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VynnCapital
Mobility
MarketTrendsinSoutheast
Asia
2024
Dis
Thi
intprforwacopuforco
claimer2024VynnCapital
sresearchreporthasbeenpreparedbyVynnCapitalusingthird-partyandernalsourceswebelievetobeaccurate,completeandreliableatthetimeofeparationbuttheaccuracyandcompletenesscannotbeguaranteed.Thisis generalpurposesonly.VynnCapitaldoesnotmakeanyrepresentationor rrantyasto,ortakesresponsibilityfor,theaccuracy,reliabilityormpletenessoftheinformationcontainedinthisreport.Itmaynotbeblished,reproducedorquotedinpartofwhole,normayitbeusedasabasisanycontract,prospectus,agreementorotherdocumentwithoutprior
nsent.
TableofContents
1
Foreword
Overview
2
ElectricVehicleManufacturing
10
EVBatteryManufacturing
28
BatterySecondLife
42
ElectricVehicleCharging
46
Ride-hailing
54
VehicleRental
56
TableofContents
On-demandPublicTransport
60
AftermarketInspection&Maintenance
65
AutomotiveMarketplaces
70
AutonomousDriving
73
MobilityStartupMap
74
Afterword
75
1
Foreword
Today,over2.1billionvehiclesareonthe
,
roadworldwidewithSoutheastAsiaalone
accountingfor64millioncarsandanastonishing221millionmotorbikes.Asglobalizationacceleratesandgreenhousegaspollutionrises,citiesandcountriesgrapplewiththeuniquemobilitychallengesposedbyamassivesurgeinvehiclesontheroad.Amidthese
challenges,agoldenopportunityhasemerged—globalventurefundsarepouringinvestmentsintogroundbreakingmobilitysolutions,fuelingwhatisseenasthe21st-centuryMobilityRevolution.
Thiswaveofinnovationcentresaroundfourtransformativesectorssettoredefinethefutureoftransportationoverthenextdecade:sharedmobility,connectivity,autonomousdriving,andelectrification,withtheelectricvehicletransitiontakingthespotlight.Thesesectorsarecrucialtosupportingthefutureofglobalcleanmobility.
SimilartrendsareemerginginSoutheastAsia,whererapidurbanizationandincreasedvehicleownershiphavesignificantlypressuredexistingtransportationinfrastructure.Citiesintheregionaregrapplingwithchallengessuchastrafficcongestion,environmentaldegradation,androadsafetyissues,strugglingtokeeppacewitheachcountry'seconomicdevelopment.
Concurrently,technologicalinnovationisgainingmomentum,particularlyinthetransitiontoelectricvehiclesandrelatedadvancements,includingcharging
infrastructure,batterytechnology,anddigitizationofsecondarymarketsdrivenbyrobustpolicysupportandevolving
consumerpreferences.Furthermore,anewwaveofstartupsissurgingacrosstheregion,reshapinghowpeoplemovebyintroducingdisruptiveandinnovativesolutionsinconnectivityandsharedmobilitysegmentssuchasride-hailing,car-sharing,micro-mobility,aftermarketinspectionandmaintenance,automotivemarketplaceandon-demandservices.
Thisreportaimstoinformstakeholdersaboutthetransformativepotentialofthemobilityspace,presentingacomprehensiveanalysisofthemobilitytechnologylandscapeinSoutheastAsia.Thereportoutlinesmarketdynamics,pinpointschallengesandopportunities,andtracksfundingtrendsacrosskeytechnologicalsectors,offeringadeepdiveintoSoutheastAsia'sevolvingpanoramaofmobilitytechnology.Thisreportexplores:
Marketoverview:Mobilitytechnologypatterns,transportationinfrastructure,andconsumerpreferencesacrosstheregion.
Challengesandopportunities:
Addressingissuesofsustainability,safety,andcreatingfuture-prooftransportationsystems.
Fundinganalysis:Identifyingmobilityfundinghighlightsandtheflowofcapitalintopromisingmobilitysolutions.
Technologysectoranalysis:ExamininginnovationsinEVmanufacturing,charging,connectedvehicles,autonomousdriving,ride-hailing,sharedmobility,andmore.
2
Overview
ThevibrantregionofSoutheastAsia(SEA)hasseensignificanteconomicgrowthinrecentdecades.Thisyear,theregionsawitscombinedreal2024GDPreachUS$4.1trillion,afigurethatisprojectedtoreachUS$5trillionby2027.Thisgrowthisdrivenbyrapidurbanizationasyoungandtech-savvySoutheastAsiansmigratetocitiestofindbetterworkingopportunities.
