《規(guī)?；膛黾淄闇p排技術(shù)指南》編制說明

1《規(guī)?；膛黾淄闇p排技術(shù)指南》編制說明），23GB/T32150-2015《工業(yè)企業(yè)GB/T37116-2018NY/T3049奶牛全混合日糧生產(chǎn)技術(shù)NY/T3442畜禽糞便堆肥技術(shù)NY/T4243畜禽養(yǎng)殖場溫室氣體排放核算NY/T5032無公害食品畜禽飼料和飼料添加劑使用準(zhǔn)則NY/T5049無公害食品奶牛飼養(yǎng)管理準(zhǔn)則DB31/T356規(guī)?；藾B34/T3486畜禽糞污覆膜氧T/ACEF018規(guī)?；笄蒺B(yǎng)殖場氨4將乳脂率、乳蛋白率矯正到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值后的生鮮乳，脂肪和蛋白質(zhì)校正乳[kg/5牛奶的脂肪和蛋白質(zhì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)含量分別被定義為4%和3.3%。在國際乳品聯(lián)合會的計算方法，為：FPCM(kg/yr)=production(kg/yr)×[0.1226×fat%+0.0776×true6術(shù)、GreenFeed測定設(shè)備等直接測定奶牛(deHaasetal.,2021)。利用現(xiàn)代遺傳評估技術(shù)（如基因組選擇）來識別具有優(yōu)良5.2.2宜通過物理、化學(xué)和生物發(fā)酵處理等方法提高飼料原料品質(zhì)，并提升較高的可發(fā)酵碳水化合物，促進(jìn)丙酸的生成，從而降低瘤胃甲烷產(chǎn)生。低NDF降低甲烷產(chǎn)生(vanGastelenetal.,2019)。7和蛋白質(zhì)含量，并提高纖維消化率，從而提高奶產(chǎn)量和降低甲烷產(chǎn)生(Warneret5.3.1應(yīng)依據(jù)NY/T34等精準(zhǔn)溫室氣體排放強(qiáng)度(Fischeret5.3.2在保證瘤胃健康的前提下適當(dāng)提高日糧中精料的比例，但應(yīng)限制以谷8維消化率和乳脂含量降低，嚴(yán)重時影響動物健康(Aguerreetal.,2011;Arndtetal.,9糞便情況和產(chǎn)奶量，以便必要時調(diào)整飼喂策略(Beaucheminetal.,2008)?；救占Z中脂肪含量為4%到5%，補充脂肪后可以增加到6%到7%。5.4.3單寧類。在日糧中適當(dāng)添加單寧類物質(zhì)，應(yīng)注意添加劑量過高會影響外添加單寧也能夠減少尿氮排放。大多數(shù)研究使用的單寧劑量低于40g/kgDM（Hegartyetal.,2021）數(shù)量(Calsamigliaetal.,放減少了10%(Belancheetal.,2020)。會對奶牛的健康狀況產(chǎn)生積極影響(Hartetal.,2008;PatraandYu,2012)。5.4.5益生菌類。在日糧中添加枯草芽孢桿菌、植物乳桿菌、地衣芽孢桿菌子形成菌，可以在各種動物的胃腸道中存活和產(chǎn)生孢子(Chang酸濃度、干物質(zhì)采食量和產(chǎn)奶量，并降低了瘤胃乳酸濃度，但對乳成分無影響5.4.6其他。采用各類飼料添加劑提高泌乳牛生產(chǎn)性能，可在一定程度上降5.4.7飼料添加劑在日糧中的添加量很少，應(yīng)確保添加劑在日糧中劑量準(zhǔn)確高了生產(chǎn)力和生長率，從而減少了溫室氣體排放（和中等收入國家通過健康干預(yù)減少排放的潛力更大(?zkan等,2022）6.1.2采取措施減少奶牛蹄病（蹄炎、白線病、蹄潰瘍）、亞臨床酮病以及CO2-e/tFPCM（每千克脂肪和蛋白校正乳）。33kgCO2-e/tFPCM（MOSTERTetal,2018）。跛行對溫室氣體排放增加的主要（30%）、產(chǎn)奶量減少（19%）和奶牛淘汰（20%MOSTERTetal.,2018）。臨床乳腺炎（CM）是一種常見的奶牛乳腺內(nèi)感降低CM的發(fā)生率不僅能夠減少溫室氣體排放，還可以提高農(nóng)場收益和動物福甲烷排放強(qiáng)度(Grandletal.,2019)。6.1.4縮短奶牛的初次產(chǎn)犢年齡，減少奶牛產(chǎn)生效益前的投入，達(dá)到降低甲牛產(chǎn)生效益前的投入，達(dá)到降低甲烷排放的目的(Dall-Orsolettaetal.,2019)。消耗。此外，使用高效節(jié)能設(shè)備也是減少能少甲烷排放。Petersen和Ambus缺時期使用（Bicudoetal.,2004）。），應(yīng)器內(nèi)微生物處于完全混合狀態(tài)，一般采用機(jī)械攪拌。投料方式采用連續(xù)投料3)發(fā)酵場地應(yīng)配備防雨和排水設(shè)施。堆肥過程中產(chǎn)生的滲濾液應(yīng)收集儲存，2)碳氮比（C/N）為（20:1）~（5)堆肥過程中可添加有機(jī)物料腐熟劑，接種量宜為堆肥物料質(zhì)量的7)堆體溫度高于65℃時，應(yīng)通過翻堆、攪拌、曝氣降低溫度。相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)NY/T3442-2019）、（DB38.2.1降溫節(jié)能。通過搭建遮陰棚、運行牛舍智能溫控調(diào)節(jié)設(shè)備、配制節(jié)能本技術(shù)指南主要基于國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有的瘤胃甲烷減排技術(shù)和相關(guān)研究成果進(jìn)行值和低價值牛群等策略，在試驗中已經(jīng)被驗證可以提高奶牛群的整體生產(chǎn)效率，aux,J.M.Powell,G.fandammonia,lactationperformance,andmanureexcretion.JDairySci9doi:10.3168/jds.2010-Dijkstra,A.Bannink,A.R.Bayat,L.A.CKebreab,M.Kreuzer,M.McGee,C.Schwarm,K.J.Shingfield,J.B.Veneman,D.R.Y,andZ.Yu.2022.Fulladoptionofthemosteffectivestrategiestomitigatemethaneemissionsbyruminantscanhelpmeetthe1.5°Ctargetby2030butnot2050.PNAS119Asanuma,N.,M.Iwamoto,andProductionbyRuminalMicroorganismsInVitro.JDairyScidoi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75296-3.Beauchemin,K.A.,M.Kreuzer,F.O’MarofExperimentalAgriculture.Belanche,A.,C.Newbold,D.Morgavi,A.Bach,B.Zweifel,andD.Yá?ez-RMeta-analysisDescribingtheEffectsoftheEssentialoilsBlendAgPerformance,RumenFermentationa10:620.doi:10.3390/ani10040620.doi:10.1016/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2011.04.024.Bicudo,J.R.,Schmidt,D.R.,andJacobson,L.D.2004.UsingCoverstoMinimizGasEmissionsfromManureStorages.AgriculturalEngi10./aen_repReview:EssentialOilsasModifiersofRumenM90:2580–2595.doi:10.3168/jds.2006Chadwick,D.R.2005.Emissionsofammonia,nitrousoxideandmethanefromcattlemanureheaps:effectofcompactionandcovering.AtmosEnviron39:787–799.doi:10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2004.10.012.PromotesRumenFermentationbyModulatingRu11:1519.doi:10.3390/ani11061519.Dall-Orsoletta,A.C.,S.Leurent-Colette,F.La2019.Aquantitativedescriptionoftheeffectofbstrategyondairydoi:10.1016/J.LIVSCI.2019.04.015.Deng,B.,L.Wang,Q.Ma,T.Yu,D.Liu,Y.Dai,andG.Zhao.2021.GenomicsAnalysisofDairyCows.Animals11:397.doi:10.3390Desnoyers,M.,S.Giger-Reverdin,G.Bertin,C.Duvaux-Ponter,andD.Sauvant.2009.Meta-analysisoftheinfluenceofSaccharomycescerevisiaesupplementationonruminalparametersandmilkproductionofruminants.JDairySci92:1620–1632.doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1414.Eugène,M.,K.Klumpp,andD.Sauvant.2021.Methanemitigatingoptionswittoruminants.GrassandForageScience76:196–204.doi:10.1111/gfs.12540.FAO.2023.Pathwaystowardsloweremissions–AglobalassessmentofthegreenhousegasemissionsandmitigationoptionsfromlivestockagrifoodsysteFischer,A.,N.Edouard,andP.Faverdin.2020.Precisionfeedrestrictionimprovesfeedandmilkefficienciesandreducesmethaneemissionswithoutimpairingtheirpdoi:10.3168/JDS.2019-17654.vanGastelen,S.,J.Dijkstra,andA.Bannink.2019.AredietarystratemethaneemissionequallyeffectiveGerber,P.J.,Steinfeld,H.,Henderson,B.,Mottet,A.,Opio,C.,DijkmanTempio,G.2013.Tacklingclimatechangethroughlivestock–Aglobalassessmentofemissionsandmitigationopportunities.FNations(FAO),Rome.Grandl,F.,M.Furger,M.Kreuzer,andM.Zehetmeier.2019.Impactoflonggreenhousegasemissionsandprofitabilityofindividualdairycowsanalysedwdifferentsystemboundaries.Animal13:198–208.doideHaas,Y.,R.F.Veerkamp,G.deJong,andM.N.mitigationtoolfordoi:10.1016/J.ANIMAL.2021.100294.Hart,K.J.,D.R.Yá?ez-Ruiz,S.M.D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