汽車專業(yè)英語全套教學(xué)教程

AutomobileProfessionalEnglish

汽車專業(yè)英語VocabularyStudyTranslationSkillsExercisesChapterOneEngine

Unit1EngineMechanicalUnit2EFISystemUnit3EngineCoolingandLubricationSystemUnit4EngineIgnition,StartingandChargingSystemUnit5EngineDiagnosisSystem

Unit1EngineMechanical

1.CylinderBlock

Theengineblockisthemainsupportingstructuretowhichallotherenginepartsareattached.Fig.1-1-1showsacylinderblock.Ithastwomainsections:thecylindersectionandthecrankcasesection.Thecrankcasesectionisusedtohousethecrankshaft,oil

pan.Coolingpassagewaysarebuiltwithintheblock.Thesepassageways,alsoknownaswatersockets,surroundthecylinders.Theyallowcoolanttocirculatethroughoutthecylinderareatokeeptheenginecool.Thereisalsoadrilledpassagewaywithinsomeblocksforthecamshaft.Manyoilholesaredrilledinternallysothatenginepartscanbeadequately

lubricated.engine發(fā)動機block氣缸體cylinder氣缸crankcase曲軸箱house安裝crankshaft曲軸camshaft凸輪軸coolant冷卻液oilpan機油盤watersocket水套internally內(nèi)部地adequately充分地lubricate潤滑

Four-CylinderEngineCylinderBlock

(四缸發(fā)動機氣缸體)

Fig.1-1-1

1-cylinderblock(氣缸體)2-cylinder(氣缸)3-crankcasearea（曲軸箱部分）2.CylinderLinersThepurposeofusingalineristhat,ifthecylinderisdamaged,thelinercanberemovedandreplacedrathereasily.Therearetwotypesofsleeves－wetanddry.

Sealsmustbeusedonthetopandbottomofthewetsleeveinordertokeepthecoolantfromleakingoutofthecoolingsystem.3.CylinderHeadTheCylinderheadisusedtoholdthevalves,andithasportstoallowair,fuelandexhausttomovethroughtheengine.Inaddition,ithascoolantpassages.Fig.1-1-2showsacylinderhead.Afterthecylinderheadhasbeencast,someareasmustbemachinedsothatintakeandexhaustmanifoldscanbeattached,valvescanbeseated,spark

plugsandinjectorscanbeinstalled,andagoodsealcanbeprovidedtotheblock.liner（發(fā)動機)氣缸套remove拆下replace取代seal密封，封條leak使?jié)B漏valve氣門；閥port孔管道exhaust排氣inaddition另外intake進氣，吸入manifold歧管spark火花plug塞子injector噴油器install安裝

CylinderHead（氣缸蓋）

Fig.1-1-21-cap(蓋)2-cylinderheadbolt（氣缸蓋螺栓）3-exhaustmanifoldgasket（排氣歧管墊）4-cylinderheadgasket（氣缸蓋墊片）5-intakemanifoldgasket(進氣歧管墊)6-cylinderhead(氣缸蓋)7-cylinderheadcovergasket(氣缸蓋罩墊片)8-cylinderheadcover(氣缸蓋罩）4.PistonandConnectingRodAssemblyThepistonandconnectingrodassemblytransmitsthepowerfromcombustiontothecrankshaft.ShowninFig.1-1-3,itmainly

consistsofpiston,compressionrings,oilcontrolrings,pistonpinandconnectingrod.(1)piston:Pistonfitscloselywithintheenginecylinderorlinerandisabletomovealternately

upanddowninthecylinder.(2)pistonrings:Therearetwotypesofpistonrings：compressionandoilcontrolrings.Thecompressionringsareusedtosealthepressuresofcompressionandpower.Theoilcontrolringsareemployedtoscrapeoilfromthecylinderwalls.(3)pistonpin:Itisusedtoconnectpistontoconnectingrod.(4)connectingrod:itisusedtoconnectpistontocrankshaftandchangesthereciprocating

motiontotherotarymotion.piston活塞connectingrod連桿combustion燃燒consistsof

由...組成compression壓縮pin銷fit使配合closely緊密地alternately交替地upanddown上上下下compressionring

氣環(huán)scrape把...刮除pistonpin活塞銷reciprocatingmotion

往復(fù)運動rotary旋轉(zhuǎn)的

PistonandRodAssembly

（活塞和連桿總成）

Fig.1-1-3

1-piston(活塞)2-pistonrings(活塞環(huán))3-pistonpin(活塞銷)4-connectingrod(連桿)5-connectingrodbolts(連桿螺栓)6-connectingrodcap(連桿蓋)7-connectingrodbearing(連桿軸瓦)5.CrankshaftAssemblyItisboltedtothebottomofthecylinderblock.Thecrankshaftassemblyincludesthecrankshaft,bearings,flywheel,harmonicbalancer,timing

gear,andfrontandrearseals.Fig.1-1-4showscrankshaftassembly.6.CamshaftAssemblyThecamshaftisdrivenbythecrankshaftandusedtoopenandclosethevalves.Thecamshaftassemblyincludesthecamshaft,camshafttiminggear,camshaftbearing,andtimingchain,belt（ifused）.harmonicbalancer扭轉(zhuǎn)減震器timing

gear正時齒輪chainbelt鏈(條)傳動帶7.ValveDriveMechanismItisusedtotransferthecamshaftliftThevalvedrivemechanismconsistsofthelifters,thepushrodsandtherockerarmsLifterschangetherotarymotionofthecamshafttoreciprocatingmotiontoopenandclosethevalve.Hydraulicliftersareusedtoreducenoiseandcontrolthevalveclearanceonmanyengines.Theyabsorbthevalvetrainclearancebyusingoilpressureinsidethelifterbody.Pushrodsareusedonlyonenginesthathavethecamshaftplacedwithintheblock.Overheadcamshaftsdonotneedpushrods.Rockerarmsaredesignedtochangethedirectionofthecamliftingforce.liftern.

挺柱pushrodn.

推桿rockerarm

搖臂hydraulicadj.

液壓的clearancen.間隙liftingforce舉升力

CrankshaftAssembly（曲軸總成）

Fig.1-1-41-front(前端)2-mainbearing（主軸頸）3-connectingrodbearing（連桿軸頸）4-crank（曲柄）5-counterweight（平衡重）6-rearflange（后端法蘭）7-camshaftassembly（凸輪軸總成）8.ValveAssemblyThevalveassembly,showninFig.1-1-5,includesthevalves,valveguides,valveseats,valvesprings,springretainersandseals.

(1)valves:Theintakevalvesandtheexhaustvalvesarelocatedwithinthecylinderheadonmostenginestoday.Theexhaustvalvesareusuallysmallerindiameterthantheintakeones,becauseontheexhauststrokethegasesmovemoreeasilyforthepressureofthepistonforcingthemout.(2)valveguides:Thevalveguidessupportthevalveinthecylinderhead.(3)valveseats:Theseatsprovideasurfacefortheintakeandexhaustvalvestosealthecombustionchamber.Theyarepressedintothecylinderheadandgroundtothecorrectangle.(4)valvesprings,keepersandretainers:Thevalvespringskeepthevalvesclosedwhenthecamshaftisnotliftingthevalves.Keepersandretainersaredesignedtokeepthevalvespringsecuredtothevalvestem.valveguide氣門導(dǎo)管valveseat氣門座springretainer彈簧座圈diameter直徑combustionchamber燃燒室ground.

