《微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)（雙語）》課程教學(xué)大綱

《微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)》（雙語）課程教學(xué)大綱

一、課程基本信息

課程代碼:18060013

課程名稱：《微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)》（雙語）

英文名稱：Microeconomics

課程類別：學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)課

學(xué)時：48

學(xué)分：3

適用對象：經(jīng)濟管理類

考核方式：考試

先修課程：高中數(shù)學(xué)

二、課程簡介

中文簡介

作為微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)的第一門課，本課程將向?qū)W生遑供這一領(lǐng)域的基本觀點、基本概

念和分析工具。學(xué)生將學(xué)習(xí)市場如何運做，各個經(jīng)濟主體如何做出決策，以及他們對

資源配置的含義。本課程將包括：對一些基本經(jīng)濟原理的介紹，供給和需求，市場與

福利，公共部門經(jīng)濟學(xué)，企業(yè)行為與產(chǎn)業(yè)組織等。本課程將更多地側(cè)重應(yīng)用與政策。

英文簡介

Asthefirstcourseofmicroeconomics,thiscoursewillprovidestudentswiththe

fundamentalideas,basicconceptsandtechniquesinthisfield.Studentswillstudyhowthe

marketswork,howtheeconomicagentsmakedecisions,andtheirimplicationsforthe

allocationofresources.Thiscoursewillincludes:IntroductiontoSomePrinciplesof

Economics,DemandandSupply,MarketsandWelfare.theEconomicsofthePublicSector,

FirmBehaviorandtheOrganizationofIndustry,etc.Moreofthiscourseisdevotedto

applicationandpolicy.

三、課程性質(zhì)與教學(xué)目的

微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)是經(jīng)濟管理類專業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)課，揭示了關(guān)于現(xiàn)代化大生產(chǎn)、市場經(jīng)濟運

行和資源配置機制、政府宏觀調(diào)控和企業(yè)管理的基本規(guī)律，也反映了發(fā)達資本主義國

家特殊的階級利益、制度屬性和意識形態(tài)。學(xué)習(xí)該課程，需要以馬克思主義理論為指

導(dǎo)并從中國實際出發(fā)，遵循理論移植規(guī)律，緊密聯(lián)系當(dāng)代中國特色社會主義豐富實踐，

客觀認識西方經(jīng)濟學(xué)，取其之精華、去之糟粕。

四、教學(xué)內(nèi)容及要求

第一章TenPrinciplesofEconomics

（一）目的與要求

Bytheendofthischapter,studentsshouldunderstand:

I.thateconomicsisabouttheallocationofscarceresources

2.someofthetradeoffthatpeopleface

3.themeaningofopportunitycost

4.howtousemarginalreasoningwhenmakingdecisions

5.howincentiveaffectpeople'sbehavior

6.whytradeamongpeopleornationscanbegoodfoeeveryone

7.whymarketsareagood,butnotperfect,waytoallocateresources

8.whatdeterminessometrendsintheoveralleconomy

9.HowtostudyandtreatmicroeconomicsfromthestandpointofMarxism?

（二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容

I.Introduction

A.ThewordAeconomy@comesfromtheGreekwordmeaningAonewho

managesahousehold.

B.Fundamentaleconomicproblem:resourcesarescarce.

C.DefinitionofScarcity:thelimitednatureofsociety'sresources.

D.DefinitionofEconomics:thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarce

resources.

II.HowPeopleMakeDecisions

A.Principle#1;PeopleFaceTradeoffs

1.Makingdecisionsrequirestradingoffonegoalforanother.

2.Aspecialexampleofatradeoffisthetradeoffbetweenefficiencyand

equity.

a.DefinitionofEfficiency:thepropertyofsocietygettingthe

mostitcanfromitsscarceresources.

b.DefinitionofEquity:thepropertyofdistributingeconomic

prosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.

B.Principle#2:TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt

1.Makingdecisionsrequiresindividualstoconsiderthebenefitsand

costsofsomeaction.

