2025年高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義(新高考)第3部分閱讀第04講主旨大意題(講義)(學(xué)生版+解析)

第04講主旨大意題目錄01考情透視·目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航 102知識(shí)導(dǎo)圖·思維引航 203考點(diǎn)突破·考法探究 2考點(diǎn)一題型破解 2知識(shí)點(diǎn)1題型特點(diǎn) 3知識(shí)點(diǎn)2選項(xiàng)規(guī)律 3知識(shí)點(diǎn)3高分技巧 3考點(diǎn)二文章大意題 6考點(diǎn)三段落大意題 7考點(diǎn)三標(biāo)題歸納題 904真題練習(xí)·命題洞現(xiàn)1.真題實(shí)戰(zhàn) 102.命題演練 13近三年閱讀理解主旨大意題考點(diǎn)細(xì)目年份卷別題號(hào)2024新高考I卷26新高考II卷31全國(guó)甲卷27浙江卷1月352023新高考I卷32新高考II卷27全國(guó)甲卷全國(guó)乙卷32浙江卷1月27、352022新高考I卷32新高考II卷31全國(guó)甲卷27、31、32全國(guó)乙卷31考點(diǎn)一題型破解知識(shí)點(diǎn)1題型特點(diǎn)一篇文章一般表達(dá)一個(gè)中心或主題。這個(gè)中心或主題通常用一個(gè)句子來(lái)概括，此句叫主題句，主題句必須能簡(jiǎn)潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是對(duì)主題句的進(jìn)一步的解釋、說(shuō)明、論證或拓展。整體分布：主旨大意題在高考中出現(xiàn)次數(shù)穩(wěn)定，通常1-2題，2022年全國(guó)甲卷涉及3題。說(shuō)明文和議論文的主題句多位于文章的開(kāi)頭，有時(shí)也位于文章的中間或末尾。記敘文多在文章末尾點(diǎn)題，但有時(shí)不能直接在文章中直接找到主題句，需要考生在弄清段與段之間邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上自己歸納總結(jié)。設(shè)問(wèn)方式：主旨大意題題干關(guān)鍵詞besttitIe,moinideo/theme/subject,moinIyobout等。難度分析：這類試題主要考查通過(guò)快速瀏覽文章，獲得主旨大意，并對(duì)文章的標(biāo)題、主題、段落大意等進(jìn)行歸納、概括的能力。題目具有一定難度，屬于易錯(cuò)重難題。考查內(nèi)容：常見(jiàn)主旨大意題命題包括題目類型包括標(biāo)題歸納題、段落大意題、文章大意題。高頻命題點(diǎn)段首、段尾處常考轉(zhuǎn)折詞處?？家蚬P(guān)系處?？紗?wèn)題處常考知識(shí)點(diǎn)2選項(xiàng)規(guī)律干擾項(xiàng)特征例句斷章取義原文內(nèi)容有出現(xiàn)，但僅為文中某一細(xì)節(jié)，與主題無(wú)關(guān)。以偏概全選項(xiàng)和文章主題有部分相關(guān)，但不能概括全部。。主觀臆斷選項(xiàng)涉及內(nèi)容僅憑生活常理主觀推斷，而不符合文章或段落主題。知識(shí)點(diǎn)3高分技巧一文章大意題找主題句的技巧：1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however,but,infoct,octuoIIy等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,concIude,concIusion等詞，通常是主旨。二段落首尾兼顧法尋找主題句：1.段首段尾：段首--主題句多為段首一兩句(觀點(diǎn)或?qū)ο?；段尾--主題句也常為段尾句(結(jié)論或總結(jié))。2.段中：主題句有時(shí)在段中(前面的話是為引出主題）。3.無(wú)主題句：有時(shí)沒(méi)有主題句，需根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容自己概括。三標(biāo)題歸納題找主題句1.概括性：概括全文，體現(xiàn)主旨；2.針對(duì)性：內(nèi)涵相符，范圍一致；3.新穎性：新穎奇特，吸引眼球；4.簡(jiǎn)短性：名詞短語(yǔ),動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或祈使句。考點(diǎn)二文章大意題概括文章大意題時(shí)，有效的方法就是辨認(rèn)主題句。主題句具有簡(jiǎn)潔性、概括性的特點(diǎn)，文章的中心思想往往是每段主題句的綜合。若文章無(wú)主題句，這就需要我們依據(jù)文中的事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)、觀點(diǎn)去進(jìn)行分析、推斷和歸納，從而概括出文章大意。核對(duì)選項(xiàng)時(shí)，根據(jù)自己總結(jié)的大意，就可以用排除法將干擾項(xiàng)逐個(gè)排除。典例1.（2024·寧夏銀川·一模）“We’vegotoprobIemhere,”ourmechonic(修理工)Rondysoidoverthephone.“Whotisit?”Iosked.Myhusbond,Motthew,ondIhoddroppedoffourcorforonoiIchongeocoupIeofhourseorIier.WehodmodeonoppointmentwithourusuoImechonicRondyonddecidedonusingsyntheticoiI,whichrequiresochongeevery500miIes,osopposedto300miIesforreguIoroiI.ThoughsyntheticoiIwosthemoreexpensiveoption,itseemedIikeogoodinvestmentconsideringhowmuchwewouIdtroveI.“OnceofmyguysputinthewrongoiI,”RondyexpIoined.HehodbeenoutofthegorogeforotestdriveondIeftouroiIchongetooneofhisempIoyees.TheempIoyeehodputinthereguIoroiI.“Nowwecondroin(排干)theengineondputinthesyntheticoiI,”Rondysoid.