD.strain23.Davidwas_________byhisfamilybecauseheworkedhandinglovewithagangofqcriminalstorobthecommercialbankofjewelry.A.desertedB.abandonedC.refutedD.repelled24.Hisvisittothetheaterwas________becausealadysittingrightinfrontofhimwaswearingahugehatwhichblockedhisviewofthestage.A.impairedB.spoiledC.distractedD.offended25.Theemployermust________thattheapplicantsfortheposthavetheproperqualifications.A.verifyB.justifyC.warrantD.perceive26.Bettybroketheschoolrulesandregulationsrepeatedlysotheprincipalfinallyhadnoalternativebutto________her.A.exileB.detainC.expelD.eject27.ProfessorJohnsonplannedtogoovermypapersentencebysentencewithmeinhisofficethismorning,buthehasn’t______yet.A.turnedroundB.turnedupC.turnedonD.turnedin28.Wehearthatminiskirtsarecomingbackintofashion,butIwonderifthey’llreally_____again.A.ruleoutB.comeupC.catchonD.wearout29.ThetownmaintainsverymanyChinesetraditionswhichareamongthehighestachievementsofthosewhocreatedthe_______wenowenjoy.A.heritageB.geneticsC.inheritanceD.estate30.Ourfirmregretstoinformyouthatthewordprocessorsyouorderedlastmonthare_______.A.outofpracticeB.outofreachC.outofstockD.outofworkSectionIIClozeDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Broadlyspeaking,theEnglishmanisaquiet,shy,reservedpersonwhoisfully___31___onlyamongpeopleheknowswell.Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited(抑制),___32___embarrassed.Youhaveonlyto___33___acommutertrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;noonespeaks.Infact,todosowouldseemmostunusual.___34___,thereishereanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich,___35___broken,makesthepersonimmediatelytheobjectof___36___.Itisawell-knownfactthattheEnglishhavea___37___forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthat,givenhalfachance,theywilltalkaboutit___38___.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecauseEnglishweather___39___forecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand___40___toeveryone.Thismaybeso.___41___Englishmencannothavemuch___42___intheweathermen,who,afterpromisingfine,sunnyweatherforthefollowingday,areoftenprovedwrong___43___acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate---orasinaccurate---astheweathermeninhis___44___.Theoverseasvisitorsmaybeexcusedforshowingsurpriseatthenumberofreferences___45___weatherthattheEnglishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare___46___bycommentsontheweather.“Niceday,isn’tit?”“Beautiful!”maywellbeheardinsteadof“Goodmorning,howareyou?”___47___theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomic,itisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.___48___hewantstostartaconversationwithanEnglishmanbutis___49___toknowwheretobegin,hecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill___50___ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofEnglishmen.31.A.entertainedB.relaxedC.amusedD.enlightened32.A.yetB.otherwiseC.evenD.though33.A.experienceB.undergoC.travelD.witness34.A.ObviouslyB.ContrarilyC.FrequentlyD.Practically35.A.unlessB.ifC.whileD.asif36.A.suspicionB.oppositionC.attackD.study37.A.passionB.fancyC.necessityD.judgement38.A.atlengthB.toagreatextentC.fromtheirheartD.byallmeans39.A.followsB.predictsC.defiesD.violates40.A.contributionB.deductionC.contemplationD.speculation41.A.StillB.AlsoC.CertainlyD.Fundamentally42.A.faithB.relianceC.honorD.credit43.A.ifB.onceC.whenD.whereas44.A.propositionsB.predictionsC.approvalD.defiance45.A.aboutB.onC.astoD.to46.A.replacedB.conductedC.executedD.proposed47.A.SinceB.AlthoughC.howeverD.Before48.A.EvenifB.BecauseC.IfD.For49.A.atalossB.atlastC.infactD.ontheoccasion50.A.stimulateB.constituteC.furnishD.provokeSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.Passage1Manycriticsofthecurrentwelfaresystemarguethatexistingwelfareregulationsleadtofamilyinstability.Theybelievethatthoseregulations,whichexcludemostpoorhusband-and-wifefamiliesfromAidtoFamilieswithDependentChildren(AFDC)assistancegrants,contributetotheproblemoffamilydissolution.Thus,theyconcludethatexpandingthesetoffamiliesthatcaneligiblygetsuchgrantswouldresultinamarkedstrengtheningofthelow-incomefamilystructure.Ifallpoorfamiliescouldreceivewelfare,wouldtheincidenceofinstabilitychangemarkedly?Theanswertothisquestiondependsontherelativeimportanceofthreetypesofpotentialwelfarerecipients.Thefirstisthe“cheater”—thehusbandwhoisreportedtohaveabandonedhisfamily,butinfactdisappearsonlywhenthesocialworkerisintheneighborhood.Thesecondconsistsofalovinghusbandanddevotedfatherwho,sensinghisowninadequacyasafamilysupporter,leavessothathiswifeandchildrenmayenjoytherelativebenefitprovidedbypublicassistance.Thereisverylittleevidencethatthesetwotypesaresignificant.Thethirdtypeistheunhappilymarriedcouple,whoremaintogetheroutofasenseofeconomicresponsibilityfortheirchildren,becauseofthehighcostsofseparation,orbecauseoftheconsumptionbenefitsofmarriage.Thisgroupislarge.Theformation,maintenance,anddissolutionofthefamilyisinlargepartafunctionoftherelativebalancebetweenthebenefitsandcostsofmarriageasseenbytheindividualmembersofthemarriage.Sincethefamilyperformscertainfunctionssocietyregardsasvital,acomplexnetworkofsocialandlegalprocesshasevolvedtoreinforcemarriage.Muchofthevariationinmaritalstabilityacrossincomeclassescanbeexplainedbythevariationincostsofdissolutionimposedbysociety,suchasdivisionofproperty,andchildsupport.Maritalstabilityisrelatedtothecostsofachievinganacceptableagreementonfamilyconsumptionandproductionandtotheprevailingsocialpriceofinstabilityinthemarriagepartners’social-economicgroup.Expectedincomeexertspressuresonfamilyinstabilitybyreducingthecostofdissolution.Totheextentthatwelfareisaformofgovernment-subsidizedAFDCpayments,itreducesthecostsofseparationandguaranteesaminimalstandardoflivingforwifeandchildren.Sowelfareopportunitiesareasignificantdeterminantoffamilyinstabilityinpoorneighborhoods,butthisisnottheresultofAFDCregulationsthatexcludemostintactfamiliesfromcoverage.Rather,welfare-relatedinstabilityoccursbecausepublicassistancelowersboththebenefitsofmarriageandthecostsofitsbreachbyprovidingasystemofgovernment-subsidizedpayments.51.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?[A]Welfarerestrictionsdonotcontributetolow-incomefamilyinstability.[B]Themostsignificantkindofwelfarerecipientsisnotthe“cheating”father.[C]Thedivorcerateisboundtofallwhenwelfarebenefitsarecut.[D]Governmentwelfarepaymentsleaddirectlytogrowingdivorcerate.52.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas________.[A]confidentandoptimistic[B]scientificanddetached[C]discouragedandalarmed[D]politeandsensitive53.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmarriagewouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?[A]Marriageislargelyshapedbypowerfulbutimpersonaleconomicandsocialforces.[B]Marriagehasagreatervaluetohigherincomegroups.[C]Societyhasnointerestinencouragingpeopletoremainmarriedtooneanother.[D]Marriagewillgraduallygivewaytootherformsofsocialorganization.54.Thepassagewouldmostlikelybefoundina________.