2.DefinitionofOpportunityCost:whatevermustbegivenuptoobtain

someitem.

C.Principle#3:RationalPeopleThinkattheMargin

1.Manydecisionsinlifeinvolveincrementaldecisions.

2.DefinitionofMarginalChanges:smallincrementaladjustmentstoa

planofaction.

D.Principle#4:PeopleRespondtoIncentives

Becausepeoplemakedecisionsbyweighingcostsandbenefits,their

decisionsmaychangeinresponsetochangesincostsandbenefits.

III.HowPeopleInteract

A.Principle#5:TradeCanMakeEveryoneBetterOff

B.Principle#6:MarketsArcUsuallyaGoodWaytoOrganizeEconomic

Activity

1.DefinitionofMarketEconomy:aneconomythatallocatesresources

throughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsas

theyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices.

C.Principle#7:GovernmentsCanSometimesImproveMarketOutcomes

1.Goalsofmostgovernmentpolicies:promotionofefficiencyand

equity.

2.Governmentpolicycanbemostusefulwhenthereismarketfailure.

DefinitionofMarketFailure:asituationinwhichamarket

leftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.

3.ExamplesofMarkelFailure

a.DefinitionofExternality:theimpactofoneperson'sactions

onthewell-beingofabystander.

b.DefinitionofMarketPower:theabilityofasingleeconomic

actor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluence

onmarketprices.

4.Notethattheprinciplestatesthatthegovernmentcanimprove

marketoutcomes.Thisisnotsayingthatthegovernmentalways

doesimprovemarketoutcomes.

IV.HowtheEconomyasaWholeWorks

A.Principle#8:ACountry'sStandardofLivingDependsonItsAbilityto

ProduceGoodsandServices

1.DefinitionofProductivity:thequantityofgoodsandservices

producedfromeachhourofaworker'stime.

2.Highproductivityimpliesahighstandardofliving.

B.Principle#9:PricesRiseWhentheGovernmentPrintsTooMuchMoney

1.DefinitionofInflation:anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesinthe

economy.

2.Whenthegovernmentcreatesalargeamountofmoney,thevalueof

moneyfalls.

C.Principle#10:SocietyFacesaShort-RunTradeoffbetweenInflationand

Unemployment

DefinitionofPhillipsCurve:theshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflation

andunemployment.

VI.HowtolearnMicroeconomics

1.InsistonanalyzingwithMarxiststandpoint,viewpointandmethod

2.Deeplyunderstandthehistoryofcapitalistdevelopment

3.CloselylinkedwiththepracticeofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics

4.TreatcorrectlyonthemethodologyofWesternEconomics

（三）課后練習(xí)

1.YouwereplanningtospendSaturdayworkingatyourpart-timejob,butafriend

asksyoutogoskiing.Whatisthetruecostofgoingskiing?Nowsupposethatyouhad

beenplanningtospendthedaystudyingatthelibrary.Whatisthecostofgoingskiingin

thiscase?Explain.

2.Yourroommateisabettercookthanyouare,butyoucancleanmorequickly

thanyourroommatecan.Ifyourroommatedidallofthecookingandyoudidallofthe

cleaning,wouldyourchorestakeyoumoreorlesstimethanifyoudividedeachtask

evenly?Giveasimilarexampleofhowspecializationandtradecanmaketwocountries

bothbetteroff.

（四）教學(xué)方法與手段

課堂講授。

第二章ThinkingLikeAnEconomist

（一）目的與要求

Bytheendofthischapter,studentsshouldunderstand:

1.howeconomicsapplythemethodsofscience

2.howassumptionsandmodelscanshedlightontheworld

3.twosimplemodels-thecircularflowandtheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier

4.thedistinguishbetweenmicroeconomicsandmacroeconomics

5.thedifferencebetweenpositiveandnormativestatement

6.theroleofeconomicsinmakingpolicy

7.whyeconomistssometimesdisagreewithoneanother

（二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容

I.TheEconomistasScientist

A.Economistsfollowthescientificmethod.

