專題39 閱讀理解之猜測(cè)詞義題（講案）解析版

33/44高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)清單專題39閱讀理解之猜測(cè)詞義題（講案）解析版（快問快答+思維導(dǎo)圖+考法點(diǎn)撥+真題再練+名校模擬）目錄一、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題快問快答P1二、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題高考考情P2三、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題命題特點(diǎn)P2四、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題思維導(dǎo)圖P3五、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題考法點(diǎn)撥P3考法一：利用釋義法猜詞P3考法二：利用構(gòu)詞法猜詞P3考法三：利用因果關(guān)系猜詞P4考法四：利用對(duì)比關(guān)系猜詞P4考法五：利用上下文解題P5考法六：利用同義關(guān)系解題P6考法七：利用生活常識(shí)解題P6考法八：利用就近原則判指代P6六、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題真題演練(7例)P7七、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題名校模擬(15篇)P12模擬一：生詞類猜測(cè)詞義題P12模擬二：短語類猜測(cè)詞義題P22模擬三：句子類猜測(cè)詞義題P32模擬四：代詞類猜測(cè)詞義題P35一、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題快問快答Q1：閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題有什么特點(diǎn)？A1：猜測(cè)詞義題屬于閱讀基礎(chǔ)題型，每年必考，難度不大，需要有滿分意識(shí)。Q2：閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題做題步驟如何？A2：一是“找詞”--先從題干中提取關(guān)鍵性(題眼)，二是“定位”--尋找與此關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的段落、語句做好標(biāo)記，三是“代入”--仔細(xì)比對(duì)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別，最后確定答案。Q3：閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題有哪些考查方向？A3：閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題有四大考查方向：一是考查短語語境猜測(cè)，二是考查生詞語境猜測(cè)，三是考查句子語境理解，四是考查代詞語境猜測(cè)。Q4：如何提高閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)題正答率？A4：一要掌握閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題命題規(guī)律和選項(xiàng)特征，二要不斷擴(kuò)大詞匯量，尤其是3500高考高頻詞匯，三要廣泛進(jìn)行閱讀實(shí)踐和專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練，積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)，摸索出一套行之有效的個(gè)性化做題模式，四要重視糾錯(cuò)，探尋錯(cuò)誤原因，防止出現(xiàn)類似錯(cuò)誤。二、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題高考考情猜測(cè)詞義題基本上是閱讀理解每年必考的題型。此類題型旨在考查考生根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞、短語或句子的本意或外延含義的能力，既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的新意，還可以是對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。除了直接命題的生詞外，閱讀文章時(shí)，常常也會(huì)遇到一些過去未見過的詞，但這類生詞的詞義大都可以通過上下文推斷出來。2022-2024高考閱讀理解考點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)卷別細(xì)節(jié)理解題猜測(cè)詞義題推理判斷題主旨大意題2024新課標(biāo)I卷91412024新課標(biāo)II卷91412023新課標(biāo)I卷61712023新課標(biāo)II卷61712022新課標(biāo)I卷82412022新課標(biāo)II卷82412024全國(guó)甲卷71612023全國(guó)甲卷81512023全國(guó)乙卷51812022全國(guó)甲卷81332022全國(guó)乙卷10131三、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題命題特點(diǎn)特殊疑問句形式:以疑問詞what開頭引出的問題;通常涉及四種形式：生詞型、短語型、句子型、代詞型。28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“shinethrough”inparagraph2mean? （2024新課標(biāo)I卷，短語型）32.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”inparagraph2probablymean? （2024新課標(biāo)II卷，短語型）26.Whichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3? （2024全國(guó)甲卷，短語型）24.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inthefirstparagraphreferto? （2024浙江1月卷，代詞型）29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean? （2023新課標(biāo)I卷，生詞型）30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“relateto”inparagraph2mean? （2023新課標(biāo)I卷，短語型）24.Whichisclosestinmeaningto“adabhand”inparagraph1? （2023新課標(biāo)II卷，短語型）四、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題思維導(dǎo)圖五、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題考法點(diǎn)撥考法一：利用釋義法猜詞在說明文尤其是科技類說明文中，作者通常會(huì)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵詞或?qū)I(yè)術(shù)語進(jìn)行解釋。常見的有對(duì)該詞下定義或后跟同位語、定語從句、冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)等引出解釋說明部分。【調(diào)研01】(2022全國(guó)乙卷第29題)原文：Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.29.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety. B.Assistancefromdrones.C.inspectionandrepair. D.Constructionofinfrastructure.