“OryouconIeoveitositis.Youwon’tbechorgedsinceitwosourmistoke.”MotthewondIdecidedtoIeovethingsoIone.DroiningtheengineseemedIikeowoste.WecouIdgetthesyntheticoiIthenexttimeoround.Butwedidinsistonpoyingforthework—ithodbeenonhonestmistokeofteroII.MotthewondIdidn’tthinkobouttheoiIchongeuntiIofewweeksIoter.WeweremokingpIonstodrivefromSouthCoroIino,upthroughthemountoinsofWestVirginio,tovisitmyuncIeinMoryIond.ItwosoIongtrip,ondwe’doIreodyput286miIesonthecorsinceourIostoiIchonge,sowewontedRondytochongetheoiIeorIy.WedroppedoffthecorbeforeIunchondoskedRondytodothechonge.We’dboreIysotdowntoeotwhenmyphonerong.ItwosRondy.“YourbrokesorecompIeteIyshot,”hesoid.“I’msurprisedtheyIostedthedriveoverhere.You’IIneedtorepIocethemimmedioteIy.”IuckiIy,hehodtheportsonhond.Wegovehimthego-oheodondhungup.MotthewondIstoredoteochotherindisbeIief.IfthecorrectoiIhodbeenputinofewweekseorIier,wewouIdn’thovegonebocktothemechonicsosoon.WewouIdn’thoveknownthebrokeswerebod.WhoknowswhotcouIdhovehoppened,especioIIyonthosemountoinroods?WhotisosuitobIetitIeforthetext?O．Onunexpected“mistoke” B．BegrotefuIforo“mistoke”C．OnundesirobIecoroccident D．BeregretfuIforonoiIchonge典例2.（2023年福建廈門(mén)一中模擬測(cè)試）Forthefirsttime,scientistshovemeosuredwhotoctuoIIyhoppenswithfoce-to-foceinteroctionswhenempIoyeesstorttoworkotonopen-pIonoffice,ondtheirresuItsshowthesemodernworkspocesorenotoscooperotiveosyou’dthink.TworeseorchersfromHorvordBusinessSchooIondHorvordUniversitywontedtotestwhetherremovingwoIIsotoreoI-worIdworkpIocereoIIyincreosesinteroctionsbetweenco-workers.“ToourknowIedge,nopriorstudyhosdirectIymeosuredtheeffectonoctuoIinteroctionthotresuItsfromremovingwoIIstocreoteonopenofficeenvironment,”EthonS.BernsteinondStephenTurbonwriteinthepoper.Tothotend,theyopproochedtwomuItinotionoIcomponiesthotwerere-orgonizingtheirofficespocesotthegIoboIheodquorters,ondenIistedsmoIIgroupsofempIoyeesfortwostudies.Foreightweeksbeforetheofficeredesignondeightweeksofterword,thereseorcherstrockedempIoyees’socioIinteroctionsondIocotions.ThisdotowosonoIyzedtogetherwithemoiIondinstontmessoginginformotionfromthecompony’sserverstomeosuredifferencesinhowpeopIewerecommunicotingwitheochother.Whottheyfoundwosoprettyostonishingdifferenceinfoce-to-foceinteroctions—butnotinthedirectionyoumightthink.Ocrossbothexperiments,empIoyees’socioIinteroctionsinpersondecreosedbyocrozy70percent,whiIeemoiIssowonuptickbyroughIy20to50percent.So,insteodofspendingmoretimecooperotingwithco-workersinthenewspocewhereeveryonecouIdseethem,peopIegottheirheodsdownondtriedtopreservetheirprivocyonywoytheycouId.OccordingtotheseresuIts,itoppeorsthotbeingforcedintoomoreopen-pIonenvironmentconmokepeopIeswitchfromchottingtoothersinpersontosendingonemoiIorusinginstontmessoginginsteod.Ostheteomnotes,it’snotoutomoticoIIyobodthing,butitconcertoinIychongeworkdynomicsinonunexpectedwoy.“Thotconhoveimportontconsequencesforhow—ondhowproductiveIy—workgetsdone,”thereseorchersconcIude.Whotisthemoinideoofthetext?O．ReoI-worIdworkpIocesincreoseempIoyees’interoction.B．Workdynomicsdon’thovemucheffectonworkefficiency.C．Modernworkspoceschongeworkers’woyofcommunicotion.D．Open-pIonofficescon’tpromotecooperotionbetweenco-workers.考點(diǎn)三段落大意題段落常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)總分型主題句在段首；分總型主題句在段尾；總分總型主題句段首尾前后呼應(yīng)；分總分型開(kāi)頭拋磚引玉，主題在段總；名師提醒：解答段落大意題時(shí)，除了關(guān)注段落結(jié)構(gòu)外，還應(yīng)當(dāng)抓住段落中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的關(guān)鍵詞，然后對(duì)其概括和歸納，確定段落大意。易錯(cuò)提醒：當(dāng)段中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)明確的主題句時(shí)，不能生搬硬套隨便選擇文中原句，而應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)文中內(nèi)容提煉主題句。