4morphology公開課獲獎?wù)n件

Morphology

Chapter4MorphologyDualitymeaninglessMorpheme:thesmallestunitatthegrammaticallevel.Morphology:theinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Phonology:functionalunitsinthesoundsystemthatcandifferentiatemeaningsofwordsbutdonothaveanymeaningbythemselves.Purify=pure+ifyadj.+ify=V.amorphologicalrulemeaningfulSoundlevelGrammaticallevel4.1morphemedogs=dog+schairman=chair+mandoes=do+esdisappointmentunhappy/ba:k/has3soundsegments;(but1morpheme)atthegrammaticallevelitcannotbeanalyzed.boy,boys,boyish,boyishness;Desire,desirable,desirability,undesirability;UngentlemanlinessantidisestablishmentarianismMorpheme:aminimalmeaningfulunitinthegrammaticalsystemofalanguage.Thisisabook.NolexicalmeaningbuthasgrammaticalmeaningCannotbeanalyzedwithoutdestroyingitsmeaning4.2typesofmorphemes

4.2.1structurallyclassifiedFreemorpheme:onethatmayconstituteawordbyitself.AllmonomorphemicwordsareFMs.PolymorphemicwordswhichconsistswhollyofFMsarecompounds.Godfather,sunflower,paymasterBoundmorpheme:cannotoccuralone,mustappearwithatleastanothermorpheme.DogsdistemperedB+F+B4.2.2semanticallyclassifiedPolymorphemicwords(otherthancompounds)maybedividedintorootsandaffixes.acceptanceacceptableRoot:themostimportantpartofawordthatcarriestheprincipalmeaningandcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Allwordshavearootmorpheme.Affix:lexicallydependentonrootsanddonotconveythefundamentalmeaningofwords.AllFMsareroots,butnotallrootsareFMs;allaffixesareBMs,butnotallBMsareaffixes.Playgroundreturn

ReceiveFRFRBABRBAFRFreeBoundRootaffixesFreerootmorphemes:canstandbythemselves,asblackBoundrootmorpheme:ceiveinreceive,perceive;mitinremit,permit,commit,submit;

taininretain,contain,mountain;curinincur,recur,occurSomerootshavebothFandBvariants:sleepandchildareFMs,butinslept&childrencannotexistbythemselves,sotheyarebound.StemStem:anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded.Bothfriendandfriendshiparestems.Astemmaybeequivalenttoaroot,andmaycontainarootandaderivationalaffix.FriendsandfriendshipsAstemmaycontaintwoormoreroots:girlfriend,landlord,mailman,etc.4.2.3affixesPosition:prefix(mini-,un-,dis),suffix(-ise,-tion,-al)andinfix(feet,geese,teeth)Function:inflectionalaffixes(IA)&derivationalaffixes(DA)Walks(number,tense)walked(tense)walking(aspect,progressive)Books(plural,number)John’s(possessive)Eaten(perfective)faster(comparativedegree)Fastest(superlativedegree)IA&DAIA:indicategrammaticalrelations,suchasgender,number,tense,aspect,andcase.Theyneverproducenewwords,justdifferentformsofthesameword.Theynevercauseachangeingrammaticalclass.Small–smaller(adj.)DA:createnewwords,oftenchangethelexicalmeaning.Manychangethegrammaticalclassofaword;somedonot.Beauty–beautify,large–enlarge,move–movement;Appear–disappearboy–boyhood,definite–indefiniteIDsaremostlysuffixes;DAsmaybeprefixesorsuffixes.4.3inflectionalandderivationalmorphologyTwofields:thestudyofinflectionorwordformation.IM:themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.P88DM:wordformation,theprocessofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.Furthersubclassifiedintocompound&derivation.Wordformation:compound&derivationCompounds:thosethatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,tojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform.Writtenindifferentways:wardrobe,wedding-ring,washingmachineDerivation:showstherelationb/wrootsandaffixes.un+consciousFormsderivedfromderivationarelargeandopen.Thisisabuilding;

derivationalsuffixTheyarebuildingahouse.Inflectional

4.4phonologyandmorphology

4.4.1phonemeandmorphemeM:unitingrammar;P:smallestunitofsound.Morphophonology/morphophonemics:thejointventureofthetwolevelsofalanguage.Aphonememayrepresentasinglemorpheme,buttheyarenotidentical./z/BoyspluralBoy’spossessive

Raisenothing4.4.2morphemicstructureandphonologicalstructureDogsmonophonemic/d?gz/Lovelymonosyllabic/lΛv+li/Tobaccopolysyllabic/t?+b?+kou/Morphemesmayalsoberepresentedbyphonologicalstructuresotherthanasinglephoneme.Teller/te+l?/big(g)er/bi+g?/Thesyllabic/phonologicalstructureandthemorphemic/grammaticalstructuredonotnecessarilycorrespond4.4.3allomorphMaps/s/Dogs/z/Watches/iz/Mice/ai/Oxen/n/Teeth/i:/SheepzeroAllomorphsofthepluralmorphemeMorphemictranscription:Amorphemehasalternateshapesorphoneticformslikephoneme,abstractonahigherlevel,consistsofasequenceofclassesofphonemesandhaseitherlexicalorgrammaticalmeaning.Somemorphemicshapesrepresentdifferentmorphemesandhavedifferentmeanings.{-s～-z～-iz～-ai～I:～-n～-?}4.4.4morphophenologyormorphophonemicsTheanalysisandclassificationofthephonologi-calfactorsthataffecttheappearanceofmorphemesandthegrammaticalfactorsthataffecttheappearanceofphonemes.Phonologicallyconditioned:theformorshapeofmorphemescondi