解析：“includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure”對(duì)“maintenance”進(jìn)行了解釋，故推測(cè)maintenance是“維護(hù)，保養(yǎng)”的意思，C項(xiàng)inspectionandrepair與句中的inspectandrepair對(duì)應(yīng)。故選C?？挤ǘ豪脴?gòu)詞法猜詞英語單詞可以通過添加詞綴、合成或轉(zhuǎn)化的方式構(gòu)成新詞或生成新的詞義。同學(xué)們要熟記一定數(shù)量的詞根、前綴和后綴，從而達(dá)到通過“解剖”一個(gè)單詞，對(duì)一個(gè)生詞能夠“望文生義”的效果?！菊{(diào)研02】（2016全國(guó)II卷第27題）原文：Encouragingthiskindofthinkinghasadownside.Irantheriskoflosingthosestudentswhohadadifferentstyleofthinking.Withoutfailonewoulddeclare,“ButI’mjustnotcreative.”27.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“downside”inParagraph4probablymean？A.Mistake.B.Drawback.C.Difficulty.D.Burden.解析：downside是由“down（向下）+side（方面）”構(gòu)成的合成詞，并且后文提到“作者冒著失去那些有不同思維風(fēng)格的學(xué)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”。因此，我們可以猜測(cè)該詞的意思是“不足，缺點(diǎn)”，故選B項(xiàng)。考法三：利用因果關(guān)系猜詞若畫線單詞或短語前后句子之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，那我們便可以根據(jù)這種因果邏輯關(guān)系推知單詞或短語的意義。因果關(guān)系的語境通常由because,so,thus,therefore,asaresultof,sothat,so/such...that...等標(biāo)志詞體現(xiàn)?！菊{(diào)研03】（2019全國(guó)II卷第25題）原文：Iguessthatthere’sprobablysomedemandingworkschedule,orsocialanxietyaroundsteppinguptohelpforanunknownsport.Shemayjustneedalittlepersuading.SoItryagainandtugattheheartstrings.ImentionthesingleparentwithfourkidsrunningtheshowandItalkaboutthedadcoachingateamthathiskidsaren’tevenon…Atthispointtheunwillingparentspeaksup,“Alright.Yes,I’lldoit.”25.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“tugattheheartstrings”inParagraph2mean？A.Encourageteamwork.

B.Appealtofeeling.C.Promotegooddeeds.

D.Provideadvice.【解析】由邏輯詞“so”可知，此處可以借助因果邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義句意。畫線部分的前一句提到“她可能需要有人勸說一下”，故“tugattheheartstrings”應(yīng)該有“勸說”的意思?！癮ppealtofeeling”意思是“打動(dòng)某人，喚起某人的情感”，故選B項(xiàng)?？挤ㄋ模豪脤?duì)比關(guān)系猜詞運(yùn)用轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比描述事物或現(xiàn)象是寫作時(shí)常用的一種手法，作者常借用一些信號(hào)詞來提供相反信息，抓住這些信號(hào)詞，結(jié)合上下文意，我們就能夠快速推測(cè)出詞義。體現(xiàn)對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞語很多，常見的有but,yet,however,while,unlike,insteadof,ontheotherhand,ratherthan,onthecontrary等?！菊{(diào)研04】（2020新高考Ⅰ卷第33題）原文：AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons. C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.解析：利用對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。根據(jù)“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份)，it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.”，研究表明，與現(xiàn)存的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)(應(yīng)該避免和食量大的胖人一起吃飯)相反，你真正需要避開的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根據(jù)“contraryto”可知，畫線詞與heavierpeople含義相反?？挤ㄎ澹豪蒙舷挛慕忸}有些猜測(cè)詞義句意題找不到以上標(biāo)志或線索，我們可以利用上下文提供的語境進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義句意?！菊{(diào)研05】（2022新高考II卷第24題）原文：Wejournalistsliveinanewageofstorytelling,withmanynewmultimediatools.Manyyoungpeopledon'tevenrealizeit'snew.Forthem,it’sjustnormal.ThishithomeformeasIwassittingwithmy2-year-oldgrandsononasofaovertheSpringFestivalholiday.Ihadbroughtachildren'sbooktoread.Ithadsimplewordsandcolorfulpictures—aperfectmatchforhisage.24.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“hithomeforme”meaninparagraph2?A.Providedshelterforme. B.Becameverycleartome.C.Tookthepressureoffme. D.Workedquitewellonme.解析：根據(jù)上下文語境可知，作者是記者，生活在一個(gè)講故事的新時(shí)代，有許多新的多媒體工具。許多年輕人甚至沒有意識(shí)到它是新的。對(duì)他們來說，這很正常。而在春節(jié)假期，作者和兩歲的孫子坐在沙發(fā)上看書時(shí)，尤其清楚認(rèn)識(shí)到了這一點(diǎn)。故畫線詞意思是“我很清楚”。故選B。考法六：利用同義關(guān)系解題畫線單詞或短語前后有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時(shí)我們可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞的含義。常見的表示同義關(guān)系的詞或短語有and,or,like,aswell,similarly,too,also,either等。【調(diào)研06】（2015四川卷第44題）原文：Anditisnotjustrobinsthatarebeingkeptawakebyartificiallight.Blackbirdsandseagullsarealsobeingmorenocturnal.44.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“nocturnal”inParagraph5mean？A.Activeatnight.