ThegrowingrateofurbanmigrationhascausedSoutheastAsia(SEA)toexperienceaseismicshiftinitsmobilitylandscape,drivenbytheintertwinedforcesof
,,
urbanizationenvironmentalconcernsand
technologicalinnovation.Theregion'srapidurbanizationisoutpacinginfrastructuredevelopment,withtheurbanizationrateacrosssixmajorASEANnationsclimbingsteadily,exceptforaminordeclineinthePhilippines(WorldBankdata).Thisinfluxofpeopleintodenselypopulatedmega-citieslikeJakarta,Bangkok,andManilahasfueledasurgeinprivatevehicleownership,leadingtochronictrafficcongestion.Theeconomicimpactissevere:AECOM,aninfrastructureconsultingfirm,estimatesthattrafficbottleneckscostSEAeconomiesbillionsof
dollarsannuallyinlostproductivity,increasedtransportationcosts,anddiminishedcompetitiveness.
Theenvironmentalconsequencesofthefossil-fuel-dependenttransportationmodelareequallystark.Fossilfuelscontribute75%and90%ofglobalgreenhousegas
,
emissionsandcarbondioxideemissions
respectively.Risingemissionsfrominternalcombustionengine(ICE)vehiclesdegradeairqualityandcontributetoclimatechange.
Averagetimelostatrushhoursin2023perperson
CityHOURS
Jakarta
117
Manila
105
Bangkok
108
KualaLumpur
81
Singapore
65
Source:TomTom
SEAgovernmentsacknowledgethis
,,
problembyactivelypromotingtheadoptionofelectricvehicles(EVs).AmbitiousnationalEVpolicies,suchastaxincentivessubsidiesand
investmentsincharginginfrastructure,arebeingrolledoutacrosstheten-countryregion.SingaporewantstocompletelyphaseoutICEvehiclesby
,
2040whileThailandseekstobecomea
regionalEVproductionhub.
However,manychallengesstillneedtobeaddressedwhenadoptingelectricvehiclesbeforetheregioncanseeasuccessfultransition.Limitedcharginginfrastructureoutsidemajorurban
3
UrbanizationRateinSoutheastAsia
Country
Urbanizationratein2023
Expected
urbanizationratein2050
%year-over-yearchange
Indonesia
59%
73%
24%
Malaysia
78%
87%
12%
Philippines
48%
62%
29%
Singapore
100%
100%
0%
Thailand
54%
69%
28%
Vietnam
40%
57%
43%
,
Source:StatistaWorldBank
centrescreaterangeanxietyforpotentialEVbuyers.Thecostofelectricvehicleshasalsobeenaprimaryconcernintheregion'sdevelopingeconomies.Additionally,roadsafetyisasignificantissue,withSEAexhibitinghigherroadfatalityratesthanglobalaverages(WHO,2023).
Despitethesechallenges,SEA'smobilitymarketpresentssignificantopportunities.A
,
vibranttechscenefuelstheriseofEVs
,
connectedIoTvehiclefeaturesandother
data-drivenmobilitysolutionsthatholdthepotentialtooptimizetrafficflows,streamlinepublictransitsystems,predictcongestionpatterns,andinformdata-drivenurbanplanningdecisions.Theincreaseinride-hailingandrentalsoffersalternativestoprivatecarownershipwhileenhancingurbanmobilityefficiency.
TheSEAmobilitysectorispoisedfortransformationdrivenbynecessityandinnovation.Thepathtosuccessliesinmodernizingtrafficmanagement,acceleratingEVadoptionwithrobustsupport,integratingalternativemobility
solutionsandharnessingthepoweroftechnologytocreateanefficient,sustainable,andpeople-centrictransportationsystemintheregion.
TrendsinMobilityInvestmentsinSEA
In2024,SoutheastAsia'sventurecapital(VC)landscapeisundergoingsignificantchanges,markedbyashiftininvestmentfocusandstrategies.Exitsintheregionareexperiencingaslowdown,witha50%dropinIPOproceedsinthefirsthalfoftheyear.
,
OverallVCandPEinvestmentinSoutheast
Asiahaveplummetedbytwo-thirdsfromtheir2021peak,accordingtotheGlobalPrivateCapitalAssociation(GPCA).
