高中英語語法動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)

學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)現(xiàn)在is/are/do過去did將來Will/shall過去將來Would/should一般一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do一般過去時(shí)did一般將來時(shí)will一般過去將來時(shí)would/shouldbe進(jìn)行doing現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is/are+doing過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were+doing將來進(jìn)行時(shí)will/shallbedoing過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)would/shouldbedoing完成have/has/had現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has+done過去完成時(shí)had+done將來完成時(shí)will/shallhavedone過去將來完成時(shí)would/shouldhavedone完成進(jìn)行have/has/hadbeendoing現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have/hasbeendoing過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)hadbeendoing將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)will/shallhavebeendoing過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)would/shouldhavebeendoing一般體一般體中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)分別表示現(xiàn)在、過去的經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。所謂一般體，即不表進(jìn)行，又不表完成例：Wehavemealsthreetimesaday.我們一日吃三餐（現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣）Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers.他總是樂于助人（現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)）WhenIwasaboy,Ioftenwenttoplayinthatpark.我小時(shí)候常去那個(gè)公園玩（過去的習(xí)慣）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)——客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)例：Thesunrisesintheeast.太陽從東方升起一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)還可以用在if,unless,evenif引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中，由when,before,until(till),assoonas,themoment,once引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由nomatterwhat/who/which/when/where/how或whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，這時(shí)主句往往表示將來（出現(xiàn)will/shall/can/must）或主句是祈使句例：I’llgowithyouassoonasIfinishmywork.我一完成工作就跟你走Ifcitynoisesarenotkeptfromincreasing,peoplewillhavetoshouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.如果不阻止城市噪音繼續(xù)增加的話，20年后人們同在飯桌旁也得大喊著才能被聽到。Whateveryousay,Iwillnotchangemymind.無論你說什么，我都不會(huì)改變主意語境中的一般過去時(shí)，往往表示“剛才，在過去”之意，暗示現(xiàn)在已“不再這樣”例：—comeonin,Peter.Iwanttoshowyousomething.皮特，進(jìn)來。我想給你看點(diǎn)東西—oh,howniceofyou!Ineverthoughtyouweregoingtobringmeagift.你真是太好了，我從來沒想過你會(huì)給我禮物Yourphonenumberagain?Ididn’tquitecatchit.再說一遍你的電話號(hào)碼好嗎？我剛才沒有聽見練習(xí)：用所給詞的正確形式填空—yourbabyistoothin.(瘦)—itcouldgain(獲得)weight(重量),butit(noteat)much.Itwon’tbelongbeforesuchathing(happen)again.Iwon’tspeaktohimunlesshe(apologize)tome.Thecarelessdriverhasjustbeenfined10dollarsforstoppinghiscaratasignthat(read)“NOPARKING”.（不準(zhǔn)停車）—Nancyisnotcomingtonight.—butshe(promise).一般將來時(shí)的用法1）.現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)；事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢(shì)例：Tomwillcomebacknextweek.湯姆下周回來Fishwilldiewithoutwater.離開水，魚就會(huì)死2）.begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形——計(jì)劃、打算要做某事，此外，begoingto還可以表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象，對(duì)未來進(jìn)行推斷例：HeisgoingtospeakonTVthisevening.他計(jì)劃今晚在電視上講話Lookatthedarkclouds.Itisgoingtorain.看這烏云，要下雨了3）beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形——立即的將來,因此該句型很少與表示將來的具體時(shí)間狀語連用，但可以和when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句連用例：Thetrainisabouttostart.火車就要開了4）有些動(dòng)詞如come,go,stay,arrive,leave,begin,start等，其一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)亦可表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)例：Hecomesheretonight.