B.Inactiveatnight.C.Activeduringtheday.

D.Inactiveduringtheday.解析：畫線單詞前一句說“不是只有知更鳥在人造光下會(huì)一直醒著”，而“also（也）”表明這一句與前面表達(dá)的意思相近，即“黑鸝和海鷗也更活躍”?！皀octurnal”應(yīng)該是“awake”的近義詞，意為“夜間活躍的”，故選A項(xiàng)?？挤ㄆ撸豪蒙畛ＷR(shí)解題在僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系和語境無法猜出詞義時(shí)，我們可以借助生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義?！菊{(diào)研07】（2020江蘇卷第61題）原文：Forthosewhocanstomachit,workingoutbeforebreakfastmaybemorebeneficialforhealththaneatingfirst,accordingtoastudyofmealtimingandphysicalactivity.61.Theunderlinedexpression“stomachit”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“

_______

”.A.digestthemealeasily

B.managewithoutbreakfastC.decidewiselywhattoeat

D.eatwhateverisoffered解析：此題考查“stomach”的生僻意思。根據(jù)生活常識(shí)可知，有的人鍛煉前不吃早飯是受不了的，所以此處意為“如果可以忍受空腹的話，在吃早飯前去鍛煉比吃過早餐后去鍛煉好處更多”，故選B項(xiàng)。考法八：利用就近原則判指代代詞指代題原則上從上文尋找線索，確定答案?；军c(diǎn)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，指人還是指物?！菊{(diào)研08】（2022新高考II卷第30題）原文："Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws.解析：30.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)句中的“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior.”（我們需要一些能改變?nèi)藗冃袨榈臇|西，）可知，something是能夠改變?nèi)藗兊男袨榈氖虑?。根?jù)下文的“IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone.”（他說，如果Textalyzer法案成為法律，“人們會(huì)更害怕拿起手機(jī)。）可知，人們的行為會(huì)改變的條件是當(dāng)Textalyzer法案成為法律。受到法律的約束和懲罰，司機(jī)們才不會(huì)在開車的時(shí)候使用手機(jī)。故something指代的是法律。故選D。六、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題真題演練【演練01】（2024新課標(biāo)I卷第28題）Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks–likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage–toonesthatrequirementalabstraction–suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“shinethrough”inparagraph2mean?A.Seemunlikelytolast. B.Seemhardtoexplain.C.Becomereadytouse. D.Becomeeasytonotice.28.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)前文“Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.(當(dāng)閱讀幾百字或更多的文本時(shí)，在紙上學(xué)習(xí)通常比在屏幕上學(xué)習(xí)更成功。大量的研究證實(shí)了這一發(fā)現(xiàn))”可知，在紙上學(xué)習(xí)更有成效，以及后文“whenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.(當(dāng)實(shí)驗(yàn)人員從提出簡(jiǎn)單的任務(wù)(如識(shí)別閱讀文章的主旨)轉(zhuǎn)移到需要思維抽象的任務(wù)(如從文本中推斷)時(shí))”推知，此處應(yīng)是表達(dá)“當(dāng)實(shí)驗(yàn)者從簡(jiǎn)單的任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)向需要精神抽象的任務(wù)時(shí)，紙質(zhì)閱讀的益處就變得顯而易見”之意，所以shinethrough應(yīng)是“顯而易見”之意，和D項(xiàng)意思相近。故選D項(xiàng)?！狙菥?2】（2024新課標(biāo)II卷第32題）Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.32.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated. B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent. D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.32.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第二段“suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades'professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(這樣一本書可能會(huì)像驅(qū)動(dòng)人工智能的計(jì)算機(jī)代碼一樣復(fù)雜，但值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾有20多年的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可理解的內(nèi)容。