與水平面成keeper鎖片secure緊固stem桿，柄TranslationSkill(1)

科技英語翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與方法一、翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)科技英語的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可概括為“忠實、通順”四個字。忠實，指忠實于原文內(nèi)容。通順，指譯文語言必須通俗易懂，符合規(guī)范。例如：1.Theelectricresistanceismeasuredinohms.誤譯：電的反抗是用歐姆測量的。正譯：電阻的測量單位是歐姆。

2.Themomentthecircuitiscompleted,acurrentwillstartflowingthecoil.誤譯：電路被完成的片刻，一個電流將開始流向這個線圈。正譯：電路一旦接通，電流開始流向線圈。二、翻譯的方法翻譯的方法一般來說有直譯（literaltranslation）和異譯（freetranslation）兩種。直譯，指“既忠實于原文內(nèi)容，又忠實于原文的形式”的翻譯。異譯，指忠實于原文的內(nèi)容，但不拘泥原文的形式。例如：Manyoilholesaredrilledinternallysothatenginepartscanbeadequatelylubricated.直譯：有許多油孔在內(nèi)部被鉆出，以使發(fā)動機能夠被充分的潤滑。異譯：發(fā)動機內(nèi)部鉆有許多油道，可使其得到充分的潤滑。Unit2EFISystem

EFIsystemiscomposedof3basicsub–systems:Fuel,AirInductionandElectronicControlSystems.AnEFIsystemisshowninFig.1-2-11.ElectronicControlSystemTheEngineElectronicControlSystemconsistsofvarioussensors,switchesandactuators.Thevarioussensorsdetecttheintakeairpressure,enginespeed,oxygen

densityintheexhaustgas,enginecoolanttemperature,intakeairtemperatureandatmosphericpressureetc,andconverttheinformationintoanelectricalsignal,whichissenttotheECM.Basedonthesesignals,theECMdeterminestheinjectionvolume(timing)andcalculatestheoptimum

ignitiontimingforthecurrentconditions.TheECMnotonlycontrolsthefuelinjectiontiming,butalsotheselfdiagnosticfunctionwhichrecordstheoccurrenceofamalfunction,ignitiontimingcontrol,idlespeedcontrolandEGRcontrol.induction(發(fā)動機)進氣actuator執(zhí)行器density濃度oxygen[化]氧atmospheric大氣的determine決定injection噴射optimum最適宜的ignition點火current當(dāng)前的diagnostic診斷occurrence發(fā)生malfunction故障

Fig.1-2-1AEFISystem（燃油系統(tǒng)）1-ignitionswitch2-EFImainreplay3-vehiclespeedsensor4-terminalTE15.PNPswitch6-A/Ccompressor7-starter8-headlightswitch9-defoggerswitch10-MAPsensor11-intakeairtemp.sensor12-IACvalve13-throttlepositionsensor14-enginecoolanttemperaturesensor15-knocksensor16-EGRvalve17-VSVforEGR18-distributorW/ignitioncoil19-igniter20-battery21-malfunctionindicatorlamp22-circuitopeningrelay23-fueltank24-fuelpump25-fuelfilter26-fuelpressurepulsationdamper27-fuelpressureregulator28-injector29-mainoxygensensor30-suboxygensensor(1)TheECMcontrolsthefollowingfunctions:①OptimumAir–FuelRatio

TheECMreceivessignalsfromvarioussensorsindicatingchangingengineoperationconditions.Suchas:intakemanifoldpressure,intakeairtemperature,enginecoolanttemperature,enginespeed,throttlevalveopeningangle,exhaustoxygencontentetc.ThesignalsareutilizedbytheECMtodeterminetheinjectiondurationnecessaryforanoptimumair–fuelratio.②ElectronicSparkAdvance(ESA)TheECMisprogrammedwithdataforoptimumignitiontimingunderalloperatingconditions.Usingdataprovidedbysensorswhichmonitorvariousenginefunctions(RPM,enginecoolanttemperature,etc.),themicrocomputer(ECM)triggersthesparkatpreciselytherightinstant.content含量utilize利用duration持續(xù)（時間）monitor監(jiān)控RPM=RevolutionPerMinute