今晚他打算來這兒IarriveinBeijingat3:00p.m.tomorrow.我明天下午3點(diǎn)到北京Whatareyougoingtodonextweek?下周你打算做什么5）beto+動(dòng)詞原形表示——“按計(jì)劃或安排要做的事”例：Whenareyoutoleaveforhome?你什么時(shí)候回家Sheistobemarriednextmonth.她將于下個(gè)月結(jié)婚ThequeenistovisitJapaninaweek’stime.女王將于一周后訪問日本表示——應(yīng)該，相當(dāng)于should,oughtto例：Youaretoreporttothepolice.你應(yīng)該報(bào)警Whatistobedone?應(yīng)該怎么辦呢？表示——想，打算，相當(dāng)于intend,want例：Ifwearetobetherebeforeten,we’llhavetogonow.如果我們要在10點(diǎn)之前到，我們現(xiàn)在就得走用于第一人稱疑問句——表示征求對(duì)方意見例：AmItogoonwiththework?要我繼續(xù)完成這項(xiàng)工作嗎？Whatarewetodonext?我們下一步該怎么辦？用于否定句——表示禁止，相當(dāng)于mustn’t例：Thebooksinthisroomarenottobetakenoutside.這個(gè)房間里的書不得帶出去Youarenottosmokeinthereadingroom.你不可以在閱覽室里吸煙表示——可以，可能，相當(dāng)于may,can例：Thenewsistobefoundintheeveningpaper.這條消息可以再晚報(bào)上看到Suchpeoplearetobefoundeverywhere.這種人到處都有Sheisnowheretobefound.在哪里也找不到她weretodosth.用于if或evenif/eventhough從句中，表示——對(duì)未來的假設(shè)例：IfIweretotellyouthatIadmiredhim,wouldyoubelieveme?要是我告訴你我羨慕他，你會(huì)相信嗎？Evenifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldneverdosuchathing.即使太陽從西邊出來，我也絕不做這種事betoblame（該受責(zé)備，對(duì)某件壞事應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任）與betolet(待出租)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中——用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義例：Whichdriveristoblamefortheaccident?這次事故是哪個(gè)司機(jī)的責(zé)任？練習(xí)：單選填空Wehavebeenlookingfortheboyalltheafternoonbutheisnowhere.AtoseeBseeingCseenDtobeseenAsearlyashissecondfilm,Chaplinhaddevelopedhisownmannerofacting,theonethatworldfamous.AwouldbecomeBbecameCwastobecomeDhadbecome—WejustsawJohnatthebookstore.—That’sstrange.Ididn’tthinkhebackuntiltomorrow.AwillcomeBwastocomeCiscomingDistocomeIfthesuntomorrow,whatwouldwedo?AwerenottoraiseBdoesnotriseCwouldnotriseDwerenottoriseLookattheseclouds..AIt’sgoingtorainBIt’srainingCItistorainDItcanranWhydoyouthinkforthefailureoftheirmarriage？AtoblameBtobeblameCistoblameDistobeblamed進(jìn)行體一個(gè)長動(dòng)作作為背景，被一個(gè)短動(dòng)作打斷，長動(dòng)作往往用進(jìn)行體，短動(dòng)作用一般體例：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.我弟弟騎自行時(shí)從車子上掉了下來，傷了自己ThestudentswerewritingbusilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshehadleftintheoffice.同學(xué)們忙著寫作，這時(shí)布朗老師去取他忘在辦公室里的書Tomslippedintothehousewhennoonewaslooking.當(dāng)沒人注意的時(shí)候，湯姆溜進(jìn)了屋子ThereportersaidthattheUFOwastravelingeasttowestwhenhesawit.那位記者說，當(dāng)他看到那個(gè)不明飛行物時(shí)，它正在自東向西飛行表示動(dòng)作的未完性、暫時(shí)性—haveyoumovedintothenewhouse？你搬進(jìn)新房了嗎？—notyet.Theroomsarebeingpainted.還沒呢，房間還在粉刷呢（未完）Idon’treallyworkhere;Iamjusthelpingoutuntilthenewsecretaryarrives.我不在這兒上班，我只是來幫忙的，直到新秘書來了（我就走）(暫時(shí)性)Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnologyischangingsorapidly.選手機(jī)供個(gè)人使用不是一件容易的事，因?yàn)榧夹g(shù)變化太快（變化尚未完成）表示計(jì)劃、安排要做的事例：I’vewonaholidayfortwodaystoFlorida.IamtakingmyMum.我獲得了一次去福羅里達(dá)度家兩天的機(jī)會(huì)，我計(jì)劃帶著我媽媽去（計(jì)劃）表示現(xiàn)在或當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)展中的或正在進(jìn)行的情況例：—Isthiscoatyours?這是你的外套嗎？—No,mineishangingtherebehindthedoor.不是，我的在門后掛著Ifirstmetlily3yearsago.Shewasworkingataclothesshopatthetime.3年前我第一次遇到了麗麗，當(dāng)時(shí)她正在服裝店工作表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，往往含有贊賞、厭惡、遺憾等情緒，常與always,continually,constantly連用例：Heisalwaysthinkingofothersfirst.他總是先想到他人Heisalwaysmakingthesamemistake.他總是犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤練習(xí)：用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空Youalways(watch)TV.Whynotdosomethingunusual.Listen!Thecouple(quarrel吵架)intheroom.—you’redrinkingtoomuch.