企業(yè)倫理學(xué)（原書第5版） 課件全套 英文 哈特曼 第1-10章　倫理和商業(yè)-公司治理與會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)中的倫理決策

ChapterOne:EthicsandBusinessCopyright?2021McGraw-HillEducation.Allrightsreserved.NoreproductionordistributionwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofMcGraw-HillEducation.ChapterObjectivesAfterreadingthischapter,youwillbeableto:Explainthreelevelsatwhichethicaldecisionsgetmadeinbusiness.Explainthenatureofbusinessethicsasanacademicdiscipline.Explainwhyethicsisimportantinthebusinessenvironment.Explainwhyethicalresponsibilitiesgobeyondlegalcompliance.Distinguishtheethicsofpersonalintegrityfromtheethicsofsocialresponsibility.Distinguishethicalnormsandvaluesfromotherbusiness-relatednormsandvalues.Describeethicaldecisionmakingasaformofpracticalreasoning.EthicsandBusiness1Ittakes20yearstobuildareputationandfiveminutestoruinit.Ifyouthinkaboutthatyou’lldothingsdifferently. WarrenBuffettBusinessEthicsForbusinessstudents,ethicsisanimportantfieldofstudy.Businessethicsisaprocessofdecisionmaking.Businessmusttakeethicsintoaccountandintegrateethicsintoitsorganizationalstructure.Scandalsarebroughtaboutbyethicalfailuresandunethicaldecisions.Thistextprovidesadecision-makingmodelthatcanhelpanalyzeavoidfutureethicalfailures.LevelsofEthicalDecisionMakingBusinessethicsinvolvesmakingdecisionsattheindividual,attheorganizational,andatabroadersocialandgovernmentallevel.Asindividuals,eachpersoninteractswithbusinessesascustomers,asemployees,andascitizensofthecountriesinwhichtheyoperate.Organizationalcultureandcorporateleadershiphaveimportantrolestoplayindecisionmaking.Individualbusinesses'andindustries'decisionsareinfluencedbysocial,economic,andpoliticalenvironments.GoalsofBusinessEthicsDevelopingtheknowledgebaseandskillsneededtoidentifyethicalissues.Understandinghowandwhypeoplebehaveunethically.Decidinghowoneshouldact,whatoneshoulddo,andthetypeofpersononeshouldbeasanindividual.Creatingethicalorganizations.Thinkingthroughthesocial,economic,andpoliticalpoliciesthatweshouldsupportascitizens.MakingtheCaseforBusinessEthicsSeparationthesis:

Assertsthatordinaryethicalstandardsshouldbekeptseparatefrom,andnotbeusedtojudge,businessdecisionsbecausebusinesshasitsownstandardsofgoodandbad.Remainscommoninbusinesscircles.Holdsthatbusinessoughttobegovernedbysomeethicsandsomevalues.Boththeexistenceofafirmandtheconditionsunderwhichitoperatesrequirethatdecisionmakersconsidertheimpactofthosedecisionsonawiderangeofstakeholders.Abusinessstakeholderisanyonewhoaffectsorisaffectedbydecisionsmadewithinthefirm,forbetterorworse.EthicsandBusiness2Ethicsisthenewcompetitiveenvironment.PeterRobinson,CEO,MountainEquipmentCo-op(2000to2007)EthicsandtheLaw1Decidingwhatoneshoulddoinbusinessdoesrequireconsiderationofwhatthelawrequires,expects,orpermits.Legalnormsandethicalnormsarenotidentical.Iscompliancewiththelawenoughtobehaveethically?Isthelawitselfethical?Thelawmaypreventharm,butdoesitpromote"good"?Onlycomplyingwiththelawmayleadtomoreregulation.Lawsmaynotbeinplacefornewsituations.Lawsmaybeambiguous.EthicsandtheLaw2Ethicalconsiderationsdemonstratethatbusinesscannotavoidmakingethicaljudgments,evenifitisfullycommittedtoobeyingthelaw.Manycorporationsestablishethicsprogramsandhireethicsofficerswhoareresponsibleformanagingcorporateethicsprograms.Lawsoffergeneralrulesclarifiedbylegalprecedent.Thereisnounambiguousanswerforthosewishingonlytoobeythelaw.EthicsandtheLaw3Riskassessmentisaprocesstoidentifypotentialeventsthatmayaffecttheentity,andmanagerisktobewithinitsriskappetite.Toprovidereasonableassuranceregardingtheachievementofentityobjectives.Whentherisksinvolvepotentialharmsandbenefitstoavarietyofstakeholders,itisajudgmentthatinvolvesethicsaswell.Businessmusttakeethicsintoaccountandintegrateethicsintoitsorganizationalstructure.Butwhatisethics?BusinessEthicsasEthicalDecisionMakingResponsibledecisionmakinganddeliberationwillresultinmoreresponsiblebehavior.Here,ethics

referstohowhumanbeingsshouldproperlylivetheirlives.Theauthors’fundamentalassumptionisthataprocessofrationaldecisionmakingcanandwillresultinbehaviorthatismorereasonable,accountable,andethical.Teachingethicsmustchallengestudentstothinkforthemselves.BusinessEthicsasPersonalIntegrityandSocialResponsibility1Ethicsinvolvesaskinganimportantquestion—howshouldwelive?Philosophersemphasizethatethicsisnormative,dealingwithourreasoningabouthowweshouldact.Socialsciencesalsoexaminehumandecisionmakingandactions.Butthesesciencesaredescriptiveratherthannormative.Theyprovideanaccountofhowandwhypeopledoactthewaytheydo–theydescribe.Asanormativediscipline,ethicsseeksanaccountofhowandwhypeopleshouldactacertainway,ratherthanhowtheydoact.HowShouldWeLive?1Ifdefining"We"individually:Ethicsisbasedonourvaluestructures:Definedbyourmoralsystems;and,sometimesreferredtoasmorality.Or"personalintegrity."Ifmoralsrefertotheunderlyingvaluesonwhichdecisionsarebasedethicsreferstotheapplicationofthosemoralstothedecisionsthemselves.HowShouldWeLive?2Ifdefining"We"collectively:Referstohowwelivetogetherinacommunity.Thisareaissometimesreferredtoassocialethics.Here,wejudgecompaniesfromasocialperspective;fortheirsocialresponsibility.Managerialdecisionsinvolvethefollowingaspectsofethics:Personalintegrity.Socialresponsibilities.BusinessEthicsasPersonalIntegrityandSocialResponsibility2Distinguishingethicsfromotherpracticaldecisionsfacedwithinbusinessinvolvestwoapproaches.Social-scientificapproach:Examinesthesituationandthedecisionbyexploringthefactorsthatledtoonedecisionratherthananotherorbyaskingwhythemanageractedinthewaythathedid.Normativeapproachstepsbackfromthefactstoask:WhatshouldIdo?Whatrightsandresponsibilitiesareinvolved?Whatgoodwillcomefromthissituation?AmIbeingfair,just,virtuous,kind,loyal,trustworthy?BusinessEthicsasPersonalIntegrityandSocialResponsibility3Ethicsisanormativedisciplineasitdealswithnorms.Norms:Thosestandardsofappropriateandproper(or"normal")behavior.Normsestablishtheguidelinesorstandardsfordeterminingwhatweshoulddo,howweshouldact,andwhattypeofpersonweshouldbe.Normativedisciplinespresupposesomeunderlyingvalues.DistinctionBetweenValuesandEthicsValuesaretheunderlyingbeliefsthatcauseustoactortodecideonewayratherthananother.Manydifferenttypesofvaluescanberecognized.Individualshavetheirownpersonalvaluesandinstitutionsalsohavevalues—showninthecompany’sculture.Anindividual’soracorporation’ssetofvaluesmayleadtoeitherethicalorunethicalresults.Onewaytodistinguishvaluesisintermsoftheendsorgoalstheyserve.Ethicalvaluesservetheendsofhumanwell-being.Thosepropertiesoflifethatcontributetohumanwell-beingandalifewelllived.EthicsasPracticalReasonEthicsisavitalelementofpracticalreasoning—reasoningaboutwhatweshoulddo.Distinguishedfromtheoreticalreasoning,whichisreasoningaboutwhatweshouldbelieve.Theoreticalreasonisthepursuitoftruth.Thereisnosinglemethodologyforethicsthatworksinallsituations,butguidelinesprovidedirectionandcriteriafordecisions.Ethicaltheoriesexplainanddefendvariousnorms,standards,values,andprinciplesusedinethicaldecisionmaking.Thenextchapterintroducesamodelformakingethicallyresponsibledecisions.EthicsandBusiness3Nosnowflakeinanavalancheeverfeelsresponsible.Voltaire1694to1778ChapterTwo:EthicalDecisionMaking:PersonalandProfessionalContextsCopyright?2021McGraw-HillEducation.Allrightsreserved.NoreproductionordistributionwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofMcGraw-HillEducation.ChapterObjectivesAfterreadingthischapter,youwillbeableto:Describeaprocessforethicallyresponsibledecisionmaking.Applythismodeltoethicaldecisionpoints.Explainthereasonswhy"good"peoplemightengageinunethicalbehavior.Exploretheimpactofmanagerialrolesonthenatureofourdecisionmaking.EthicalDecisionMaking1Itisveryimportanttoknowwhoyouare.Tomakedecisions.Toshowwhoyouare. MalalaYousafzaiADecision-MakingProcessforEthics1Aninitialsketchofanethicaldecision-makingprocess.Thefirststepistodeterminethefactsofthesituation.Perceptualdifferencessurroundinghowindividualsexperienceandunderstandsituationscanexplainmanyethicaldisagreementsinasituation.Anethicaljudgmentmadeinlightofadiligentdeterminationofthefactsisamorereasonableethicaljudgmentthanonemadewithoutregardforthefacts.Asecondsteprequirestheabilitytorecognizeanethicaldecisionoranethicalissue—thenidentifytheethicalissuesinvolved.Thefirstandsecondstepsmayariseinareverseorderinsomecircumstances.Economicdecisionsandethicaldecisionsarenotmutuallyexclusive.Anethicaldecisionshouldbemadebasedonhowitwouldaffectthewell-beingofallthepeopleinvolved.ADecision-MakingProcessforEthics2Somecalltheinabilitytorecognizeethicalissuesasnormativemyopia,orshortsightednessaboutvalues.Otherswarnofinattentionalblindness,whichisaresultoffocusingontoonarrowarangeofquestions.Whenwefocusonthewrongthing,orfailtofocus,wemayfailtoseekeyinformationthatwillleadustosuccessorpreventunethicalbehavior.Changeblindnessoccurswhengradualchangegoesunnoticedovertime.Thirdstepistoidentifyandtoconsiderallofthepeopleaffectedbyadecision,thepeopleoftencalledstakeholders.Manyperspectivesandinterestsatstakemeansthatethicaldecisionsofteninvolveconflictsanddilemmas.Figure2.1:StakeholderMapThethirdstepinvolvedinethicaldecisionmakingrequiresdecisionmakestoidentifyandtoconsiderallofthepeopleaffectedbyadecision,thepeopleoftencalledstakeholders.Accessthetextalternativeforslideimage.AnEthicalDecision-MakingProcess1Determinethefacts.Identifytheethicalissuesinvolved.Identifystakeholdersandconsiderthesituationfromtheirpointofview.Considertheavailablealternatives—alsocalledusingmoralimagination.AnEthicalDecision-MakingProcess2Compareandweighthealternatives,basedon:Consequences(forallstakeholders).Duties,rights,principles.Implicationsforpersonalintegrityandcharacter.Makeadecision.Monitorandlearnfromtheoutcomes.ADecision-MakingProcessforEthics3Thefourthstepistoconsidertheavailablealternatives.Whenfacinganethicaldecision,moralimaginationistheabilitytoenvisionvariousalternativechoices,consequences,resolutions,benefits,andharms.Thefifthstepinthedecision-makingprocessistocompareandweighthealternativesoneachstakeholderyoudefined.Thepointofthisexerciseistorecognizethataresponsibleandethicaldecisionshouldbeexplainable,defensible,andjustifiabletoallstakeholdersinvolved.Somealternativesmightconcernprinciples,rights,ordutiesthatoverrideconsequences.Decisionmakingrequiresconsiderationoftheeffectsofadecisiononone’sownintegrity,virtue,andcharacter.ADecision-MakingProcessforEthics4Oncethevariablesareexplored,thesixthstepistomakeadecision.Makingadecisioninbusinessusuallymeansformulatingaplanandcarryingitout.Thefinalstepistoevaluatetheimplicationsofthedecisions,tomonitorandlearnfromtheoutcomes,andtomodifyactionsaccordinglywhenfacedwithfuturesimilarchallenges.EthicalDecisionMaking2Onanimportantdecisiononerarelyhas100%oftheinformationneededforagooddecisionnomatterhowmuchonespendsorhowlongonewaits.And,ifonewaitstoolong,hehasadifferentproblemandhastostartallover.Thisistheterribledilemmaofthehesitantdecisionmaker.RobertGreenleafWhenEthicalDecisionMakingFails1Somestumblingblockstoresponsibledecisionmakingareintellectualorcognitive.Ignorance.Consideringonlylimitedalternatives.Findingcomfortinsimplifieddecisionrules.Selectingthealternativethatsatisfiestheminimumdecisioncriteria,alsoknownassatisficing.WhenEthicalDecisionMakingFails2Otherstumblingblockstodecisionmakingaremoreaquestionofmotivationandwillpower.Sometimesitiseasiertodothewrongthing.Sometimespeoplemakedecisionsthattheyregretlaterbecausetheylackthecouragetodootherwiseatthetime.Courageisalsoneededwhenrespondingtopeerpressure.EthicalDecisionMaking3Therearetwokindsofpeople,thosewhodotheworkandthosewhotakethecredit.Trytobeinthefirstgroup;thereislesscompetitionthere.IndiraGandhiEthicalDecisionMakinginManagerialRolesWithinabusinesssetting,individualsmustconsidertheethicalimplicationsofbothpersonalandprofessionaldecisionmaking.Someofourrolesaresocialandsomerolesareinstitutional.Socialrolesarefriend,sonordaughter,spouse,citizen,neighbor.Institutionalrolesareemployees,managers,employees,parents,children,professor,andpresidentofastudentclub.Managers,executives,andboardmembershavetheabilitytocreateandshapetheorganizationalcontextinwhichallemployeesmakedecisions.Theyhavearesponsibilitytoencourageethicalbehavioranddiscourageunethicalbehavior.AccessibilityContent:TextAlternativesforImagesFigure2.1:StakeholderMap-TextAlternativeThestakeholdermapdepictsthatacorporation’spoliciesanddecisionsaffectitsstakeholders.Thestakeholdersareemployees,customers,thelocalcommunity,thegovernment,suppliers,andowners,orshareholders.Returntoparent-slidecontainingimage.ChapterThree:PhilosophicalEthicsandBusinessCopyright?2021McGraw-HillEducation.Allrightsreserved.NoreproductionordistributionwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofMcGraw-HillEducation.ChapterObjectives1Afterreadingthischapter,youwillbeableto:Explaintheethicalframeworkofutilitarianism.Describehowutilitarianthinkingunderlieseconomicandbusinessdecisionmaking.Explainhowthefreemarketisthoughttoservetheutilitariangoalofmaximizingtheoverallgood.Explainsomechallengestoutilitariandecisionmaking.Explaintheprinciple-based,orrights-based,frameworkofethics.ChapterObjectives2Explaintheconceptofhumanrightsandhowtheyarerelevanttobusiness.Distinguishmoralrightsfromlegalrights.Explainseveralchallengestoprinciple-basedethics.Describeandexplainvirtue-basedframeworkforthinkingaboutethicalcharacter.PhilosophicalEthicsandBusiness1Theunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving.Socrates,Apology,Plato’sAccountoftheTrialofSocrates(TranslatedbyBenjaminJowett)EthicalFrameworks1Anethicalframeworkisnothingmorethananattempttoprovideasystematicanswertothefundamentalethicalquestion.Howshouldhumanbeingslivetheirlives?Ethicsattemptstoanswerthequestionofhowweshouldlive,butitalsogivesreasonstosupporttheanswers.EthicalFrameworks2Anyonecanofferprescriptionsforwhatyoushoulddoandhowyoushouldact,butaphilosophicalandreasonedethicsmustanswerthe"why?"questionaswell."Why"mattersbecausewithoutofferingreasons,oneisgivinganopinion."Why"mattersbecausesuperficialagreementcanmaskunderlyingdisagreement.Manypeopleattempttoanswer“why”inreligiousterms,butreligionsdifferfromculturetoculture.Philosophicalethicsprovidesjustificationsapplicabletoallpeopleregardlessoftheirreligiousstartingpoints.EthicalFrameworksEthicsisnotcomprisedofasingleprincipleorframework.Ethicalframeworksthathaveproveninfluentialinthedevelopmentofbusinessethicsandthathaveapracticalrelevanceinevaluatingethicalissuesinmodernbusiness.Utilitarianismisanethicaltraditionthatdirectsustodecidebasedonoverallconsequencesofouracts.Theprinciple-basedframeworkdirectsustoactonthebasisofmoralprinciplessuchasrespectinghumanrights.Virtueethicstellsustoconsiderthemoralcharacterofindividualsandhowvariouscharactertraitscancontributeto,orobstruct,ahappyandmeaningfulhumanlife.PhilosophicalEthicsandBusiness2It’sbettertohangoutwithpeoplebetterthanyou.Pickoutassociateswhosebehaviorisbetterthanyoursandyou’lldriftinthatdirection.

WarrenBuffettUtilitarianism:EthicalConsequences1Utilitarianism’sfundamentalinsightisthatoutcomesmatter,andsoweshoulddecidewhattodobyconsideringtheconsequencesofouractions.Inthatsense,utilitarianismhasbeencalledaconsequentialist

approachtoethicsandsocialpolicy.Weshouldactinwaysthatproducebetterconsequencesthanthealternatives.Whatismeantbybetterconsequences?Betterconsequencesarethosethatpromotehumanwell-being:thehappiness,health,dignity,integrity,freedom,andrespectofallthepeopleaffected.Utilitarianism:EthicalConsequences2Utilitarianismiscommonlyidentifiedwiththeruleofproducing"thegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumber."Theemphasisonproducingthegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumbermakesutilitarianismasocialphilosophythatopposespoliciesthataimtobenefitonlyasmallsocial,economic,orpoliticalminority.Utilitarianstendtobeverypragmaticthinkers,andnoactiseverabsolutelyrightorwronginallcasesineverysituation.Utilitarianreasoningusuallyacknowledgessomesupportforcompetingavailablealternatives.Utilitarianpositionisthathappinessistheultimategood,theonlythingthatisandcanbevaluedforitsownsake.UtilitarianismandBusinessThefreemarketisdecidedlyutilitarian.So,utilitarianismhasastrongimpactonbusinessandbusinessethics.Howtoachievethegoalofmaximizingtheoverallgood?Twoanswersproveespeciallyrelevantinbusinessandbusinessethics.SomeutilitariansagreewithAdamSmith,claimingthatfreeandcompetitivemarketsarethebestmeansforattainingthegoal.Policyexpertsinpredictinghumanactionarefamiliarwiththespecificsofhowsocietyworks