她從商業(yè)人士的實(shí)際角度而不是學(xué)者的角度出發(fā)，撰寫了一本非常通俗易懂、內(nèi)容豐富的指南，讀完后會(huì)讓你覺得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明)”可知，坎貝爾撰寫的這本書是通俗易懂的，如果別人寫這本書的話可能就不是這樣了，推測(cè)劃線短語表示“如果是由能力較差的人寫的”。故選C項(xiàng)?！狙菥?3】（2023新課標(biāo)I卷第29題）Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up. B.Add-on. C.Check-in. D.Take-over.【解析】29.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.(這個(gè)過程要求你在30天內(nèi)遠(yuǎn)離可選的在線活動(dòng)。在30天結(jié)束的時(shí)候，你再加上一些你認(rèn)為會(huì)給你所看重的東西帶來巨大好處的精心挑選的在線活動(dòng))”可推知，畫線詞“declutter”的意思是“清理”，對(duì)在線活動(dòng)進(jìn)行清理和挑選。故選A。【演練04】（2023新課標(biāo)II卷第30題）Inthis“bookofbooks,”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描繪)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“relateto”inparagraph2mean?A.Understand. B.Paint.C.Seize. D.Transform.30.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.(藝術(shù)品的選擇和排列方式強(qiáng)調(diào)了不同時(shí)代和文化之間的聯(lián)系。我們看到孩子們?cè)诩依锘驅(qū)W校學(xué)習(xí)閱讀的場(chǎng)景，這本書是幾代人之間關(guān)系的焦點(diǎn))”以及“Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmoments(這些場(chǎng)景可能是數(shù)百年前繪制的，但它們記錄了一些時(shí)刻)”可推知，此處指書籍是人類之間相互聯(lián)系和理解的紐帶，故與畫線短語“relateto”意思最相近的為A項(xiàng)“理解、認(rèn)識(shí)到”。故選A?！狙菥?5】（2023全國(guó)甲卷第24題）TerriBoltonisadabhandwhenitcomestoDIY(do-it-yourself).Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture,sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.24.Whichisclosestinmeaningto“adabhand”inparagraph1?A.Anartist. B.Awinner. C.Aspecialist. D.Apioneer.【解析】24.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第一段畫線短語下文“Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture,sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.(她擅長(zhǎng)擺架子和拼接家具，從不付錢給別人做她自己能做的工作)”可推知，此處指TerriBoltonis是一位DIY高手。C項(xiàng)“Aspecialist(一位專業(yè)人員)”最接近畫線短語“adabhand”的意思。故選C?！狙菥?6】（2023全國(guó)乙卷第24題）Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Thosewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhaveonlytheirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(聯(lián)系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.34.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conversation”inparagraph3referto?A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice.D.Society.34.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線單詞上文(加勒比海的泰諾人、澳大利亞的土著人、貝寧的非洲人以及印加人，所有這些人都出現(xiàn)在這本書中，他們現(xiàn)在都可以通過他們制造的物品向我們講述他們過去最強(qiáng)大的成就：通過物品講述的歷史給了他們一個(gè)聲音。當(dāng)我們考慮諸如此類的有文化社會(huì)和無文化社會(huì)之間的接觸時(shí)，我們所有的第一手資料都必然是扭曲的，只有對(duì)話的一半。)”結(jié)合劃線句“Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我們要找到對(duì)話的另一半，我們不僅要讀文本，還要讀物體。)”可知，我們對(duì)過去歷史的了解，只是書寫歷史的人所想要讓我們了解的歷史，如果我們想要了解歷史的另一半，我們不僅僅要讀文本也要讀對(duì)象。所以conversation指的是“歷史”。故選B。【演練07】（2023全國(guó)甲卷第26題）Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉動(dòng)物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!24.Whatcanbelearnedaboutcats'meowingfromthefirstparagraph?A.It'sasurvivalskill. B.It'staughtbymothercats.C.It'shardtointerpret. D.It'sgettinglouderwithage.25.Howdoesapetcatassessdifferentsituations?A.Bylisteningforsounds. B.Bytouchingfamiliarobjects.C.Bycheckingonsmells. D.Bycommunicatingwithothercats.26.Whichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3?A.Performappropriately. B.Movefaster. C.Actstrangely. D.Dobetter.27.