1.Observationshelpustodeveloptheory.

2.Datacanbecollectedandanalyzedtoevaluatetheories.

3.Experimentsaremoredifficultineconomicsthaninphysicalscience

becausecontrolledexperimentscannotbeused.

B.Assumptionsmaketheworldeasiertounderstand.

Mostassumptionswillbesomewhatunrealisticbutwillhavesmall

effectsontheactualoutcomeof:heanswer.

C.Economistsuseeconomicmodelstoexplaintheworldaroundus.

1.Mosteconomicmodelsarecomposedofdiagramsandequations.

2.Thegoalofamodelistosimplifyrealityinordertoincreaseour

understanding.Thisiswheretheuseofassumptionsishelpful.

D.OurFirstModel:TheCircularFlowDiagram

DefinitionofCircular-FlowDiagram:avisualmodeloftheeconomy

thatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsand

firms.

E.OurSecondModel:TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier

DefinitionofProductionPossibilitiesFrontier:agraphthatshows

thecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproduce

giventheavailablefactorsofprcductionandtheavailableproduction

technology.

F.MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomics

1.DefinitionofMicroeconomics:thestudyofhowhouseholdsand

firmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets.

2.DefinitionofMacroeconomics:thestudyofeconomy-wide

phenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomic

growth.

ILTheEconomistasPolicyAdviser

A.PositiveVersusNormativeAnalysis

1.DefinitionofPositiveStatements:claimsthatattempttodescribethe

worldasitis.

2.DefinitionofNormativeStatements:claimsthatattempttoprescribe

howtheworldshouldbe.

3.Positivestatementscanbeevaluatedusingdata,whilenormative

statementsinvolvepersonalviewpoints.

B.EconomistsinWashington

III.WhyEconomistsDisagree

A.DifferencesinScientificJudgments

B.DifferencesinValues

C.PerceptionVersusReality

IV.Appendix一Graphing:ABriefReview

A.GraphsofaSingleVariable

B.GraphsofTwoVariables:TheCoordinateSystem

C.CurvesintheCoordinateSystem

D.SlopeandElasticity

E.CauseandEffect

F.OmittedVariables

G.ReverseCausality

（三）課后練習(xí)

1.ThefirstprincipleofeconomicsdiscussedinChapter1isthatpeopleface

tradeoffs.Useaproductionpossibilitiesfrontiertoillustratesociety^tradeoffbetweena

cleanenvironmentandhighincomes.Whatdoyousupposedeterminestheshapeand

positionofthefrontier?Showwhathappenstothefrontierifengineersdevelopan

automobileenginewithalmostnoemissions.

（四）教學(xué)方法與手段

課堂講授。

第三章InterdependenceandTheGainsfromTrade

（一）目的與要求

Bytheendofthischapter,studentsshouldunderstand:

1.howeveryonecanbenefitwhenpeopletradewithoneanother

2.themeaningofabsoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantage

3.howcomparativeadvantageexplainsthegainsfromtrade

4.howtoapplythetheoryofcomparativeadvantagetoeverylifeandnationpolicy.

（二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容

I.AParablefortheModernEconomy

A.Example:twogoods—meatandpotatoesandtwopeople—acattle

rancherandapotatofarmer（bothofwhomliketoconsumebothpotatoes

andmeat）.

B.ProductionPossibilities

C.SpecializationandTrade

II.ThePrincipleofComparativeAdvantage

A.AbsoluteAdvantage

DefinitionofAbsoluteAdvantage:thecomparisonamongproducers

ofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivity.

B.OpportunityCostandComparativeAdvantage

1.DefinitionofOpportunityCost:whatevermustbegivenuptoobtain

someitem.

2.DefinitionofComparativeAdvantage:thecomparisonamong

producersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost.

3.Becausetheopportunitycostofproducingonegoodistheinverseof

theopportunitycostofproducingtheother,itisimpossiblefora

persontohaveacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofboth

goods.