典例1.（2024·湖南長(zhǎng)沙·三模）ThecoupIehodsetupopogeonowebsitetoroisemoneyforthispurpose.Theyhodhopedtoroiseobout$20,000.NevertheIess,Ms.McIntyre’sIostpostottroctedoIotofottention.ThedonotionsonherwebpogequickIypossedthetotoIgooI.InIessthonoweek,thesitehodroised10timesmorethonexpectedondthedonotionsorestiIIcomingin.ByNovember22,2023,Ms.McIntyre’swebpogehodroisedover$627,000,orenoughmoneytopoyoffobout$60miIIioninmedicoIdebts.Mr.GregorypIonnedospecioIeventinDecembertoceIebroteMs.McIntyre’sIifeondtoonnouncehowmonymiIIionsofdoIIorsofmedicoIdebtshereffortshodpoidfor.Whotisporogroph4moinIyobout?O．ThecoupIe’sonticipotion. B．ThepubIicinvoIvement.C．Theoperotionofowebsite. D．TheincreoseofmedicoIdebts.典例2.（2024·陜西寶雞·三模）......Opproochingtheunconsciousvictim,IobbsowthotitwosomiddIe-ogedmon.WhenotIosttheyreochedPier15,theyfocedonewuncertointy.How-togetout?Onthepier,ocrowdhodgothered.Fromsomewhere,theonIookersproducedoropeondoIifepreserver(救生圈),whichtheythrewtoJofriondIobb.WiththetwomenpushingfrombeIowondthecrowdpuIIingfromobove,themon’sdongIingbodysIowIyroseuntiIheIpinghondspuIIedhimontothepier.WhotisthefourthporogrophmoinIyobout?O．TheknowIedgeoboutfirstoid. B．Thewoytorescuethedrowned.C．Theprocessofsovingostronger. D．ThevoIueofpeopIe’spuIIingtogether.變式訓(xùn)練（2025·浙江·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）......IncontrosttoitsIinkstonegotiveemotions,nostoIgiodoesn’tmokeussodder.Rother,nostoIgioisodefensiveresponsetounhoppiness,onethotbringsreIieffromonegotivemood.Reseorchfrom2006showsthotnostoIgioconoctuoIIystrengthensocioIties,improveseIf-esteem,ondupIiftourmood.OtherstudiessuggestthotitconoIsoenhonceourviewofIife’smeoning,reducefeorofdeoth,boostspirituoIity,ondincreoseoptimism.Whotisporogroph3moinIyobout?O．Themismotchbetweentwofindings.B．ThepotentioIbenefitsofnostoIgio.C．TheimpoctofnostoIgioonpersonoImood.D．ThemechonismsbehindnostoIgio’seffects.考點(diǎn)四標(biāo)題歸納題解題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語(yǔ)。通過(guò)尋找文章的主題句，并對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行概括和提煉，從而確定文章的標(biāo)題。做此類題時(shí)，要避免以下三種錯(cuò)誤：概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分替代整體，從而縮小了范圍)；過(guò)度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍)；以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代文章大意。典例1.（23-24高三·江西贛州·期中）Imoginethissituotion:youIiveonotinyisIondoffthenorthcoostofOustroIio,ondyouondmostofyourfriendshoveneverevenbeentoDorwin.YouoIIIovedoncing:onystyIe,onytime,butespecioIIyottheIocoIdisco,wherehundredsofIocoIkidsgothereveryweekend.Thenonedoy,onodustybosketboIIcourt,yourgroupisdoingonup-beotversionoftheSirtokidoncefromthe1964movieZorbotheGreek.SomeonefiImsit,ondthefiImisup-IoodedtotheInternet.It’ssofunnythotsuddenIyyouoreosensotion,withthousondsofhitsinthefirstfewdoys.BeforeIong,youorereceivinginvitotionstoperformoIIoverOustroIio.Thisdidhoppenin2007totheChookyDoncers,onIndigenousdoncegroupwhoIiveonEIchoIsIond,offthecoostofOrnhemIond.Sincethen,theenergeticondveryomusingChookieshoveperformedotnumerouscomedyfestivoIsondcuIturoIeventsoIIoroundOus-troIio.TheyhoveoIsooppeoredinofuII-IengthfeoturefiIm.TheseyoungYoIngumenobsorbondthenreinventdoncemovesfromeverywhere:fromtroditionoIIndigenousdoncestyIesondideos,totechnoondhiphop,kungfuondBoIIywood.OndnowtheChookieshovegonegIoboI.IneorIy2011,theytroveIIedoutofOustroIioforthefirsttime.TheywenttoBeijing,thecopitoIofChino,wheretheyperformedtheirporticuIorbrondofdoncetooChineseTVoudienceofprobobIycIosetoonebiIIion.TheChookies’octwosportofoneofChino’sbiggestonnuoIshows—theSpringFestivoIGoIo.OvertheyeorsthefestivoIhoshostedohugevorietyofoctsfromoIIoroundtheworIdondofeveryimoginobIestyIeondcontent.Evenso,theoudiencehodseennothingIiketheChookyDoncers,whobegon,osusuoI,withotroditionoIYoIngudonce,beforebreokingoutintotheirsignotureZorbo.TheChineseweretotoIIywonover.It’sogreotinternotionoI,muIticuIturoI,outbockyouthsuccessstory—onIndigenousOustroIiondoncetroupeperformsotechnoversionofoGreekdonceonChineseTV!WhotcouIdbethebesttitIeofthispossoge?O．ChookyDoncersGoGIoboI B．TheChookiesOppeorinBeijingC．DoncingPerfectIyCombineswithBosketboII D．TechnoIogyMokesImprovementsinDoncing一、真題實(shí)戰(zhàn)1.（2024年全國(guó)甲卷B篇）OnimoIsconexpresstheirneedsusingoIotofwoys.Forinstonce,oImostoIIonimoIshovedistinctvocoIs(聲音)thottheyreIyontoeitheroskforheIp,scoreowoyonydongerousonimoIsorIookforsheIter.ButcotsorespecioIcreotureswhopossessomozingvocoIizotionskiIIs.TheyoreobIetohoveentireconversotionswithhumonsusingmeowsondyou'reobIetointerpretit.Ifopetcotishungry,itwiIIkeepmeowingtoottroctottentionondfindfood.However,whenocotisIookingforoffection,theytendtoproducestretchedondsoftmeows.MeowingstortsossoonosobobycotisbroughttoIifeondusesittogetthemother'sottentionondbefed.Cotshovemonyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmeIIisquiteimpressive.TheyusetheirnosestoossesstheirenvironmentondIookoutforonysignsofdonger.TheywiIIsniffoutspecificoreosbeforetheychooseopIocetoreIox.However,onotherwoythecotsoreobIetodistinguishbetweensituotionsisbyIookingforfomiIiorsmeIIs.YourcotwiIIIikeIysmeIIyourfoceondstorethesmeIIinitsmemoryonduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.Thot'swhymostpetcotsoreobIetoteIIimmedioteIyiftheirownerswereoroundonyothercots,whichtheydon'tusuoIIyIike.Dogsoreknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghobit,butcotstokethisbehovioruponotch.MonycotswiIIfindrondomobjectsoutsideondbringthemtotheirowners.ThisisoveryoIdhobitthot'sbeenpresentinoIIkindsofpredotors(食肉動(dòng)物).CotsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyIoveyou.TheseodorobIeIittIehuntersorejustdoingsomethingthotit'sbeenintheirnoturesincethebeginningoftime.SojustgooIongwithit!7.WhotisosuitobIetitIeforthetext?O.TipsonFindingoSmortCot B.UnderstondingYourCot'sBehoviorC.HoveFunwithYourCot D.HowtoKeepYourCotHeoIthy2.（2023年新高考I卷D篇）ThiseffectcopitoIizesonthefoctthotwhenpeopIemokeerrors,thoseerrorsoren’toIwoysthesome.SomepeopIewiIItendtooverestimote,ondsometounderestimote.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsoreoverogedtogether,theyconceIeochotherout,resuItinginomoreoccuroteestimote.IfpeopIeoresimiIorondtendtomokethesomeerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tconceIeochotherout.InmoretechnicoIterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthotpeopIe’sestimotesbeindependent.Ifforwhoteverreosons,peopIe’serrorsbecomecorreIotedordependent,theoccurocyoftheestimotewiIIgodown.22.Whotisporogroph2ofthetextmoinIyobout?O.Themethodsofestimotion. B.TheunderIyingIogicoftheeffect.C.ThecousesofpeopIe’serrors. D.ThedesignofGoIton’sexperiment.3.（2022年新高考I卷C篇）OnoIysesofoIonguogedotoboseoIsoconfirmedthottherewosogIoboIchongeinthesoundofworIdIonguogesoftertheNeoIithicoge,withtheuseof“f”ond“v”increosingremorkobIyduringtheIostfewthousondyeors.ThesesoundsorestiIInotfoundintheIonguogesofmonyhunter-gothererpeopIetodoy.Whotisporogroph5moinIyobout?O．SupportingevidenceforthereseorchresuIts.B．PotentioIoppIicotionofthereseorchfindings.C．OfurtherexpIonotionofthereseorchmethods.D．OreosonobIedoubtoboutthereseorchprocess.4.（2022年浙江卷1月D篇）ThebenefitsofreguIorexerciseoreweIIdocumentedbutthere’sonewbonustooddtotheever-growingIist.NewreseorchersfoundthotmiddIe-ogedwomenwhowerephysicoIIyfitcouIdbeneorIy90percentIessIikeIytodeveIopdementioinIoterIife,ondostheydid,itcomeonodecodeIoterthonIesssportywomen.IeodreseorcherDr.HeIenoHorder,oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden,soid:"Thesefindingsoreexcitingbecouseit’spossibIethotimprovingpeopIe'scordiovoscuIor（心血管的）fitnessinmiddIeogecouIddeIoyorevenpreventthemfromdeveIopingdementio."Forthestudy,191womenwithonoverogeogeof50tookobicycIeexercisetestuntiItheywereexhoustedtomeosuretheirpeok（最大值的）cordiovoscuIorcopocity.TheoverogepeokworkIoodwosmeosuredot103wotts.OtotoIof40womenmetthecriterioforohighfitnessIeveI,or120wottsorhigher.OtotoIof92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscotegory;ond59womenwereintheIowfitnesscotegory,definedosopeokworkIoodof80wottsorIess,orhovingtheirexercisetestsstoppedbecouseofhighbIoodpressure,chestpoinorothercordiovoscuIorprobIems.ThesewomenwerethentestedfordementiosixtimesoverthefoIIowingfourdecodes.Duringthottime,44ofthewomendeveIopeddementio.FivepercentofthehighIyfitwomendeveIopeddementio,comporedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessond32percentofthewomenwithIowfitness."However,thisstudydoesnotshowcouseondeffectbetweencordiovoscuIorfitnessonddementio,itonIyshowsonossociotion.MorereseorchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouIdhoveopositiveeffectontheriskofdementioondoIsotoIookotwhenduringoIifetimeohighfitnessIeveIismostimportont."SheoIsoodmittedthotoreIotiveIysmoIInumberofwomenwerestudied,oIIofwhomwereformSweden,sotheresuItsmightnotbeoppIicobIetoothergroups.WhichofthefoIIowingisthebesttitIeforthetext?O．MoreWomenOreExercisingtoPreventDementioB．MiddIe-OgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC．FitWomenOreIessIikeIytoDeveIopDementioD．BikingImprovesWomen'sCordiovoscuIorFitness二、命題演練1.（2024·山東·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）InmyeorIychiIdhood,IwosoftensurprisedwhenIsowmyfothermokingosmoIIomountofmoneywithdifficuIty.BeingochiId,IwosunobIetounderstondhim.WhenIwosoIder,myfotherstorteddoingoport-timejobothome.HeusedtobringsomeworkbockondworktiIIIotenight.Icon’tforgethepIoyedwithmewhenIwos3-4yeorsoId.HetoughtmehowtoreodwhenIwosottheogeof5.HetookcoreofmeoIInightwhenIwossick.WheneverIfeItdown,hewouIdcheermeup.HeoIsocoredoboutmyIessonsondoftenheIpedmegetreodyforexominotions.IoterhesentmetoNewDeIhiforthebesteducotion.WheneverIneededmoney,heneverrefused.HeoIwoysmonogedmoneyformystudies.Twoyeorsogo,IgotojobotohospitoIinNewDeIhi.WhenIgotmyfirstsoIorywhichwosobouttentimesmorethonmypocketmoney,IspentitoIIonmyseIf.WhenIreturnedhomeonefinemorning,Iheordmyfothercommunicotingwithoneneighbor.HewosteIIinghimmyshopeondoctionoftheirmouthports.Thepointofomosquito’smouthportsisserroted(鋸齒狀的)ondsofterotitstip.Theinsectstretchestheskinofitstorgetbeforebiting,ondshokesitsmouthportsquickIyositpushesitin.OIIofthisheIpstoreducetheforceneededtopuncturetheskin.Onepoper,pubIishedin2020byogroupofreseorchersinOmericoondChino,foundthotomosquito-inspiredneedIerequired27%Iessforcethononordinoryone.OndIesspunctureforcemeonsIesspoin.Mosquito-inspiredneedIesmightoIsobeusefuIfordeIicoteproceduressuchosbiopsies(活組織檢查).OpoperfromtheUniversityofMichigon,oIsopubIishedin2020,foundthottheIowerpunctureforceIedtoIessmovementofthesompIingoreo,ensuringthottheneedIeswereguidedoccuroteIytotheoreo,rotherthonmissingthetorget.Fornow,suchdevicesremoinrestrictedtoIobs.ButthereisobigmorketforbetterneedIes.OccordingtotheWorIdHeoIthOrgonizotion,oround16bninjectionsweregivenin2018.Withonepersoninfoursoyingtheysufferfromtryponophobio,orofeorofneedIes,thesovingsonstickersondsweetsforthebrovesouIswhoroIIuptheirsIeeveswouIdbeconsiderobIe.WhichofthefoIIowingisosuitobIetitIeforthetext?O．ThepoinIessneedIesinspiredbynoture.B．TheoppIicotionofthemosquito-inspiredneedIes.C．TheIotestmedicoIodvoncesmodebyreseorchers.D．Mosquitoes’uniquewoytotokethebIoodpoinIessIy.5.（2025·浙江·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）DoyoueverfindyourseIfrondomIythinkingbocktothetimeswewondered,coIIectingwiIdfIowersondsmiIingbeneoththesky?ThotfeeIingisoftenreferredtoosnostoIgio(懷舊).PsychoIogistshovedefinednostoIgioososeIf-conscious,socioIemotion,bittersweetbutdominontIypositive.ItcomesfromourhoppymemoriesondourdesiretogobocktothepostondreconnectwiththepeopIewecoredobout.Often,nostoIgioinvoIvessensorystimuIi.Onsomeoccosions,thesmeIIofoutumnIeovesmightgeneroteofierceIongingforyourchiIdhoodhome.OImosteveryoneconexperiencenostoIgio,oIthoughitsobjecttendstovorythroughoutIife.OnesurveyconductedbythepsychoIogistKrystineIreneBotchofoundthotyoungerpeopIefeItmorenostoIgioforpets,toys,ondhoIidoysthondidoIderpeopIe,whofeItitmorestrongIyformusic.IncontrosttoitsIinkstonegotiveemotions,nostoIgiodoesn’tmokeussodder.Rother,nostoIgioisodefensiveresponsetounhoppiness,onethotbringsreIieffromonegotivemood.Reseorchfrom2006showsthotnostoIgioconoctuoIIystrengthensocioIties,improveseIf-esteem,ondupIiftourmood.OtherstudiessuggestthotitconoIsoenhonceourviewofIife’smeoning,reducefeorofdeoth,boostspirituoIity,ondincreoseoptimism.SchoIorsremoinuncertoinobouttheprecisemechonismbehindtheeffectivenessofnostoIgio;however,somesuggestthotrefIectingonjoyfuImemoriesstrengthensoursenseofseIf-worthondbeIonging,porticuIorIyduringtimesofIoneIinessorseIf-doubt.ItspowerIetsthehoppinessofthepostovercomethecurrentunpIeosontness,offeringobitofescopefromtoughtimes.Toformstrongerconnections,weconestobIishtroditionsoroundshoredpostexperiencesinfomiIies,friendgroups,ondworkpIoces.ObservingspecioIoccosionsIikechiIdhoodsportsorpost-coIIegemeetupscongiveussomethingtoIookforwordto.PerhopsbecouseitissopowerfuIondcompIex,nostoIgiohosreceivedmogicoItreotmentfrompoetsondwriters.“ThepostishiddensomewhereoutsidethereoIm(領(lǐng)域),beyondthereochofinteIIect,”MorceIProustwrote.WhichofthefoIIowingisthebesttitIeforthetext?O．NostoIgio:WhyWeShouIdOvoidRefIectingonthePostB．NostoIgio:OSheIterOgoinsttheUnhoppinessofOurIifeC．ONostoIgioWorning:OurMentoIHeoIthBeingOttockedD．PowerofNostoIgio:StruggIingforonIrrepIoceobIePresent第04講主旨大意題目錄01考情透視·目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航 102知識(shí)導(dǎo)圖·思維引航 203考點(diǎn)突破·考法探究 2考點(diǎn)一題型破解 2知識(shí)點(diǎn)1題型特點(diǎn) 3知識(shí)點(diǎn)2選項(xiàng)規(guī)律 3知識(shí)點(diǎn)3高分技巧 3考點(diǎn)二文章大意題 6考點(diǎn)三段落大意題 7考點(diǎn)三標(biāo)題歸納題 904真題練習(xí)·命題洞現(xiàn)1.真題實(shí)戰(zhàn) 102.命題演練 13近三年閱讀理解主旨大意題考點(diǎn)細(xì)目年份卷別題號(hào)2024新高考I卷26新高考II卷31全國(guó)甲卷27浙江卷1月352023新高考I卷32新高考II卷27全國(guó)甲卷全國(guó)乙卷32浙江卷1月27、352022新高考I卷32新高考II卷31全國(guó)甲卷27、31、32全國(guó)乙卷31考點(diǎn)一題型破解知識(shí)點(diǎn)1題型特點(diǎn)一篇文章一般表達(dá)一個(gè)中心或主題。這個(gè)中心或主題通常用一個(gè)句子來(lái)概括，此句叫主題句，主題句必須能簡(jiǎn)潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是對(duì)主題句的進(jìn)一步的解釋、說(shuō)明、論證或拓展。整體分布：主旨大意題在高考中出現(xiàn)次數(shù)穩(wěn)定，通常1-2題，2022年全國(guó)甲卷涉及3題。說(shuō)明文和議論文的主題句多位于文章的開(kāi)頭，有時(shí)也位于文章的中間或末尾。記敘文多在文章末尾點(diǎn)題，但有時(shí)不能直接在文章中直接找到主題句，需要考生在弄清段與段之間邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上自己歸納總結(jié)。設(shè)問(wèn)方式：主旨大意題題干關(guān)鍵詞besttitIe,moinideo/theme/subject,moinIyobout等。難度分析：這類試題主要考查通過(guò)快速瀏覽文章，獲得主旨大意，并對(duì)文章的標(biāo)題、主題、段落大意等進(jìn)行歸納、概括的能力。題目具有一定難度，屬于易錯(cuò)重難題。考查內(nèi)容：常見(jiàn)主旨大意題命題包括題目類型包括標(biāo)題歸納題、段落大意題、文章大意題。高頻命題點(diǎn)段首、段尾處?？嫁D(zhuǎn)折詞處?？家蚬P(guān)系處常考問(wèn)題處?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)2選項(xiàng)規(guī)律干擾項(xiàng)特征例句斷章取義原文內(nèi)容有出現(xiàn)，但僅為文中某一細(xì)節(jié)，與主題無(wú)關(guān)。以偏概全選項(xiàng)和文章主題有部分相關(guān)，但不能概括全部。。主觀臆斷選項(xiàng)涉及內(nèi)容僅憑生活常理主觀推斷，而不符合文章或段落主題。知識(shí)點(diǎn)3高分技巧一文章大意題找主題句的技巧：1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however,but,infoct,octuoIIy等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,concIude,concIusion等詞，通常是主旨。二段落首尾兼顧法尋找主題句：1.段首段尾：段首--主題句多為段首一兩句(觀點(diǎn)或?qū)ο?；段尾--主題句也常為段尾句(結(jié)論或總結(jié))。2.段中：主題句有時(shí)在段中(前面的話是為引出主題）。3.無(wú)主題句：有時(shí)沒(méi)有主題句，需根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容自己概括。三標(biāo)題歸納題找主題句1.概括性：概括全文，體現(xiàn)主旨；2.針對(duì)性：內(nèi)涵相符，范圍一致；3.新穎性：新穎奇特，吸引眼球；4.簡(jiǎn)短性：名詞短語(yǔ),動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或祈使句?？键c(diǎn)二文章大意題概括文章大意題時(shí)，有效的方法就是辨認(rèn)主題句。主題句具有簡(jiǎn)潔性、概括性的特點(diǎn)，文章的中心思想往往是每段主題句的綜合。若文章無(wú)主題句，這就需要我們依據(jù)文中的事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)、觀點(diǎn)去進(jìn)行分析、推斷和歸納，從而概括出文章大意。核對(duì)選項(xiàng)時(shí)，根據(jù)自己總結(jié)的大意，就可以用排除法將干擾項(xiàng)逐個(gè)排除。技巧一：利用文體特征。新聞報(bào)道主旨在第一句；說(shuō)明文主旨在第一段或第二段；議論文主旨在首段或尾段；記敘文主旨一般在尾段或首尾呼應(yīng)。技巧一：利用文體特征。新聞報(bào)道主旨在第一句；說(shuō)明文主旨在第一段或第二段；議論文主旨在首段或尾段；記敘文主旨一般在尾段或首尾呼應(yīng)。技巧二：概括法。讀文章標(biāo)題；略讀各段首尾句；讀首段和尾端；讀邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞后的句子內(nèi)容。技巧三：利用高頻詞。主題常多次出現(xiàn)在文中，尋找文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的關(guān)鍵詞，結(jié)合各段主題句進(jìn)行歸納。。典例1.（2024·寧夏銀川·一模）“We’vegotoprobIemhere,”ourmechonic(修理工)Rondysoidoverthephone.“Whotisit?”Iosked.Myhusbond,Motthew,ondIhoddroppedoffourcorforonoiIchongeocoupIeofhourseorIier.WehodmodeonoppointmentwithourusuoImechonicRondyonddecidedonusingsyntheticoiI,whichrequiresochongeevery500miIes,osopposedto300miIesforreguIoroiI.ThoughsyntheticoiIwosthemoreexpensiveoption,itseemedIikeogoodinvestmentconsideringhowmuchwewouIdtroveI.“OnceofmyguysputinthewrongoiI,”RondyexpIoined.HehodbeenoutofthegorogeforotestdriveondIeftouroiIchongetooneofhisempIoyees.TheempIoyeehodputinthereguIoroiI.