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCat B.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCat D.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy【答案】24.A25.C26.D27.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了貓通過叫聲、嗅覺和帶回禮物來表達(dá)需求、評(píng)估環(huán)境和展示愛意。24.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.(動(dòng)物可以用很多方式來表達(dá)他們的需求。例如，幾乎所有的動(dòng)物都有獨(dú)特的聲音，它們依靠這些聲音來尋求幫助，嚇跑危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物或?qū)ふ冶幼o(hù)。)”和“Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother’sattentionandbefed.(貓寶寶一出生就開始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是為了引起媽媽的注意和被喂食。)”可知，貓叫聲是一種生存技能。故選A。25.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.(貓有許多敏銳的感官，但它們的嗅覺令人印象深刻。它們用鼻子來評(píng)估周圍的環(huán)境，尋找任何危險(xiǎn)的跡象。)”可知，寵物貓通過檢查氣味來評(píng)估不同情況。故選C。26.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段劃線詞前半句“Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,(狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取習(xí)慣而聞名)”和后句“Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.(許多貓會(huì)在外面隨意找到一些東西，并把它們帶給主人。)”可知，狗以取回東西而聞名，但貓可以從外邊找到東西帶回來，因此在這一行為上更上一層樓。短語take...upanotch是用來形容貓?jiān)趲Щ貣|西這一行為上做得更好或更出色。故選D。27.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.(動(dòng)物可以用很多方式來表達(dá)他們的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介紹和解釋貓的各種行為方式，包括叫聲、嗅覺和帶回禮物的習(xí)慣，以及這些行為背后的原因和意義。所以“UnderstandingYourCat’sBehavior(了解你的貓的行為)”作文文章標(biāo)題最為合適。故選B。七、閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題名校模擬【模擬一：生詞類猜測(cè)詞義題】【模擬01】（23-24高三下·陜西渭南·階段練習(xí)）Pickupanypackagedprocessedfood,andthere’sadecentchancethatoneofitslistedingredientswillbe“naturalflavor”.Theingredientsoundsgood,particularlyincontrastto“artificialflavor”.Butwhatexactlydoesnaturalflavormean?Itreferstoextracts(提取物)gotfromnaturalsourceslike.Whenconsumerssee“naturalflavor”onalabel,theyareunlikelytoassumethatsomeoneissqueezingthejuicefromorangesintotheirbottle.Theyknoweventhoughnaturalflavormustcomefromnaturalsources,itneedn’tallcomefromtheplantormeat.Forexample,orangeflavormightcontainnotonlyorangeextract,butalsoextractsfrombarkandgrass.Noristhecommonbelieftruethatingredientsextractedfromnaturearenecessarilysaferthansomethingartificiallymade.Soifflavorslikeorangeareneeded,whynotjustuseoranges?Theanswercomesdownto“availability,costandsustainability”,accordingtoflavorchemistGaryReinecciusoftheUniversityofMinnesota.“Ifyou’regoingtouseallyourgrapesongrapesoda,”Reinecciussays,“youdon’thaveanygrapesforwinemaking;theproductsaregoingtobeexorbitantandmostpeoplecan’taffordthem.”Actually,whilechemistsmakenaturalflavorsbyextractingchemicalsfromnaturalingredients,artificialflavorsaremadebycreatingthesamechemicalsartificially.Thereasonwhycompaniesbothertousenaturalflavorsratherthanartificialflavorsissimple:marketing.“Manyoftheseproductshavehealthtitles,”saysPlatkin,professorfromHunterCollege.