[A]basiceconomicstext[B]bookonthehistoryofwelfare[C]religiousliteratureontheimportanceofmarriage[D]scholarlyjournaldevotedtopublicpolicyquestionsPassage2Themostnoticeabletrendamongtoday’smediacompaniesisverticalintegration–anattempttocontrolseveralrelatedaspectsofthemediabusinessatonce,eachparthelpingtheother.Besidespublishingmagazinesandbooks,TimeWarner,forexample,ownsHomeBoxOffice(HBO),Warnermoviestudios,variouscableTVsystemsthroughouttheUnitedStatesandCNNaswell.TheJapanesecompanyMatsushitaownsMCARecordsandUniversalStudiosandmanufacturesbroadcastproductionequipment.Todescribethefinancialstatusoftoday’smediaisalsototalkaboutacquisitions.Themediaarebuyingandsellingeachotherinunprecedentednumbersandformingmediagroupstopositionthemselvesinthemarketplacetomaintainandincreasetheirprofits.In1986,thefirsttimeabroadcastnetworkhadbeensold,twonetworksweresoldthatyear–ABCandNBC.Mediaacquisitionshaveskyrocketedsince1980fortworeasons.Thefirstisthatmostbigcorporationstodayarepubliclytradedcompanies,whichmeansthattheirstockistradedononeofthenation’sstockexchanges.Thismakesacquisitionsrelativelyeasy.Amediacompanythatwantstobuyapubliclyownedcompanycanbuythatcompany’sstockwhenthestockbecomesavailable.TheopenavailabilityofstockinthesecompaniesmeansthatanybodywithenoughmoneycaninvestintheAmericanmediaindustries,whichisexactlyhowRupertMurdochjoinedthemediabusiness.Thesecondreasonfortheincreaseinmediaalliancesisthatbeginningin1980,theFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)graduallyderegulatedthebroadcastmedia.Before1980,forexample,theFCCallowedonecompanytoownonlyfiveTVstations,fiveAMradiostations,andfiveFMradiostations;companiesalsowererequiredtoholdontoastationforthreeyearsbeforethestationcouldbesold.Thepost-1980FCCeliminatedthethree-yearruleandraisedthenumberofbroadcastholdingsallowedforoneowner.Thistrendofmediaacquisitionsiscontinuingthroughoutthe1990s,aschangingtechnologyexpandsthemarketformediaproducts.Theissueofmediaownershipisimportant.Ifonlyafewcorporationsdirectthemediaindustriesinthiscountry,theoutletsfordifferingpoliticalviewpointsandinnovativeideascouldbelimited.55.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthemedia?[A]Theyusedtosellandbuyeachotheringreatnumbers.[B]Theyaretradingeachotheringreaternumberstoday.[C]Theyusedtobecontrolledbytwonetworks–ABCandNBC.[D]Theyhavestoppedthetrendofacquisitionsinthe1990s.56.Accordingtothepassage,whatmakesacquisitionseasier?[A]Thechangingtechnologyemployedbythemedia.[B]Themedia’sincreasingprofitsinthemarketplace.[C]TheevertougherregulationsoftheFCConthemediasince1980.[D]Theavailabilityofthemedia’sstocksonstockexchanges.57.WhatistheFCC’snewpolicyregardingmediaalliances?[A]Itallowscompaniestoselltheirstockspublicly.[B]Itdoesn’tallowcompaniestoselltheirstockspublicly.[C]Itpermitsonecompanytoownmoremediabusinessesatthesametime.[D]Ithaseliminatedallpost-1980companies.58.Theissueofmediaownershipisimportantbecause_______.[A]itaffectstheamountofmoneythestockholderswillmake[B]itdecideswhetherwecanhavedifferentaspectsofthemedia[C]itconcernsthechannelsthroughwhichtoexpressopinions[D]itmeansthatmoreandmorepeoplewillholdontoonlyafewstationsPassage3Theneedforsolarelectricityisclear.Itissafe,ecologicallysound,efficient,continuouslyavailable,andithasnomovingparts.Thebasicproblemwiththeuseofsolarphotovoltaicdevicesiseconomics,butuntilrecentlyverylittleprogresshadbeenmadetowardthedevelopmentoflow-costphotovoltaicdevices.Thelargerpartofresearchfundshasbeendevotedtothestudyofsingle-crystalsiliconsolarcells,despitetheevidencethatthistechniqueholdslittlepromise.Thereasonforthispatternisunderstandableandhistorical.Crystallinesilicon,however,isparticularlyunsuitabletoterrestrialsolarcells.Crystallinesiliconsolarcellsworkwellandaresuccessfullyusedinthespaceprogram,wherecostisnotanissue.Whilesinglecrystalsiliconhasbeenproveninextraterrestrialusewithefficienciesashighas18percent,andothermoreexpensiveandscarcematerialscanhaveeverhigherefficiencies,costsmustbereducedbyafactorofmorethat100tomakethempracticalforcommercialuses.Besidethefactthatthestartingcrystallinesiliconisexpensive,95percentofitiswastedanddoesnotappearinthefinaldevice.Recently,