C.ComparativeAdvantageandTrade

1.Whenspecializationinagoodoccurs（assumingthereisa

comparativeadvantage）,totaloutputwillgrow.

2.Aslongastheopportunitycostofproducingthegoodsdiffersacross

thetwoindividuals,bothcangainfromspecializationandtrade.

III.ApplicationsofComparativeAdvantage

A.ShouldTigerWoodsMowHisOwnLawn?

B.ShouldtheUnitedStatesTradewithOtherCountries?

1.Justasindividualscanbenefitfromspecializationandtrade,socan

thepopulationsofdifferentcountries.

2.DefinitionofImports:goodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically.

3.DefinitionofExports:goodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad.

4.Theprincipleofcomparativeadvantagesuggeststhateachgood

shouldbeproducedbythecountrywithacomparativeadvantagein

producingthatgood（smalleropportunitycost）.

5.Throughspecializationandtrade,countriescanhavemoreofall

goodstoconsume.

（三）課后練習(xí)

1.AmericanandJapaneseworkerscaneachproduce4carsayear.AnAmerican

workercanproduce10tonsofgrainayear,whereasaJapaneseworkercanproduce5tons

ofgrainayear.Tokeepthingssimple,assumethateachcountryhas100millionworkers,

a.Forthissituation,constructatableanalogoustoTable3-1.

b.GraphtheproductionpossibilitiesfrontieroftheAmericanandJapaneseeconomics.

c.FortheUnitedStates,whatistheopportunitycostofacar?Ofgrain?ForJapan,whatis

theopportunitycostofacar?Ofgrain?PutthisinformationinatableanalogoustoTable

3-3.

d.Whichcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingcars?Inproducinggrain?

e.Whichcountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingcars?Inproducinggrain?

f.Withouttrade,halfofeachcountry*sworkersproducecarsandhalfproducegrain.What

quantitiesofcarsandgraindoeseachcountryproduce?

g.Startingfromapositionwithouttrade,giveanexampleinwhichtrademakeseach

countrybetteroff.

（四）教學(xué)方法與手段

課堂講授。

第四章TheMarketForcesofSupplyandDemand

（一）目的與要求

Bytheendofthischapter,studentsshouldunderstand:

1.whatacompetitivemarketis

2.whatdeterminesthedemandforagoodinacompetitivemarket

3.whatdeterminesthesupplyofagoodinacompetitivemarket

4.howsupplyanddemandtogethersetthepriceofagoodandthequantitysold

5.thekeyroleofpricesinallocatingscarceresourcesinmarketeconomics

（二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容

I.MarketsandCompetition

A.DefinitionofMarket:agroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodor

service.

B.DefinitionofCompetitiveMarket:amarketinwhichtherearemanybuyers

andmanysellerssothateachhasanegligibleimpactonthemarketprice.

C.Competition:PerfectandOtherwise

1.Characteristicsofaperfectlycompetitivemarket:

2.Becausebuyersandsellersmustacceptthemarketpriceasgiven,

theyareoftencalled"pricetakers.”

3.Agriculturalmarketsprovidegoodexamplesofperfectcompetition.

4.Amarketwithonlyoneselleriscalledamonopolymarket.

5.Amarketwithonlyafewsellersiscalledanoligopoly.

6.Amarketwithalargenumberofsellers,eachsellingaproductthatis

slightlydifferentfromitscompetitors?products,iscalled

monopolisticcompetition.

D.Wewillstartbyassumingperfectcompetition.

II.Demand

A.DefinitionofQuantityDemanded:theamountofagoodthatbuyersare

willingandabletopurchase.

B.WhatDeterminestheQuantityanIndividualDemands?

1.Price

a.DefinitionofLawofDemand:theclaimthat,otherthings

beingequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthe

priceofthegoodrises.

2.Income

a.DefinitionofNormalGood:agoodforwhich,otherthings

equal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand.

b.DefinitionofInferiorGood:agoodforwhich,otherthings

equal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemand.