發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速microcomputer微電腦trigger觸發(fā)precisely精確地instant片刻③IdleAirControl(IAC)TheECMisprogrammedwithtargetidlingspeedvaluestorespondtodifferentengineconditions(enginecoolanttemperature,airconditioningON/OFF,etc.).SensorstransmitsignalstotheECMwhichcontrolstheflowofairthroughthebypassofthethrottlevalveandadjustsidlespeedtothetargetvalue.④DiagnosisTheECMdetectsanymalfunctionsandabnormalitiesinthesensornetworkandlightsamalfunctionindicatorlampinthecombinationmeter.Atthesametime,troubleisidentifiedandadiagnostictroublecodeisrecordedbytheECM.ThediagnostictroublecodecanbereadbythenumberofblinksofthemalfunctionindicatorlampwhenterminalsTE1andE1areconnected.⑤Fail–SafefunctionIntheeventofthesensormalfunction,aback–upcircuitwilltakeovertoprovideminimaldrivability,andthemalfunctionindicatorlampwillilluminate.targetvalue目標(biāo)值bypass旁路abnormality反常indicator指示器combinationmeter組合儀表identify確認diagnostictroublecode=DTC

故障碼blink閃爍fail-safe失效保護illuminate

照明(2)InputsignalTheavailableinputsignalsofavehicleincludethefollowing:1)Airflow

Sensor

2)IntakeAirTemperatureSensor(IAT)3)ThrottlePositionSensor4)CamshaftPositionSensor5)CrankshaftPositionSensor6)VehicleSpeedSensor7)OxygenSensor8）EngineCoolantTemperature(ECT)Sensor9）ManifoldAbsolutePressure(MAP)Sensor10)

EGRGasTemperatureSensor11)

KnockSensor12)

Park/NeutralPosition(PNP)Switch

13)EngineCrankingSignal14)BrakeLightSwitchSignal15)AirConditioning(A/C)Switch16)BatterySignalAirflowSensor空氣流量計IntakeAirTemperatureSensor進氣溫度傳感器ThrottlePositionSensor節(jié)氣門位置傳感器EGR=ExhaustGasRecirculation廢氣再循環(huán)KnockSensor爆震傳感器Park/NeutralPosition(PNP)Switch駐車/空擋位置開關(guān)Cranking起動equip裝備list列出idle-up

怠速提升VacuumSolenoidValve

真空電磁閥

fuelpump燃油泵injector噴油器igniter點火器pressureup增壓

(3)OutputsignalsVehiclesareequippedwithdifferentcombinationsofcomputer-controlledcomponents.Notallcomponentslistedbelowareusedoneveryvehicle.TheECMreceivesinputsignalsfromsensorsandswitchestocontrolthefollowingcomponentsandsub-systems.Theavailableinputsignalsofavehicleincludethefollowing:1)A/CIdle-UpSystem.2)IdleAirControlValve(IACV)3)EGRVacuum

SolenoidValve(VSV)4)ElectronicSparkAdvanceSystem.5)EVAPVacuumSolenoidValve(VSV)6)

Fuel

Pump7)

Injector8)

Igniter9)FuelpressureupVSV10)Self-DiagnosticSystem.11)CircuitOpeningRelay2.FuelSystemThefuelsystemconsistsofafueltank,electricfuelpump,afuelfilter,fuelfeedandreturnlines,fuelpressureregulator,thepulsation

damperandinjectors.Fig.1-2-2showsthepartsofafuelsystem.(1)ElectricfuelpumpElectricfuelpumpismountedinthefueltank.Itdrawsfuelfromthefueltankandsendsittothefuelrail,whichdistributesfuelevenlytoallinjectors.(2)FuelpressureregulatorThefuelpressureregulatoradjuststhepressureofthefuelfromthefuelline(highpressureside)toaconstantpressurehigherthanthepressureinsidetheintakemanifold,andexcessfuelisreturnedtothefueltankthroughthereturnpipe.(3)PulsationdamperThepulsationdamperabsorbstheslightfluctuationsinfuelpressurecausedbyfuelinjectorfromtheinjector.(4)InjectorsTheinjectorsinjectameteredquantityoffuelintotheintakeportinaccordancewithsignalsfromtheECM(EngineControlModule).filter

濾清器regulator

調(diào)節(jié)器pulsation

脈動damper

衰減器mount

安放draw吸收rail油軌evenly

平穩(wěn)地excess

過量的fluctuation波動metered

計量的

ThePartsofAFuelSystem

（燃油系統(tǒng)部件）

Fig.1-2-21-fuelpressurepulsationdamper(燃油壓力脈動衰減器)2-injectors(噴油器)3-fuelpressureregulator(燃油壓力調(diào)節(jié)器)4-fuelfilter(燃油濾清器)5-fuelpump(燃油泵)3.AirInductionSystemTheairinductionsystemprovidessufficientairforengineoperation.Fig.1-2-3showsthepartsofaairinductionsystem.Airisfilteredthroughtheaircleanerandtheamountflowingtotheairintakechamberisdeterminedaccordingtothethrottlevalveopeninginthethrottlebodyandtheenginespeed.Intakeaircontrolledbythethrottlevalveopeningisdistributedfromtheairintakechambertothemanifoldofeachcylinderandisdrawnintothecombustionchamber.AtlowtemperaturestheIACvalveopensandtheairflowsthroughtheIACvalveandthethrottlebody,intotheairintakechamber.Duringenginewarmingup,evenifthethrottlevalveiscompletelyclosed,airflowstotheairintakechamber,therebyincreasingtheidlespeed(firstidleoperation).Theairintakechamberpreventspulsationoftheintakeair.Italsopreventsintakeairinterferenceineachcylinder.sufficient足夠的combustionchamber

燃燒室IACvalve(IdleAirControl)

怠速空氣控制閥warmup

暖機interference

干擾ThePartsofAAirInductionSystem

（進氣系統(tǒng)部件）

Fig.1-2-3

1-intakeaircontrolvalve(進氣控制閥)2-VSVforACIS(進氣控制閥真空開關(guān)閥)3-vaccumtank(真空罐)4-aircleaner(空氣濾清器)5-MAFmeter(空氣流量計)6-IACvalve(怠速控制閥)7-throttlebody(節(jié)氣門體)TranslationSkill(2)

詞義的選擇一、根據(jù)詞類選擇詞義選擇某個詞的詞義時，首先要確定這個詞在句中應(yīng)屬于哪一種詞類，然后再進一步去定其詞義。下面以“current”為例。例如：

1.TheECMdeterminestheinjectionvolumeandcalculatestheoptimumignitiontimingforthecurrentconditions.譯：ECM確定噴油量并計算當(dāng)前工況下的最佳點火時間。（current為形容詞）2.Thebuttonswitchesthecurrenton.譯：這個按鈕接通電流。（current為名詞）二、同一詞類表達不同詞義英語中同一個詞，同一類詞，在不同的場合，往往具有不同的含義。此時，必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系及整個句子的意思加以判斷和翻譯。例如“as”這一連詞。例如：

1.Thevolumevariesasthetemperatureincreases.譯：體積隨著溫度增加而變化。（as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句）2.Asheatmakesthingsmove,itisaformofenergy.譯：因為熱能使物體運動，所以熱是能的一種形式。Unit3

EngineCoolingandLubricationSystem

1.EngineCoolingSystemThecoolingsystemisusedtokeeptheengineatthemostefficientoperatingtemperature.Thecoolingsystemiscomposedofthewaterjacket(insidethecylinderblockandcylinderhead),radiator,waterpump,thermostat,fan,hosesandothercomponents.Fig1-3-1showsthepartsofacoolingsystem.efficient效率高的waterjacket水套radiator散熱器，水箱waterpump水泵thermostat節(jié)溫器hose軟管CoolingSystem

（冷卻系統(tǒng)）

Fig.1-3-11-radiator(散熱器)2-securingclip（固定夾）3-securingrubber（固定橡膠）4-uppercoolanthose（上部冷卻液軟管）5-rubberwasher（橡膠墊）6-radiatorfan（冷卻風(fēng)扇）7-fanring（風(fēng)扇罩殼）8-lockingbolt（緊固螺栓）9-nut（螺母）10-2pinconnector（雙頭插式插頭）11-lowercoolanthose（下部冷卻液軟管）12-Oring（O型圈）13-connector（連接插頭）14-radiatorfanthermoswitch（散熱風(fēng)扇的熱敏開關(guān)）15-seal(密封圈)16–drainscrew（排水螺栓）(1)RadiatorandFanTheradiatorperformsthefunctionofcoolingthecoolantwhichhaspassedthroughthewaterjacketandbecomehot,anditismountedinthefrontofthevehicle.Afanismountedbehindtheradiatortoassisttheflowofairthroughtheradiator.Thefanoperateswhentheenginecoolanttemperaturebecomeshighinordertopreventitfrombecomingtoohigh.(2)RadiatorCapArelief

valve(pressurizationvalve)andavacuumvalve(negativepressurevalve)arebuiltintotheradiatorcap.Itisusedtomaintainthecorrectandconstantpressureonthecoolingsystem.(3)WaterjacketThewaterjacketistheopenspaceswithinthecylinderblockandcylinderheadthroughwhichcoolantpasses.perform執(zhí)行assist幫助reliefvalve

泄壓閥pressurization維持大氣壓水平vacuumvalve

真空閥negativepressure負壓(4)WaterPumpThewaterpumpisusedtocirculatethecoolantthroughthecoolingsystem.Itismountedonthefrontofthecylinderblockanddrivenbyatimingbelt.(5)ThermostatThethermostatisoneofthemostimportantpartsofthecoolingsystem,andusedtokeeptheenginecoolantatthemostefficienttemperature.Ifthecoolantremainscold,itwillbeclosed.Inthiscase,alargeamountofcoolantgoestotheby-passtubewithoutbeingcooled.Theremainingcoolantpassesthroughtheradiatortobecooled.Ifthecoolanttemperaturerisestotheopeningpoint,thethermostatopensslightly.Asthetemperatureincreasesfurther,thethermostatopensmore.Whentheengineisunderfullload,thethermostatwillbefullyopen.Themaximumamountofcoolantwillbesenttotheradiatorforcooling,andasmallamountwillcontinuetoflowthroughtheby-passtube.timingbelt正時皮帶by-passtube旁通管openingpoint開啟點slightly輕微地load負荷2.EngineLubricationSystemLubricationsystemhasbeenadoptedtosupplyoiltothemovingpartsofthisengine.Thelubricationsystemconsistsofanoilpan,oilpump,oilfilter,oilcoolerandpressurereliefvalve.Fig1-3-2showsthepartsofalubricatingsystem.(1)OilpanTheoilpanislocatedonthebottomoftheengineandholdstheexcessoilduringoperationandnorunningconditions.Apluginthebottomoftheoilpanisusedtodraintheoil.(2)OilpumpTheoilpumpislocatedinthecrankcaseareasothatoilcanbedrawnfromtheoilpanandsentintotheengine.(3)OildrainplugOilpressurereliefvalveisusedtokeepthepressurewithintheoilsystemataconstantmaximumvalue.lubrication

潤滑adopt采用supply供給oilpan

油底盤drain排放draw抽吸LubricatingSystem

（潤滑系統(tǒng)）Fig.1-3-21-gasket（密封墊片）2-cap（加油口蓋）3-dipstick（機油標(biāo)尺）4–guide（機油標(biāo)尺導(dǎo)管口）5-oilfilterbracket（機油濾清器支架）6-oilpressureswitch（機油壓力開關(guān)）7-O-ring（O形圈）8-oilcooler（機油冷卻器）9-oilfilter（機油濾清器）10-cap（密封蓋）11-drivegear（驅(qū)動齒輪）12-gears（齒輪）13-oilpumpcoverwithpressurereliefvalve（帶泄壓閥的機油泵蓋）14-baffleplate（擋油板）15-oildrainplug（放油螺栓）16-seal（密封圈）17-oilpan（機油盤）18-gasket（機油盤墊片）19-suctionline（吸油管）20-Oring（O形圈）(4)OilfilterOilFilterisadoptedtocleanthedirtparticlesoutofthelubricatingsystem.Astheoilanddirtflowthefilterunit,contaminantsaretrappedinsidethefilterunit.(5)OilcoolersOiltemperatureforanengineshouldbeincertainrangeofdegrees.Undernormalconditions,oiliscooledbytherightamountofoilintheoilpan.Whenexcesstemperaturesoccurs,suchassomeheavy-duty