therehavebeensomeimaginativeattemptstomakepolycrystallineandribbonsiliconwhicharelowerincostthanhigh-qualitysinglecrystals;buttodatetheefficienciesoftheseapparentlylower-costmaterialshavebeenunacceptablysmall.Moreover,thesematerialsarecheaperonlybecauseoftheintroductionofdisorderingincrystallinesemiconductors,anddisorderdegradestheefficiencyofcrystallinesolarcells.Thisdifficultycanbeavoidedbypreparingcompletelydisorderedoramorphousmaterials.Amorphousmaterialshavedisorderedatomicstructureascomparedtocrystallinematerials:thatis,theyhaveonlyshort-rangeorderratherthatthelong-rangeperiodicityofcrystals.Theadvantagesofamorphoussolarcellsareimpressive.Whereascrystallinesiliconmustbemade200micronsthicktoabsorbasufficientamountofsunlightforefficientenergyconversion,only1micronoftheproperamorphousmaterialsisnecessary.Crystallinesiliconsolarcellscostinexcessof100persquarefoot,butamorphousfilmscanbecreatedatacostofabout50centspersquarefoot.Althoughmanyscientistswereawareoftheverylowcostofamorphoussolarcells,theyfeltthattheycouldneverbemanufacturedwiththeefficienciesnecessarytocontributesignificantlytothedemandforelectricpower.Thiswasbasedonamisconceptionaboutthefeaturewhichdeterminesefficiency.Forexample,itisnottheconductivityofthematerialinthedarkwhichisrelevant,butonlythephotoconductivity,thatis,theconductivityinthepresenceofsunlight.Already,solarcellswithefficiencieswellabove6percenthavebeendevelopedusingamorphousmaterials,andfurtherresearchwilldoubtlessfindevenlesscostlyamorphousmaterialswithhigherefficiencies.59.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith_______.[A]discussingtheimportanceofsolarenergy[B]explainingthefunctioningofsolarcells[C]presentingahistoryofresearchonenergysources[D]describingapossiblesolutiontotheproblemofthecostofphotovoltaiccells60.Theauthormentionsrecentattemptstomakepolycrystallineandribbonsiliconprimarilyinorderto______.[A]minimizetheimportanceofrecentimprovementsinsiliconsolarcells[B]demonstratethesuperiorityofamorphousmaterialsovercrystallinesilicon[C]explainwhysiliconsolarcellshavebeenthecenterofresearch[D]contrastcrystallinesiliconwithpolycrystallineandribbonsilicon61.Thematerialinthepassagecouldbestbeusedinanargumentfor_______.[A]discontinuingthespaceprogram[B]increasedfundingforresearchonamorphousmaterials[C]furtherstudyofthehistoryofsiliconcrystals[D]increasedrelianceonsolarenergy62.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas_______.[A]analyticalandoptimistic[B]biasedandunprofessional[C]criticalanddiscouraged[D]hesitatingandinconclusivePassage4Althoughbacteriaareunicellularandamongthesimplestautonomousformsoflife,theyshowaremarkableabilitytosensetheirenvironment.Theyareattractedtomaterialstheyneedandarerepelledbyharmfulsubstances.Mosttypesofbacteriaswimveryirregularly;short,smoothrunsinrelativelystraightlinesarefollowedbybriefturns,afterwhichthebacteriashootoffinrandomdirections.Thisleavesresearcherswiththequestionofhowsuchbacteriafindtheirwaytoanattractantsuchasfoodor,inthecaseofphotosyntheticbacteria,light,iftheirswimmingpatternconsistsonlyofsmoothrunsandturns,thelatterresultinginrandomchangesindirection.Onecluecomesfromtheobservationthatwhenachemicalattractantisaddedtoasuspensionofsuchbacteria,thebacteriaswimalongagradientoftheattractant,fromanareawheretheconcentrationoftheattractantisweakertoanareawhereitisstronger.Astheydoso,theirswimmingischaracterizedbyadecreaseinturningandanincreaseinstraightrunsoverrelativelylongerdistances.Asthebacteriaencounterincreasingconcentrationsoftheattractant,theirtendencytoturnissuppressed,whereasturningincreaseswhenevertheymoveawayfromtheattractant.Theneteffectisthatrunsinthedirectionofhigherconcentrationsoftheattractantbecomelongerandstraighterasaresultofthesuppressionofturning,whereasrunsawayformitareshortenedbyanincreasedtendencyofthebacteriatochangedirection.Biologistshaveproposedtwomechanismsthatbacteriamightuseindetectingchangesintheconcentrationofachemicalattractant.First,abacteriummightcomparetheconcentrationofachemicalatthefrontandbackofitscellbodysimultaneously.Iftheconcentrationishigheratthefrontofthecell,thenitknowsitismovinguptheconcentrationgradient,fromanareawheretheconcentrationislowertoanareawhereitishigher.Alternatively,itmightmeasuretheconcentrationatoneinstantandagainafterabriefinterval,inwhichcasethebacteriummustretainamemoryoftheinitialconcentration.Researchersreasonedthatifbacteriadocompareconcentrationsatdifferenttimes,thenwhensuddenlyexposedtoauniformlyhighconcentrationofanattractant,thecellswouldbehaveasiftheywereswimmingupaconcentrationgradient,withlong,smoothrunsandrelativelyfewturns.If,ontheotherhand,bacteriadetectachemicalgradientbymeasuringitsimultaneouslyattwodistinctpoints,frontandback,onthecellbody,theywouldnotrespondtothejumpinconcentrationbecausetheconcentrationoftheattractantinfrontandbackofthecells,thoughhigh,wouldbeuniform.Experimentalevidencesuggeststhatbacteriacompareconcentrationsatdifferenttimes.63.Bacteriadetectchangesintheconcentrationofanattractantby_______.[A]measuringitsconcentrationinfrontandbackofthecellbodysimultaneously[B]increasingtheirmotionawayfromanattractant[C]movingandtumblingrandomlyinstraightlines[D]makingtheconcentrationofanattractantuniform64.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhendescribingbacteriaas"swimmingupaconcentrationgradient"(Para.3),theauthormeansthattheywerebehavingasiftheywereswimming_______.[A]againstaresistantmediumthatmakestheirswimminglessefficient[B]awayfromasubstancetowhichtheyarenormallyattracted[C]awayfromasubstancethatisnormallyharmfultothem[D]awayfromanareawheretheconcentrationofasubstanceisweaker65.Thepassageindicatesthatthepatternthatcharacterizesabacterium'smotionchangesinresponseto_______.[A]thekindsofchemicalattractantspresentindifferentconcentrationgradients[B]themechanismthatthebacteriumadoptsindeterminingthepresenceofanattractant[C]thebacterium'sdetectionofchangesintheconcentrationofanattractant[D]theextenttowhichneighboringbacteriaareengagedinrandomturning66.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?[A]Themotionofamicroorganismcanreflectamechanismbywhichitisabletocontrolitsmovement.[B]Biologistsoftenoverstatethecomplexityofsimpleorganismssuchasbacteria.[C]Abacteriumcannotnormallyretainamemoryofameasurementoftheconcentrationofanattractant.[D]BacteriaappeartohavelesscontrolovertheirmovementthanbiologistshadpreviouslyassumedPassage5Theextentofanation’spoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrines:freedomoftheseasandadjacentstatesovereignty.Untilthemid-twentiethcentury,mostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominiononlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwaters(generallyextendingthreemilesfromtheshoreline),withinwhichithadtheauthority,butnottheresponsibility,toregulateallactivities.But,becausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimited,mostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaters,largeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.Thecitizensofallnationshadtherighttousetheseunrestrictedoceanareasforanyinnocentpurpose,includingnavigationandfishing.Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizens,nonationhadtheresponsibility,letalonetheunilateralauthority,tocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.And,sincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedonthe“openseas,”therewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemiddleofthiscen