21世紀(jì)寫好英文合同50招

來源：考試大2010/10/19【考試大：中國教育考試第一門戶】考新世紀(jì)的到來，要求我們在法律實(shí)踐中應(yīng)該多用電腦和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，熟慮。年前，也是在這樣一個會議上，我提出了合同起草的50招。本文在本,但愿它們能幫助你起草無可挑剔的合同，讓你的客戶免受訴訟的困擾。這些招數(shù)適用于各種合同，比如，辦公租賃合同、不動產(chǎn)合同、--這將有助于你理解這些招數(shù)。1.要求你的客戶列出合同交易的要點(diǎn)，也可以考慮到的問題。去的交易記錄或者是類似合同?？迹篽ttp://www.flcourts.o/library.h/~wyman/flo.hhttp://www.westgroup.例書中都可能找到：比如,西方法律文書（全國版）佛羅里達(dá)州文書合同范本都有電子文本儲存在磁盤或光盤中。在合同未準(zhǔn)備好之前，客戶為了表示誠意，往往急于簽署某些東西，當(dāng)然，在這種情況下，如果客戶急于簽署的是有特別申明的意向書，固的根基。不引起重視的問題。如果是個人，要寫清姓和名,中間有大寫字母和其他身份信息的，也要注明，例如：jr.,M.D,等等；如果是公司，為避免弄錯，寫名稱時可以到公司注冊地的相應(yīng)機(jī)構(gòu)去核對一下。第一段為雙方弄一個別稱，如：將詹姆士.馬丁簡寫為"馬丁"。10.使用法定術(shù)語作為雙方當(dāng)事人的別稱時，要小心。除非一方除非你想讓一方當(dāng)事人成為法定上的代理人，否則不要稱其為"代理人"，如果堅持要用，最好明確一下代理范圍并找到其他可來爭執(zhí)的方案。11.在合同的第一段要為書寫簽約時間留下空格。把簽約時間放13.按邏輯順序列出合同段落的標(biāo)題詞.合同的段落是按一定的邏輯順落的內(nèi)容。比如：撰寫勞動合同時列出的標(biāo)題詞就像下面這些：14.在撰寫每一段時要注意內(nèi)容集中，不要東拉西扯，是的，這很簡單，你可能上小學(xué)時就學(xué)過，但我還是要提醒你，要集中火力，一段一段地分別說明合同雙方同意做什么，不同意做什么。16.除非是為了更清晰地說明問題，否則不要在合同中重復(fù)陳述義、這個例子的準(zhǔn)確性以及它和概念的相符性。有法律效力的合同，就要在標(biāo)題中注明"合同"字樣。18.寫短句子，因為短句子比長句子讓人更容19.用主動語態(tài)而不用被動語態(tài)。相對而言，主動語態(tài)的句子更動語態(tài)的句子：賣方將把此物賣給買方;被動語態(tài)的句子：此物將被賣方賣給買方。20.不要用“雙周”之類的詞，因為這有可能產(chǎn)生歧義是兩周還是每隔一周？類似的詞還有"雙月",所以最好這樣寫:"兩周"或"每隔一最好這樣寫：“活動著的白蟻和活動著的有機(jī)體”或是“白蟻和活動著活動著的"）時，你一定要弄清楚這個修飾語是修飾兩個名詞還是僅這個詞放在這組詞的最后，然后在它的前面加上修飾語?？汀眮泶嫠麄?。同樣，在合同中也不要說留置權(quán)人和留置人，抵押權(quán)人和抵押人，保證人和被保證人，許可人和被許可人，當(dāng)事人A和當(dāng)事人B到底怎么說，這就要看你駕馭語言的能力了，不過，要把握的一條原則，即在整個合同中，對合同一方只能用一個別稱。同，還是指其所在的某一段落。24.寫數(shù)目時要文字和阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字并用，如：拾（10）。這將減少一些不經(jīng)意的錯誤。25.如果你想用"包括"這個詞，就要考慮在其后加上"但不限的分句，來說明你只是想舉個例子。26.不要依賴于語法規(guī)則。那些你在學(xué)校里得到的語法規(guī)則并不使你寫出來的東西更簡明，更流暢。27.不要創(chuàng)造詞語。合同文書不是創(chuàng)造性的作品，也就不能因為確的。因此，要使用普通的詞語,表達(dá)普通的意思，為普通人撰寫合同。同的標(biāo)的物，就不要時而稱它們?yōu)椤柏浳铩保瑫r而又改稱它們?yōu)椤爱a(chǎn)品”。保持用詞一致性比避免重復(fù)更加重要。不要擔(dān)心這會讓讀者打瞌睡；你應(yīng)該提防的是對方律師會因為含糊不清的合同而將庭。29.在文法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號上保持一致。你可能學(xué)過許多不同類的文的引號、時間和地點(diǎn)之后的逗號以及文風(fēng)的相似性。30.可以在合同中加入準(zhǔn)據(jù)法、審判地、律師費(fèi)等條款。有了這31.要假設(shè)合同的讀者是一個受過教育的外行,如果你書寫的合32.強(qiáng)調(diào)一個合同術(shù)語可以這樣做：加上雙引號并將其開頭的字下面有兩個定義術(shù)語的例子：一.本合同中使用的“貨物”("Goods")是指33.第一次使用某個術(shù)語時就要下定義。定義合同術(shù)語不是在合同的樣做，有利于讀者更好地理解合同。34.勤于解釋合同中的術(shù)語和概念。要記住合同雙方的當(dāng)事人可以撰寫合同時要讓合同自己為自己釋義。35.所有的合同都應(yīng)該有一封說明書用來告訴你的客戶如何使用和簽署合同。36.告訴客戶你在撰寫過程中的一些想法。比如：哪些事情可能了，哪些可以讓事情朝好的方向發(fā)展的方法你最好在給客戶的說明書中都將這些都寫上。37.告訴客戶合同的風(fēng)險所在。在撰寫合同時，你最好向客戶說時間來起草合同，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)真正的風(fēng)險在哪里。38.核實(shí)合同的拼寫情況、段落序號以及上下文的注解，你可以成，特別是自從有了微軟的word軟件后，做這樣的工作你似乎不要檢測到合同中沒有釋義的術(shù)語，如：Corel公司專門為法律辦公開發(fā)0下載安裝的DocProofReader軟件。39.讓你的秘書或者助手閱讀你草擬的合同。你的同事不僅能通們還能發(fā)現(xiàn)你起草時沒有察覺到的矛盾和混淆之處。“草稿”字樣，也能夠避免你那急躁的客戶不于簽字。41.讓你的客戶讀你草擬的合同。你的客戶讀第一稿，可以確保你的起草的東西和客戶的愿望相符。42.在電腦中將草擬的合同多保存幾個復(fù)件。如果你將第一稿合43.將當(dāng)前的草擬版本和以前的版本進(jìn)行比較。如果你存了很多合同的草擬版本，那么你就可以很容易地用文字處理軟件或者是Co"和"合同.草2"兩個版本時，最好將軟件的分析結(jié)果打印出來送給客戶看，讓他知道變化在哪里。第七部分：怎樣打印和簽署最后的定稿合同。44.用24磅的銅板紙而不是用20磅的復(fù)印紙來打印合同。