—onlyathome,noone(see)mebutyou.—watch!—I(watch)butIanythingunusual.完成體現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一個(gè)動(dòng)作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（也許還將持續(xù)下去）。表示從過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間的狀語有:lately,recently,inthelast/pastfewdays/yeas(在過去的這幾天/年里)，sincethen,uptonow,sofar(至今)例：inthepastfewyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.過去幾年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化Hehasbeenbusywritingabookrecently.最近他一直在忙著寫書Hehaswritten8bookssofar.到現(xiàn)在為止，他一共寫了8本書一件發(fā)生在過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在纏身的影響，注意這時(shí)說話者的重心在過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。常用的狀語有：already,just(剛剛),yet,never,before等例：Hehasturnedoffthelight.(=thelightisoffnow.)他關(guān)掉了燈Theconcerthasstarted.(=theconcertisonnow.)音樂會(huì)開始了Ihavealreadyseenthefilm.(=Iknowthefilmnow.)我看過那部電影了3）This/Itisthefirst/second…..time+that從句。That從句的謂語要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)例：Thisismyfirsttime(that)Ihavecomehere.這是我第一次來這里4）在條件、時(shí)間、讓步狀語從句中，表示將來某時(shí)間以前完成的動(dòng)作例：IwillnotbelieveyouunlessIhaveseenitwithmyowneyes.除非我親眼看到，否則我不會(huì)相信你的IwillgowithyouassoonasIhavefinishedmywork.我干完了工作就和你一起去5）瞬間動(dòng)詞又叫做非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、終止性動(dòng)詞。瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于完成時(shí)態(tài)，但不可以接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語，若要接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語，需要做一些相應(yīng)的變換。瞬間動(dòng)的否定式可以接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語例：HehascometoBeijingsincelastyear.Hehasjoinedthearmyfor3years.HehaslivedinBeijingsincelastyear.Hehasservedinthearmyfor3years.Hejoinedthearmy3yearsago.Hehasbeenasoldierfor3years.Itis3yearssincehejoinedthearmy.Hehasjoinedthearmy.常見的瞬間動(dòng)詞有：come,go,getto/reach/arriveat/in,leave,buy,sell,open,close,getup,join/takepartin,begin/start,return/give,borrow/lend,become/turn,bring/take,die,finish/end,receive/hearfrom,marry,break,lose,jump等練習(xí)：句型轉(zhuǎn)換Helefthisoffice3hoursago.Hefromhisofficefor3hours.It3hourssincehelefthisoffice.Hehasbeendeadfor4years.Heago.Itishedied.過去完成時(shí)一件事情發(fā)生在過去，而另外一件事情先與它發(fā)生（表過去的過去），那么發(fā)生在前的事情的動(dòng)詞必須用過去完成時(shí)。時(shí)間狀語可以用before…等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示，也可以通過上下文來表示例：ShehadlearnedsomeEnglishbeforeshecametotheinstitute(學(xué)院).她在來學(xué)院前已經(jīng)學(xué)過一些英語Hesaidthathehadbeenabroadfor3years.他說他在國外待了三年表示從過去的某一時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，常用的時(shí)間狀語有：bythen,bythattime,until,bytheendof,before2000,bythetime+句子等例：BythenhehadlearnedEnglishfor3years.到那時(shí)，他已學(xué)了3年英語了untilthenhehadknownnothingaboutityet.到那時(shí)為止，他對(duì)此仍一無所知hardly/scarcely/rarely/had….when…;nosoonerhad…done…than…;when和than從句里用一般過去時(shí)，主句用過去完成時(shí)，切用倒裝，表示剛剛…就…例：Hardly(Nosooner)hadIgothomewhen(than)therainpoureddown.我剛到家，大雨就傾盆而下Hardlyhadwestartedwhenthecargotaflattyre.我們剛剛才開動(dòng)，汽車的輪胎就漏氣了Itwas/hadbeen+一段時(shí)間+since從句。Since從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)例：Itwastenyearssincewehadhadsuchawonderfultime.我們十年沒這么高興了5）That/It/Thiswasthefirst/second…time+that從句。That從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去完成時(shí)例：Itwasthethirdtime(that)hehadmadethesamemistake.這是他第三次犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤了ThatwasthefirsttimethatIhadpassedtheexam.那是我第一次考試及格6）表示愿望、打算一類的詞，如：hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等，其過去完成時(shí)表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖例：Ihadhopedtoseemoreofshang