gasolineenginesandmanydieselengines,oilcoolersareusedtokeeptheoilcool.(6)OilpressuresensorsandgaugesOilpressuresensorsareusedtosensetheoilpressureinthelubricatingsystem.Oilpressureisusuallysenseddirectlyfromthemainoilgallery.Thevalueissenttothedashboardonthevehicleandtheoperatorcanreadit.Thesystemscommonlyusedareapressuregaugeandanoilindicatorlight.Thepressuregaugereadstheoilpressurewithinthesystem.Theoilindicatorlightgoesonwhenoilpressureislowerthanacertainvalue.(7)Markingonoil

dipstick（Fig.1-3-3）particle粒子contaminant

污染物trap收集heavy-duty

大功率gasoline

汽油diesel柴油sense感覺

gallery通道dashboard(汽車等的)儀表板gauge儀表dipstick油尺

Dipstick（機油尺）Fig.1-3-31-Max.mark2-Min.marka-Areaabovehatchedfielduptomax.mark:Donottop-upwithengineoil!b-Oillevelwithinhatchedfield:canbetopped-upwithengineoilc-Areafrommin.markuptohatchedfield:fillwithmax.0.5liter.ofengineoil!

TranslationSkill(3)

詞義的引申英漢兩種語言在表達上有很大差別。翻譯時，有些詞或詞組不能直接搬用詞典中的釋義，若生搬硬套，會使譯文生硬晦澀，難以看懂，甚至造成誤解。所以，要在弄清原文內(nèi)涵的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系和漢語的搭配習(xí)慣，對詞義加以引申。若遇到有關(guān)專業(yè)方面的內(nèi)容，必須選用專業(yè)方面的術(shù)語。引申后的詞義雖然同詞典中的釋義稍有不同，但能更確切地表達原文意義。1.However,colorscangivemoreforcetotheformoftheproduct.欠佳譯法：然而，色彩能給與產(chǎn)品更多的力量。引申譯法：然而，色彩能使產(chǎn)品外形增添美感。2.Neverheatrefrigerantcontainerorexposeittonakedflame.欠佳譯法：永遠不要加熱制冷劑貯液罐或?qū)⑺┞对诼懵兜幕鹧嬷?。引申譯法：絕對不要直接加熱制冷劑貯液罐或者與明火接觸。3.Whenexcesstemperaturesoccurs,suchassomeheavy-dutygasolineenginesandmanydieselengines,oilcoolersareusedtokeeptheoilcool.欠佳譯法：當(dāng)過剩的溫度發(fā)生時，如某些重責(zé)任的汽油機和許多柴油機，使用機油冷卻器使機油冷卻。引申譯法：當(dāng)溫度過高時，如某些大功率汽油機和許多柴油機上，使用機油冷卻器冷卻機油。4.Duringthefirstpartofhislife,Wattstudiedweatherandstorm.欠佳譯法：在他生命的第一部分，瓦特研究過天氣和風(fēng)暴。引申譯法：瓦特年輕時研究過天氣和風(fēng)暴。Unit4

EngineIgnition,Starting

andChargingSystem1.EngineIgnitionSystem

Theignitionsystemisusedtoignitetheairandfuelinthecylinder.Inordertodothisaveryhighvoltageisneededtoforcetheelectricalcurrenttojumpacrossthesparkpluggapandcauseanelectricalspark.However,thereisonly12-voltbatterywithintheautomobile.Theignitionsystemisdesignedtoincreasethevoltagetothenecessaryamountattherighttimeforthesparktooccur.Inaddition,thetimeofsparkmustbealteredasspeedandloadincreaseordecrease.voltage電壓，伏特數(shù)electricalcurrent電流jumpacross擊穿sparkpluggap火花塞間隙automobile汽車alter變化Theignitionsystemmaybeclassifiedasfollows:(1)Conventionalignitionsystemwithcontactbreaker(2)Electronicignitionsystemusingsemiconductorsortransistors(3)Computer-controlledignitionsystemThecomputer-controlledignitionsystemiscomposedofElectronicControlModule(ECM),varioussensors,battery,theignitionswitch,igniter,ignitioncoil,distributorandthesparkplugs.Fig.1-4-1showsaignitionsystem.asfollows如下，如次contactbreaker觸點斷電器semiconductor半導(dǎo)體Transistor晶體管

EngineIgnitionSystem

（發(fā)動機點火系統(tǒng)）Fig.1-4-1

1-battery(蓄電池)2-ignitionswitch(點火開關(guān))3-ignitioncoil(點火線圈)4-distributor(分電器)5-sparkplug(火花塞)6-igniter(點火器)7-signalrotor(信號轉(zhuǎn)子)8-ECM(電子控制模塊)Componentsintheignitionsystemareasfollows:(1)Thebatteryisusedtoprovideelectricalenergyneededtooperatethesystem.Thenegativesideisgroundedtotheframe,andthepositivesideisfeddirectlytotheignitionswitch.(2)Theignitionswitchconnectsordisconnectstheflowofelectricitytotheignitionsystem.(3)TheignitertemporarilyinterruptstheprimarycurrentwiththeignitionsignalfromtheECMandgeneratessparksatthesparkplug.(4)TheECMmonitorstheengineconditionbysignalsfromeachsensor,calculatestheignitiontimingandsendsanignitionsignaltotheigniter.ground接地，搭鐵positive

陽的，正的temporarily

臨時的primarycurrent

初級電流monitor監(jiān)控(5)Theignitioncoilallowsthegenerationofahighvoltagesufficienttocauseasparktojumpacrossthesparkpluggap.(6)Thedistributordistributeshighvoltagetothesparkplugofeachcylinderinthespecifiedignitionorder.Fig.1-4-2showspartsofthedistributor.(7)Thesparkplugwiresareusedtoconnectthehigh-voltagetoeachsparkplug.(8)Thesparkplugsprovideagapwithinthecombustionchambersothateachtimeahigh-voltageisdelivered,aqualitysparkwilloccur.sufficient

充足的specified

規(guī)定的sparkplugwires

分缸線deliver傳遞PartsofTheDistributor

（分電器部件）

Fig.1-4-21-distributorhousing(分電器殼體)2-dustproofcover(防塵罩)3-dustproofseal(防塵罩密封圈)4-rotor(轉(zhuǎn)子)5-packingring(密封圈)6-distributorcap(分電器蓋)2.EngineStartingSystemThestartingSystemisusedtostartaengine.Itincludescrankingmotor,solenoid,clutchmechanism,electricalwire,andignitionswitch.Fig.1-4-3showsacompleteelectricalcircuitofthestartingsystem.(1)startingmotorFieldcoilsinastartingmotorisusedtoproducethepoles.Armatureinastartingmotorisarotationalpartthathasmanyloopsofwirewithacommutator.Brushesareusedtomakeelectricalcontactbetweentherotatingarmatureandthestationarybattery.(2)StarterclutchThepurposeoftheclutchistoengageanddisengagethepiniongearfromtheflywheel.Whenthestarteriscranked,thepiniongearslidesonthearmatureshaftandengagestheflywheel.

crankingmotor

起動機solenoid

電磁開關(guān)field磁場pole電極armature

電樞l(wèi)oop匝commutator

換向器brush電刷engage嚙合disengage

分離TheElectricalCircuitofStartingSystem（起動系統(tǒng)電路）Fig.1-4-3

1-battery(蓄電池)2-starter(起動機)3-starterrelay(起動繼電器)4-ignitionswitch(點火開關(guān))5-neutralstartswitch(空擋起動開關(guān))(3)solenoidThesolenoidisanelectromechanicaldevicethatswitcheselectricalcircuitsonandoff.Itisusedtostartandstoptheheavycurrentthatflowstothestartermotorduringcranking.3.EngineChargingSystemThepurposeofthechargingsystemistoprovidetheelectricalenergyneededtochargethebatteryandtopoweralltheelectricalcomponentsandsystemsontheautomobile.Whentheengineisnotrunningandd