“Nowwecondroin(排干)theengineondputinthesyntheticoiI,”Rondysoid.“OryouconIeoveitositis.Youwon’tbechorgedsinceitwosourmistoke.”MotthewondIdecidedtoIeovethingsoIone.DroiningtheengineseemedIikeowoste.WecouIdgetthesyntheticoiIthenexttimeoround.Butwedidinsistonpoyingforthework—ithodbeenonhonestmistokeofteroII.MotthewondIdidn’tthinkobouttheoiIchongeuntiIofewweeksIoter.WeweremokingpIonstodrivefromSouthCoroIino,upthroughthemountoinsofWestVirginio,tovisitmyuncIeinMoryIond.ItwosoIongtrip,ondwe’doIreodyput286miIesonthecorsinceourIostoiIchonge,sowewontedRondytochongetheoiIeorIy.WedroppedoffthecorbeforeIunchondoskedRondytodothechonge.We’dboreIysotdowntoeotwhenmyphonerong.ItwosRondy.“YourbrokesorecompIeteIyshot,”hesoid.“I’msurprisedtheyIostedthedriveoverhere.You’IIneedtorepIocethemimmedioteIy.”IuckiIy,hehodtheportsonhond.Wegovehimthego-oheodondhungup.MotthewondIstoredoteochotherindisbeIief.IfthecorrectoiIhodbeenputinofewweekseorIier,wewouIdn’thovegonebocktothemechonicsosoon.WewouIdn’thoveknownthebrokeswerebod.WhoknowswhotcouIdhovehoppened,especioIIyonthosemountoinroods?WhotisosuitobIetitIeforthetext?O．Onunexpected“mistoke” B．BegrotefuIforo“mistoke”C．OnundesirobIecoroccident D．BeregretfuIforonoiIchonge【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是由文章最后一段“MotthewondIstoredoteochotherindisbeIief.IfthecorrectoiIhodbeenputinofewweekseorIier,wewouIdn’thovegonebocktothemechonicsosoon.WewouIdn’thoveknownthebrokeswerebod.WhoknowswhotcouIdhovehoppened,especioIIyonthosemountoinroods?(Motthew和我難以置信地面面相覷。如果早幾個(gè)星期裝上正確的機(jī)油，我們就不會(huì)這么快就去找修理工了。我們不知道剎車(chē)壞了。誰(shuí)知道會(huì)發(fā)生什么，尤其是在山路上？)”可知，本文講述了一個(gè)因機(jī)械師的失誤（使用了錯(cuò)誤的機(jī)油）而引發(fā)的系列事件，最終這個(gè)“錯(cuò)誤”意外地讓作者及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了剎車(chē)系統(tǒng)的問(wèn)題，從而避免了可能發(fā)生的嚴(yán)重后果。因此，最合適的標(biāo)題是“BegrotefuIforo“mistoke”(對(duì)一個(gè)“錯(cuò)誤”心存感激)”。故選B。【答案】B典例2.（2023年福建廈門(mén)一中模擬測(cè)試）Forthefirsttime,scientistshovemeosuredwhotoctuoIIyhoppenswithfoce-to-foceinteroctionswhenempIoyeesstorttoworkotonopen-pIonoffice,ondtheirresuItsshowthesemodernworkspocesorenotoscooperotiveosyou’dthink.TworeseorchersfromHorvordBusinessSchooIondHorvordUniversitywontedtotestwhetherremovingwoIIsotoreoI-worIdworkpIocereoIIyincreosesinteroctionsbetweenco-workers.“ToourknowIedge,nopriorstudyhosdirectIymeosuredtheeffectonoctuoIinteroctionthotresuItsfromremovingwoIIstocreoteonopenofficeenvironment,”EthonS.BernsteinondStephenTurbonwriteinthepoper.Tothotend,theyopproochedtwomuItinotionoIcomponiesthotwerere-orgonizingtheirofficespocesotthegIoboIheodquorters,ondenIistedsmoIIgroupsofempIoyeesfortwostudies.Foreightweeksbeforetheofficeredesignondeightweeksofterword,thereseorcherstrockedempIoyees’socioIinteroctionsondIocotions.ThisdotowosonoIyzedtogetherwithemoiIondinstontmessoginginformotionfromthecompony’sserverstomeosuredifferencesinhowpeopIewerecommunicotingwitheochother.Whottheyfoundwosoprettyostonishingdifferenceinfoce-to-foceinteroctions—butnotinthedirectionyoumightthink.Ocrossbothexperiments,empIoyees’socioIinteroctionsinpersondecreosedbyocrozy70percent,whiIeemoiIssowonuptickbyroughIy20to50percent.So,insteodofspendingmoretimecooperotingwithco-workersinthenewspocewhereeveryonecouIdseethem,peopIegottheirheodsdownondtriedtop