“Consumersmaybetalkedtobelieveproductswithnaturalflavorsarehealthier,thoughthey’renutritionallynodifferentfromthosewithartificialflavors.Naturalflavorsmayinvolvemoreforestclear-cuttingandcarbonemissionsfromtransportthanflavorscreatedinthelab.”Platkinsuggestsgettingmoretransparentlabelingonpackagingthatdescribesexactlywhatthenaturalorartificialflavorsare,soconsumersarenotmisledintobuyingoneproductoveranotherbecauseof“naturalflavors”.Reinecciusalsoofferssomesimpleguidance:“Don’tbuyanythingbecauseitsays‘naturalflavors’.Buyitbecauseyoulikeit.”1．Whichisamisunderstandingaboutthe“naturalflavor”juiceaccordingtoParagraph1?A．Itcomesfrom100%originalfruit.B．Itisnothingbutadvertisingtricks.C．Itisabsolutelysaferthanjuicewithartificialflavors.D．Itcertainlycontainsextractsmadeinthelab.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exorbitant”inParagraph2probablymean?A．Suitable. B．Expensive. C．Official. D．Flexible.3．Whydocompaniesusenaturalflavorsintheirproducts?A．Topromotethesales. B．Tocutthecosts.C．Toadvocateahealthydiet. D．Toavoidfoodsafetyissues.4．Whatcanweconcludefromthepassage?A．CaryandPlatkinholdoppositeperspectives.B．Naturalflavorsaremoreenvironmentally-friendly.C．Companiesarebannedtoproduceartificialflavorfood.D．Naturalandartificialflavorsaremorealikethanyouthink.【答案】1．C2．B3．A4．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要闡述了“天然風(fēng)味”這一食品標(biāo)簽的含義，指出其并不一定比人工風(fēng)味更安全或更健康，而使用天然風(fēng)味主要是為了市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷。文章建議提高標(biāo)簽透明度。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Theyknoweventhoughnaturalflavormustcomefromnaturalsources,itneedn’tallcomefromtheplantormeat.Forexample,orangeflavormightcontainnotonlyorangeextract,butalsoextractsfrombarkandgrass.Noristhecommonbelieftruethatingredientsextractedfromnaturearenecessarilysaferthansomethingartificiallymade.”（他們知道，盡管天然香料必須來自天然來源，但它并不都來自植物或肉類。例如，橙味可能不僅含有橙提取物，還含有樹皮和草的提取物。人們普遍認(rèn)為從自然中提取的成分一定比人造的更安全，這種說法也不正確。）可知，關(guān)于“天然香料”的果汁有兩種誤解，一是認(rèn)為它全部來自植物或肉類，二是認(rèn)為它比人造香料的果汁更安全。對(duì)比四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，C項(xiàng)“它比含有人造香料的果汁更安全。”是其中一種誤解。故選C項(xiàng)。2．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞所在句““Ifyou’regoingtouseallyourgrapesongrapesoda,”Reinecciussays,“youdon’thaveanygrapesforwinemaking;theproductsaregoingtobeexorbitantandmostpeoplecan’taffordthem.”（雷內(nèi)修斯說：“如果你把所有的葡萄都用在葡萄汽水上，你就沒有葡萄釀酒了；產(chǎn)品將會(huì)變得exorbitant，大多數(shù)人買不起?！保┲小皃eoplecan’taffordthem”可推知，如果把所有的葡萄都用在葡萄汽水上，就沒有葡萄用來釀酒了，葡萄酒將會(huì)變得非常昂貴，大多數(shù)人買不起。由此推知，畫線詞“exorbitant”意思是“昂貴的”，與Expensive同義。故選B項(xiàng)。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Thereasonwhycompaniesbothertousenaturalflavorsratherthanartificialflavorsissimple:marketing.”（公司寧愿使用天然香料而不使用人造香料的原因很簡(jiǎn)單：營(yíng)銷。）可知，公司在產(chǎn)品中使用天然香料是為了營(yíng)銷，即為了促進(jìn)銷售。故選A項(xiàng)。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Actually,whilechemistsmakenaturalflavorsbyextractingchemicalsfromnaturalingredients,artificialflavorsaremadebycreatingthesamechemicalsartificially.”（化學(xué)家通過從天然成分中提取化學(xué)物質(zhì)來制造天然香料，而人造香料則是通過人工制造相同的化學(xué)物質(zhì)來制造的。）和“Consumersmaybetalkedtobelieveproductswithnaturalflavorsarehealthier,thoughthey’renutritionallynodifferentfromthosewithartificialflavors.”