用厚一點(diǎn)的紙不僅復(fù)印副本很容易，而且，它被保存的時間也要長一些。45.打印整個合同要用同樣的紙，如果打印過程被偷換了。46.最好用藍(lán)墨水而不是用黑墨水來簽署合同，因很容易地讓人區(qū)別出哪個是合同正本，哪個是影印副本。47.讓雙方在每頁合同上簽字，這樣做可以避免有人懷疑合同簽署后被更改過。48.在合同簽名欄的下方留下一些空白行，以便合同雙方和見證找到證人。要記住，一般的商業(yè)租賃需要兩個見證人。49.簽名者如果是公司官員，一定要寫上他們的職務(wù)和其所在公名的正確方法如下：公司總裁：史密斯.瓊斯如果這50招都不能讓你起草的合同免于訴訟，那你就去掌握斯創(chuàng)得.懷特先生的《設(shè)計原理》吧，我聽說它對應(yīng)付上訴非常FIFTYTIPSFORWRITINGTHE21STCENTURYCONTRAPublishedinTheFloridaBarJournal,Nov.Note:ThisarticleisforbackgroundpurposesonlyandWelcometothe21stCentury.WherepracticinglawrequiresustodonthegarbofcomputersandtheInternet.Andwherelitigationisascostlyasevnotunusualinahotlycontestedbreachofcontractlawsuit.Witheveryword,phraseandsentencecarryingthepotentialforwinninrlosing,thestakesarehigh.SiautiousandthoughtfuldraftinDraftingcontractsisactuallyoneofthesimplepleasuresofpracticinglaw.Just3yearsagoatthpsforcontractwriting.Thisarticleupdatesthosetiptofournewtoolsandabilities.Followingthesetipscouldresultinyourwritingaavingyourclientfromthetrialsandtribulationsoflitigation,trulyagoodreasontowritethecontractthatstaysoutThesetipsapplytowritingallkindsofagreements:officeleases,realestatecontracts,salesagreements,emuipmentleases,prenuptialagreements.Theyevenapplytostinsandsettlementsinlitigatioearthatitavoidsfuturelitigation.Whreimportant,thesetipswillguideyouthere.TheAppendixprovideBeforeYouWritetheFirstformofalist,outlineornarration.Doingthiswillhelptheclientfocusonthetermsoftheagreement.2.Engageyourcliewillanticipatemanypossiblefactualsituationsandexpresstheparties‘‘understandingincasethosefactsarise.Talkingaboutthiswillgeneratemanyissuesyoumaynototherwiseconsi3.Askyourclientforasimilaavehadsimilartransactionsinthepastortheyhaveacceractsforsimilartransactioterortform.Manytimesyoucanmaybeoneyoupreparedforanotherclientoroneyounegotiatwithanotherlawyer.Justremembertofindandreplant‘‘sname.Startingeerrorsoftyping.HerearesomeWebsiteswhehttp://www.flcourts.o/library.h/~wyman/flo.hhttp://www.westgroup.ractscanbefoundinfnationwideset)andFloridFloridaBarCLEpublications.Thesecanbeusedasthestartingpointfordraftingthecontractoraschecklistsoftypicalprovisionsandwordingtoincludeinthecontract.Manytreatisesandform6.Don‘‘tletyourclientsignaletterofintentwithouoodfaithbeforethecontractisprepared.Aproperlywordedletterofintentisusefulatsuchtimes.Justbesurethattheletterofinteutlineofpossibletermsfordiscussionpurposes.SeeAppendixC.WritingthatFirststructureofthecontract.Likeahouse,acontractmusthaveagoo8.Statethecorrectlegalnamesofthepartiesagraph.Asobviousasthisis,itisoneofthemostcommonproblemsincontracts.Forindividualdmiddleinitialsifavailable,andotheridentifyinginformation,ifappropriate,suchasJr.,M.D.,etc.Forcorporations,chSecretaryofStatewhereincorporated.9.Identifythepartiesbynicknames.Givingeachpartnameinthefirstparagraphwillmakethecontracteasiertoread.Forexample,JamesW.Martinwouldbenicknamed"Martin."10.Becarefulwhenusinglegause"Contractor"asanicknameunlessthactor.Donotuse"Agent"unlessyouintendforthatparagent,andifyoudo,thenyoubetterspecifythescopeofauthorityandotheragencyissuestoavoidfuturedisgthedateinthefirsherdocumentsinaprecContractforSaleofRealEstate."12.Includetoprovidebackgrouclausesthatprecedethebodyofacontract.Theyprovideasimwaytobringthecontract‘‘sreader(party,judgeorjury)uptospeedonwhatthecontractisabout,whothepartiesigningacontract,etc.Thefirstparagrapntractcanincorporatetherecitalsbyreferenceandstatethretrueandcorrect.Thiswillavoornottherecitalsarealegallybindingpartofthecontract.employmentcontract‘‘sinitialparagraphheadings14.Completeeachparagraphbywritinatapplytothatparagraph.Thisissientaryschool.Justexplaininwornotdoparagraphbyparagrarmaltothinkofadditionalclauses,wordingandissueswhilewritinyforgotten.Alsokeepyontofyouasyouwrite,andcheckoffitemsasyouwritethem.16.Repeatyourselfonlywhenrepetitionisnecessarytoimproveclarity.Ambiguityiscreatedbysaanonce;itisabiguity.Onlyiftheconceptisadifficultonmorethanoneway.Inaddition,ifyouuseanexampletoclarifyadifficultconceptorformula,besurethatallpoeconsideredandthattheexampleisaccurateheconceptaswordeWhattoWatchOutforWhenWrourclientwantsacontract,callitacontract.Ajonthefederalbenchonceruledthatwasnotacontracteventhoughsignedbybothparties.Tlearnedis,"Saywhatyoumean."Ifyouintendthedocumenttobealegallybindingcontract,usetheword"Contract"inthetit19.Writeinactivetense,ratherntencesareshorterandusewordsmoreefficiently,andtheirmngismoreapparent.Exampleofactive:"SellertytoBuyer."Exampleofpassive:"ThePropertyshallbesoldtoBuyerbySeller."20.Don‘‘tusetheword"biweekly."Ithastwomeanings:twiceaweekandeInstead,write"everyotherweek"21.Don‘‘tsaythingslike"activeoidambiguitybywritingeither"activetermitesandacs"or"organismsandactivetermites."active"beforeacompoundofnounslike"termitesandorganisms",besuretoclarifywhetheryouintendthemodifiertoapplytobothnounsorjustthefirstone.Ifyouintendittoapplytoboth,useparallelconstructionandwritethemodifierinfrontofeachnoun.Ifyouintendittoapplytojustonenoun,placethatonenounattheendofthelistandthemodifierdirectlyinfrontofit.esforaleasebecausetheyareeasandlord"and"Tenant"e,mortgagorandmortgagee,grantorandgrantee,licensorandlisee,partyAandpartyB.Thisiswhereyoucanuseyourcreativitytocomeupwithadiffereuuseitconsistentlythroughoutthecontract.23.Watchoutwhenusing"herein."Does"whereverein"meananywhereinthecontractoranywhereinClarifythisambiguityif24.Writenumbersasbothwordsandnumerals:ten(10).25.Whenyouwrite"includintedto."Unlessyouintendthelisttobeall-inclusive,youhadbetterclarifyyourintentthat26.Don‘‘trelyontherulesofgrammar.Therulesofgrammarthatyoulearnedinschoolarenotuniversal.Thejudgeorjuryinterpretingthemeaningofyourcontractmayhavelearneddifferentrules.Writethecontractsothatnomatterwhatrulestheylearned,thecontractisclearandunambiguous.Followthistestiting:Removeallperiodsandcommas,thenreadit.Choosingtightwordsandplacingthemintherightplacemakesthewritingclearwithoutpunctuatio27.Don‘‘tbecreativewithwords.Contractwritingisnotcreativewritingandisnotmeanttoprovokereflectivethoughtsorcontroversiesaboutnuancesofmeaning.Contractwritingisclear,directandprecise.Therefore,usecommonwordsandcommonmes.Writeforthecommonma28.Beconsistentinusingwords.Ifyourefertothesubjectmatterofasalescontractas"goods"usethattermthroughoutthecontract;donotalternatelycallthingconsistencyismoreimportantthanavoidingrepetition.Don‘‘tworryaboutputtingthereadertosleep;worryabouttheoawyerayearfromnowhuntingforambiguitiestogetyourc29.Beconsistentingrammarandpunctuation.Therurammarandpunctuationyoulearnedmaydifferfromothers,butyouhadbetterbeconsistentinyouruseofthem.Beawareofsuchthingsaswhereyouputendingquotemarks,whetheryouplacecommasafteryearsandst30.Considerincludingchoiceoflaw,venueselection,andattorfeeclauses.Ifyourcontraclientsome"ammunition"forthefig31.Assumethereaderisaknowledgeablelayman.Ifyourwr32.DefineawordbycapCapitalizingawordindicatesthatyoeaning.ThefollowingaretwoWhereverusedinthiscontract,theword"thegoodsthatBuyerhasagreedtopurchasefromSellerunderthiscontract.BuyerherebyagreestopurchasefromSellertenpans,hereinaftercalledthe"Goods."33.Definewordswhenfirstused.Insteadofwritingasectionofdefinitionsatthebeginningorendofacontract,considerdefiermsandconcepts34.Explaintechnicaltermsandconcepts.Rememberthatthepartiesmightunderstandtechnicaljargon,butthejudgeandjurywhointerpretandapplythecontraontract‘‘stermsandconceptswithinthecontractitself.Letthecoractspeakforitselffromwithinitsfourcorners.KeepYourClientInformedWhileYouyouaplacetoinstructyou36.Tellyourclienttheideaswilloccurtoyouasyouwrite:thingsthatcouldgowrongwiththedeal,thingsthatmighthappeninthefuture,thingsthathappenedinthepast,waystostructurethingsbetter.Writetheseinyo37.Informyourclientoftherisks.Writingalettertotheclientasyouwritethecontractistheperfectwaytoinforoftherisksandrewardsofenteringintothecontract.Frequently,problemsdonotbecomeapparentuntiltimeisspenttryingtowoWhatToDoAftertheFirstDraftIsWr38.Checkspelling,paragraphnumbering,andcrossreferencbothmanuallyandwithyourwordprocessor‘‘sspellingandgrammarchecker.ThisalmostgoeswithoutsaMicrosoftWordnowchecksyourspellingandgrammarase.(Unfortunatelyitalsochanges"pfailtowatchitclosely.)Andnowthereareevencmsthatcheckcontractdocumentsforundefinedterms.DealProofpackagedwithCorelWordPerfectforlawoffices,andDocProofReaderisavailablef39.Letyoursecretaryorparalegalreadit.Notonlystafffrequentlyfindspellingandgrammarerrorsmissedbyyourwordprocessor‘‘sspellchecker,buttheywillfindinconsistconfusingareasthatyoumissedwhenfmanydrafts,soavoidconfusionearlybynumberinganddldraftsatthetopofthef"DRAFT"acrossthefaceofeachpagetoprecludethepossibilitfanimpatientclientsigningadraftratherthanwait41.Letyourclientreadit.Lettingtheclientfirstdraftassuresthatyourdraftingwillsta42.Savethedraftsasmultiplefilesonyourcomputesavethefirstdraftonyourcourrentversion.Thiscanbedonebynamingthecurrentventract"andthefirstdraftas"contrascanbenamed"contract.dheextensionindicatesdraft.(Ofcourse,ifyou‘‘renotusingWordP43.Comparethecurrentversiontopriorversions.Ifyousa