,andtheythereforeareinapositiontodeterminewhichpolicywillmaximizetheoverallgood.Thedisputebetweenthe"market"andthe"administrative"versionsofutilitarianismcharacterizemanydisputesinbusinessethics.Egoismisalsoaconsequentialisttheory,butitfocusesexclusivelyonthehappinessoftheindividualmakingthedecision.ChallengestoUtilitarianEthics1Problemsconcerntheneedtocount,measure,compare,andquantifyconsequences.Utilitariansdeterminebothethicalandunethicalactsbytheirconsequences—sotheendjustifiesthemeans.Thisseemstodenyoneoftheearliestethicalprinciplesthattheenddoenotalwaysjustifythemeans.Wehavecertaindutiesorresponsibilitiesthatweoughttoobeyevenwhendoingsodoesnotproduceanetincreaseinoverallhappiness.ChallengestoUtilitarianEthics2Utilitarianreasonscontributestoethicaldecisionbyrequiringthatweconsidertheconsequencesofouractions.Importanttorememberthatutilitarianreasoningdoesnotexhausttherangeofethicalconcerns.Responsibleethicaldecisionmakingalsoinvolvesduties,principles,andpersonalintegrity.AnEthicsofPrinciplesandRights1Somedecisionsshouldbeamatterofprinciple,notconsequences—theendsdonotalwaysjustifythemeans.Whichprinciplesshouldbefollowed?Whendoesaprincipleoutweighproducinggoodconsequences?Theethicalframeworkthatwillprovecrucialforbusinessethicsbeginswiththeinsightthatweshouldmakesomeethicaldecisionsasamatterofprincipleratherthanconsequences.Principlesareethicalrulesthatputvaluesintoaction.Principlescreateethicaldutiesthatbindustoactordecideincertainways.AnEthicsofPrinciplesandRights2Whatprinciplesorrulesshouldguideourdecisions?Legalrules.Organizationalrules.Role-basedrules.Professionalrules.Ethicaldutiesshouldbecategoricalimperativesratherthanhypothetical.Acategoricalimperativeisanoverridingprincipleofethics.AnEthicsofPrinciplesandRights3Hypotheticalduties.Couldincludeaprofessionalcodeofconductthatbindsyouonlyifyouinthatprofession.Categoricalduties.Donotcontainan"if"clause.Ishouldormustobeyafundamentethicalrulenomatterwhat.HumanRightsandDuties1Arethereanyfundamentalor"categorical"duties?ImmanuelKantbelievedweallhaveadutytotreateachpersonasanendinthemselvesandneveronlyasmeanstoourownends.Personsmustneverbetreatedasmeretools.TheU.S.DeclarationofIndependencespeaksof"inalienablerights"thatcannotbetakenawaybygovernment.Human,ormoralrightsiscentraltoprinciple-basedethics.Theinherentdignityofeachindividualmeansthatwecannotdowhateverwechoosetoanotherperson.HumanRightsandDuties2Humanrightsprotectindividualdignity.Rightsimplythatsomeactsandsomedecisionsare"off-limits."Ourmoraldutyistorespectthehumanrightsofothers.Humansaresaidtohaveafundamentalhumanrightofautonomy,or"self-rule."HumanRightsandSocialJustice1Tworightsemergedasfundamentalcomponentsofsocialjustice—libertyandequality.Morefundamentalandpersistentthanlegalrightscreatedbygovernmentsandcommunities.Theyareparticularlyfundamentaltotheoriesofsocialjusticeuponwhichdemocraticsocietiesandcapitalisteconomieshavebeenbuilt.Crucialtoanunderstandingofbusinessethics.HumanRightsandSocialJustice2LibertarianHere,individuallibertyisthecentralelementofjustice.Ajustsocietyisoneinwhichindividualsarefreefromgovernmentintrusionaslongastheyarenotharmingothers.Ethicalbusinesspursuesprofitwithinthelaw.Unethicalbusinesseswouldincludefraud,deception,andanticompetitivebehavior.EgalitarianHere,equalityisthecentralelementofjustice.Socialistegalitariantheoriesargueforequaldistributionofbasicgoodsandservices.Othertheoriesarguethatequalopportunityiscrucial.Supportsgreatergovernmentalresponsibilityintheeconomytoguaranteeequalityofopportunityoutcomes.HumanRightsandLegalRights1Whatisthedifferencebetweenhumanrightsandlegalrights?Usingemployeerightsasanexample,therearethreekindsofemployeerightscommoninbusiness.First,therearethoselegalrightsgrantedtoemployeesonthebasisoflegislationorjudicialrulings.Minimumwageandequalopportunityaresomeexamples.Second,employeeshaverightstothosegoodsthattheyareentitledtoonthebasisofcontractualagreementswiththeemployer.Healthcare,pension,andpaidholidaysareexamples.Finally,employeeshaverightsgroundedinmoralentitlementstowhichemployeeshaveaclaimindependentlyofanyparticularlegalorcontractualfactors.Examplesincludetherightnottobebullied,rightnottobeliedto,andtherightnottobesexuallyharassed.HumanRightsandLegalRights2Legalrightsplacecertainissuesoutsidetherealmoftheemploymentcontract.Suchlegalrightssetthebasiclegalframeworkwithinwhichbusinessoperates.Humanrightslieoutsidethebargainingthatoccursbetweenemployersandemployees.ChallengestoanEthicsofRightsandDutiesTherearetwobigchallengestothisethicaltradition.Thereisdisagreementaboutwhatrightstrulyarebasichumanrights.Itisunclearhowtoapplythisapproachtopracticalsituations,especiallyincaseswhererightsappeartoconflict.Criticschargethatunlessthereisaspecificpersonorinstitutionthathasadutytoprovidethegoodsidentifiedas“rights,”talkofrightsamountstolittlemorethanawishlistofthingsthatpeoplewant.PhilosophicalEthicsandBusinessAbusinessthatmakesnothingbutmoney,isapoortypeofbusiness.

HenryFordVirtueEthics:IntegrityandCharacter1Virtueethicsseeksafullanddetaileddescriptionofthosecharactertraitsthatconstituteagoodandfullhumanlife.Virtuesarethosecharactertraitsthatwouldconstitutepartsofagoodandmeaningfulhumanlife.Thebestplacetoseetheethicsofvirtueisinthegoalofeverygoodparentwhohopestoraisehappyanddecentchildren.Tounderstandhowvirtueethicsdiffersfromutilitarianandprinciple-basedframeworks,consideregoism.Thereisagapbetweenself-interestandaltruism.Ethicsrequiresustoactforthewell-beingofothersattimes,somethingegoismclaimsisnotpossible.VirtueEthics:IntegrityandCharacter2Anethicsofvirtueshiftsthefocusfromquestionsofwhatapersonshoulddo,toafocusonwhothatpersonis.Aperson’scharacterisnotindependentofthatperson’sidentity.Character:Thosedispositions,relationships,attitudes,values,andbeliefsthatpopularlymightbecalleda"personality."Thisshiftchangesthenatureofjustificationinethics.Ethicalcontroversiesofteninvolveaconflictbetweenself-interestandethicalvalues.Howmuchweactforthewell-beingofothersdependsonourcharacter.VirtueEthics:IntegrityandCharacter3Virtueethicsrecognizesthathumanbeingsactaccordingtowhotheyare,accordingtotheircharacter.Giventhatcharacterplaysakeyroleinourbehaviorandgiventhatourcharactercanbeshapedbycontrollablefactors,virtueethicsseekstounderstandhowthosetraitsareformedandwhichtraitsareconducivetoandwhichonesundermineameaningful,worthwhile,andsatisfyinglife.Virtueethicsofferusamorefullytexturedunderstandingoflifewithinbusiness.Virtueethicsremindsustoexaminehowcharactertraitsareformedandconditioned.Manyindividualmoraldilemmasarisewhentensionbetweenwhoweseektobeandthetypeofpersonbusiness