3.PricesofRelatedGoods

a.DefinitionofSubstitutes:twogoodsforwhichanincreasein

thepriceofonegoodleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfor

theothergood.

b.DefinitionofComplements:twogoodsforwhichanincrease

inthepriceofonegoodleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfor

theothergood.

4.Tastes

5.Expectations

C.TheDemandScheduleandtheDemandCurve

1.DefinitionofDemandSchedule:atablethatshowstherelationship

betweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.

2.DefinitionofDemandCurve:agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthe

priceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.

D.CeterisParibus

DefinitionofCeterisParibus:aLatinphrase,translatedas“other

thingsbeingequal,“usedasareminderthatallvariablesotherthan

theonesbeingstudiedareassumedtobeconstant.

E.MarketDemandVersusIndividualDemand

Themarketdemandisthesumofalloftheindividualdemandsfora

particulargoodorservice.

F.ShiftsintheDemandCurve

Whenanydeterminantofdemandchanges(otherthanprice),the

demandcurvewillshift.

III.Supply

A.DefinitionofQuantitySupplied:(heamountofagoodthatsellersare

willingandabletosell.

B.WhatDeterminestheQuantityanIndividualSupplies?

1.Price

DefinitionofLawofSupply:theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,the

quantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises.

2.InputPrices

3.Technology

4.Expectations

C.TheSupplyScheduleandtheSupplyCurve

1.DefinitionofSupplySchedule:atablethatshowstherelationship

betweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied.

2.DefinitionofSupplyCurve:agraphoftherelationshipbetv/eenthe

priceofagoodandthequantitysupplied.

D.MarketSupplyVersusIndividualSupply

Themarketsupplycurvecanbefoundbysummingindividualsupply

curves.

E.ShiftsintheSupplyCurve

Whenanydeterminantofsupplychanges(otherthanprice),the

supplycurvewillshift.

IV.SupplyandDemandTogether

A.Equilibrium

1.Thepointwherethesupplyanddemandcurvesintersectiscalledthe

market'sequilibrium.

2.DefinitionofEquilibrium:asituationinwhichsupplyanddemand

havebeenbroughtintobalance.

3.DefinitionofEquilibriumPrice:thepricethatbalancessupplyand

demand.

4.Theequilibriumpriceisoftencalledthe“market-clearing”price

becausebothbuyersandsellersaresatisfiedatthisprice.

5.DefinitionofEquilibriumQuantity:thequantitysuppliedandthe

quantitydemandedwhenthepricehasadjustedtobalancesupply

anddemand.

6.Iftheactualmarketpriceishigherthantheequilibriumprice,there

willbeasurplusofthegood.

7.Iftheactualpriceislowerthantheequilibriumprice,therewillbea

shortageofthegood.

8.DefinitionoftheLawofSupplyandDemand:theclaimthatthe

priceofanygoodadjuststobringthesupplyanddemandforthat

goodintobalance.

B.ThreeStepstoAnalyzingChangesinEquilibrium

D.ShiftsinCurvesVersusMovementsAlongCurves

V.Conclusion:HowPricesAllocateResources

A.Themodelofsupplyanddemandisapowerfultoolforanalyzingmarkets.

B.Supplyanddemandtogetherdeterminethepriceoftheeconomy'sgoods

andservices.

1.Thesepricesserveassignalsthatguidetheallocationofscarce

resourcesintheeconomy.

2.Pricesdelerminewhoproduceseachgoodandhowmuchofeach

goodisproduced.

（三）課后練習(xí)

1.Supposethatthepriceofbasketballticketsatyourcollegeisdeterminedby

marketforces.Currently,thedemandandsupplyschedulesareasfollows:

PRICEQUANTITYDEMANDEDQUANTITYSUPPLIED

$410,0008,000

88,0008,000

126,0008,000

164,0008,000

202,0008,000

a.Drawthedemandandsupplycurves.Whatisunusualaboutthissupplycurve?Why

mightthisbetrue?

b.Whataretheequilibriumpriceandquantityoftickets?

c.Yourcollegeplanstoincreasetotalenrollmentnextyearby5,000students.The

additionalstudentswillhavethefollowingdemandschedule:

PRICEQUANTITYDEMANDED

$44,000

83,000

122,000

161,000

200

Nowaddtheolddemandscheduleandthedemandscheduleforthenewstudentsto

calculatethenewdemandschedulefortheentirecollege.Whatwillbethenewequilibrium

priceandquantity?

（四）教學(xué)方法與手段

課堂講授。

第五章ElasticityandItsApplication

（一）目的與要求

Bytheendofthischapter,studentsshouldunderstand:

1.themeaningoftheelasticityofdemand

2.whatdeterminestheelasticityofdemand

3.themeaningoftheelasticityofsupply

4.whatdeterminestheelasticityofsupply

5.howtoapplytheconceptofelasticityinthethreeverydifferentmarkets

（二）教學(xué)內(nèi)容

1.TheElasticityofDemand

A.DefinitionofElasticity:ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantity

demandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants.

B.ThePriceElasticityofDemandandItsDeterminants

1.DefinitionofPriceElasticityofDemand:ameasureofhowmuchthe

quantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceof

thatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemanded

dividedbythepercentagechangeinprice.

2.DeterminantsofPriceElasticityofDemand

a.NecessitiesversusLuxuries:necessitiesaremoreprice

inelastic.

b.AvailabilityofCloseSubstitutes:themoresubstitutesagood

has,themoreelasticitsdemand.

c.DefinitionoftheMarket:narrowlydefinedmarkets（ice

cream）havemoreclasticdemandthanbroadlydefined

markets（food）.

d.TimeHorizon:goodstendtohavemoreelasticdemandover

longertimehorizons.

C.ComputingthePriceElasticityofDemand

D.TheMidpointMethod:ABetterWaytoCalculateElasticities

E.TheVarietyofDemandCurves

1.ClassificationofElasticity

a.Whentheelasticityisgreaterthanone,thedemandis

consideredtobeelastic.

b.Whentheelasticityislessthanone,thedemandisconsidered

tobeinelastic.

c.Whentheelasticityisequaltoone,thedemandiscalledunit

elastic.

2.SlopeofDemandCurve:ingeneral,theflatterthedemandcurvethe

moreelasticthedemand.

3.ExtremeCases

D.TotalRevenueandthePriceElasticityofDemand

E.OtherDemandElasticities

DefinitionofIncomeElasticityofDemand:ameasureofhowmuch

thequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers"

income,computedas(hepercentagechangeinquantitydemanded

dividedbythepercentagechangeinincome.

II.TheElasticityofSupply

A.ThePriceElasticityofSupplyandItsDeterminants

1.DefinitionofPriceElasticityofSupply:ameasureofhowmuchthe

quantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthat

good,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplied

dividedbythepercentagechangeinprice.

2.DeterminantsofthePriceElasticityofSupply

a.FlexibilityofSellers:goodswhicharesomewhatfixedin

supply(beachfrontproperty)haveinelasticsupplies.

b.TimeHorizon:supplyisusuallymoreinelasticintheshort

runthaninthelongrun.

B.ComputingthePriceElasticityofSupply

C.TheVarietyofSupplyCurves

1.SlopeofSupplyCurve:ingeneral,theflatterthesupplycurvethe

moreelasticthesupply.

2.ExtremeCases

III.ThreeApplicationsofSupply,Demand,andElasticity

A.CanGoodNewsforFarmingBeBadNewsforFarmers?

B.WhyDidOPECFailtoKeepthePriceofOilHigh?

C.DoesDrugInterdictionIncreaseorDecreaseDrug-RelatedCrime?

(三)課后練習(xí)

1.Supposethatbusinesstravelersandvacationershavethefollowingdemandfor

airlineticketsfromNewYorktoBoston:

QUANTITYDEMANDED