（盡管它們?cè)跔I(yíng)養(yǎng)上與人造香料沒有什么不同，消費(fèi)者可能會(huì)被說服相信天然香料的產(chǎn)品更健康。）可知，天然香料和人造香料都是通過制造相同的化學(xué)物質(zhì)來制造的，即它們有很多相似之處，超出你的想象。故選D項(xiàng)。【模擬02】（2024·山西運(yùn)城·二模）WhilegrowingupinCaliforniainthe1980s,WinifredFrickneversawacondor(禿鷹)inthewild.ThepopulationofNorthAmerica’slargestbird,Gymnogypscalifornianus,haddeclinedtonearlyzeroby1987becausesomanywereshot,poisonedorcaptured.Thefewremainingwildcondorswerebroughtintozoosintheearly1980saspartofacaptivebreeding(圈養(yǎng))program.Gradually,asmallgroupofthebirdsreproduced,andeventuallymanyofthecondorswerereleasedbackintothewild.Today,Frick,aconservationbiologist,andher14-year-oldsoncanadmirecondorsflyingintheskywhilehikingalongthePacificcoast.Nearly350ofthespecies,whosewingscanspannearly3meters,onceagainflyoverpartsofCaliforniaandArizona.Thecondors’happyendingisthanksinlargeparttotheU.S.EndangeredSpeciesAct,orESA,enactedonDecember28,1973.Theactcurrentlyprotectsmorethan2,300species.Theseincludemorethan900plantsandatleast160marinespecies.“Whenitcomestopreventingplantsandanimalsfromgoingextinct,theESAisoneofthemostpowerfullawswehave,”saysFrick.“TheESAisaboutprotectingwildlifeforourfuturegenerations.”Ifaspeciesisthoughttobethreatenedorendangeredwithgoingextinct,itgoesthroughastrictprocesstodeterminewhetheritshouldbeaddedtotheendangeredspecieslist.Onceaspeciesmakesthelist,governmentagenciescreateaplantohelpitrecover.Thismightmeandescribingwaystorestoreitshabitatoridentifyingwaystohaltthreatstoaspecies.Forinstance,beinglistedundertheactmakesitillegaltouse,killorcatchanyoftheseorganisms.Italsobanstheimportofanyendangeredforeignanimals,aswellasanymeatorproductsmadefromthem.TheESAhaswrittenplentyofsuccessstoriesoverthepasthalf-century.Sofar,theacthashelpedkeep99percentofspeciesunderitsprotectionfromextinction.5．Whydidthezooskeepwildcondorscaptiveinthe1980s?A．Torelocatetheirnaturalhabitat. B．Torestorethecondorpopulation.C．Tomakewayforhikingactivities. D．Tohonoraconservationbiologist.6．Whatarethefiguresinparagraph4intendedtotellus?A．Thesurvivalrateofthecondorsishigh. B．Manyspeciesarefacedwithextinction.C．TheESAhasbeenrecognizedbythepublic. D．TheESAcontributesalottospeciesprotection.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“halt”inparagraph6probablymean?A．Stop. B．Track. C．Transform. D．Replace.8．What’sthebesttitleforthetext?A．TheESAHasSavedManySpecies B．QuantitiesofSpeciesAreDyingOutC．TheESASharestheStoryofCondors D．WildAnimalsAreinNeedofProtection【答案】5．B6．D7．A8．A【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了《瀕危物種法》拯救了很多物種。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thefewremainingwildcondorswerebroughtintozoosintheearly1980saspartofacaptivebreeding(圈養(yǎng))、program.Gradually,asmallgroupofthebirdsreproduced,andeventuallymanyofthecondorswerereleasedbackintothewild.(20世紀(jì)80年代初，作為圈養(yǎng)計(jì)劃的一部分，剩下的少數(shù)野生禿鷹被帶進(jìn)了動(dòng)物園。漸漸地，一小群禿鷹繁殖了，最終許多禿鷹被釋放回野外。)”可知，動(dòng)物園當(dāng)時(shí)圈養(yǎng)禿鷹是為了恢復(fù)其數(shù)量。故選B項(xiàng)。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Theactcurrentlyprotectsmorethan2,300species.Theseincludemorethan900plantsandupwardsof160marinespecies.