VCinvestmentsinmobilityhaveprimarilyfollowedthisprudenttrend,recordingadecreaseincumulativeinvestmentvolumesince2021.However,inpercentageterms,themobilitysectorhasshownresilience
againstthefallingvolume,evidentlybyadecreaseofonly27%Y-O-yin2023from2022ascomparedtothe87%Y-O-Ydrop
4
inoverallventurefundingintheregion.Theindustrywaslargelycushionedbythelargerroundsheldbymajorplayersintheautomotivemarketplacesector,long-termprospectsofEVdevelopmentintheregionandanincreasinginterestinearly-stagestartups.Infact,theinvestmentvolumefordealsraisinglessthanUS$10millioninthemobilityindustryshoweda130%increaseinH12024comparedtoH12022.
InvestmentsareprimarilyconcentratedinVietnam,Indonesia,Singapore,andMalaysia,whereinIndonesia,investmentvolumesaredrivenbyastronglocal
,
interestinelectrificationindustries
specificallyelectricmotorbikes,EVchargingandbatteryswappingtechnologies;inMalaysia,investmentvolumeisdrivenbyautomotivemarketplaceheavyweight,Carsome;whileSingapore’sinvestmentvolumeisdrivenbyagovernmentalpushtowardshigh-tech
andinnovativeresearchtowardsmobilitysubsectors.
TheautomotivemarketplaceinvestmentshavebeenmainlyabsentinH12024afterdominatinginvestmentsharesthroughout2022and2023.ItisworthnotingthataSingaporeanstartup,Motorist,didcompleteanundisclosedseriesAfunding,whileCarsomeexpandeditsnetworkoffinancingpartnersinQ32024.Thissteadilydeclininginvestmentvolumetrendmightsignalmarketmaturityintheonlineautomotivemarketplacesegment.Still,itreflectsthegrowinginterestinothersectors,withincreasingfundingroundsunderscoringthistrend.Forexample,Indonesia’sbatteryswapstartupEnergiSwapraised$22million,whileSingapore-based4-WEVmanufacturerSingAutoachievedanotable$45millioninitsSeriesAround—thelargestmobilityseriesroundinH12024.
TotalPE&VCmobilityInvestmentvolumeinSoutheastAsiain2022-H12024
(inmillionsUS$)
Indonesia
Malaysia
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Phillipines
613.869
448.063
140145
.
20222023H12024
Source:Varioussources
*includeannounced&disclosedtransactionsonly
5
Numberofdealsbyround
(inmillion
sizeinFY2023&2024
US$)
TotalDeal
ValueinUS$Millions
<US$10million
9
30.44
19
45.563
>US$10millionto<US$50
million
2
55.05
9
202.5
>US$50million
3
478
1
200
TotalDeal
ValueinUS$Millions
DealCountin2023
DealCountin2022
DealValue
Source:Varioussources
*includeannounced&disclosedtransactionsonly
NumberofdealsbyroundsizeinH12022to2024
(inmillionUS$)
Total
Deal
ValueinUS$
Millions
<US$10million
4
16.47
13
34.15
13
44.745
>US$10millionto<
US$50million
2
55.05
5
89.9
4
95.4
>US$50million
3
478
1
200
0
0
Total
Deal
ValueinUS$
Millions
Total
Deal
ValueinUS$
Millions
Deal
CountinH12023
Deal
CountinH12022
Deal
CountinH12024
DealValue
Source:Varioussources
*includeannounced&disclosedtransactionsonly
6
TotalmobilityVCandPEinvestment
volumebysegmentinSoutheastAsia
AftermarketInspectionMaintenanance0.2%
2022
EVCharging1.1%
EVManufacturing2.9%
CarRental1.3%
BatteryRecycling1.9%
Others22.4%
BatteryManufacturing0.3%
AutomotiveMarketplace70%
2023
Ride-hailing0.9%
Others0.5%
EVCharging2.4.%
EVManufacturing35%
Carrental3.4%
BatteryRecycling
3.5%
Autonomous
Driving
0.3%
Battery
Manufacturing
2.4%
AutomotiveMarketplace50.7%
AftermarketInspection&
Maintenance
0.96%
H12024
Others16.2%
EVManufacturing
33.9%
EVCharging28.8%
On-DemandPublic
Transport
2.3%
Ride-hailing5.7%
Carrental5.5%
AutonomousDriving1.7%
Source:Varioussources
*includeannounced&disclosedtransactionsonly
7
Year-Over-YearmobilityInvestmentvolumechangebysegmentInSoutheastAsia
2-and4-wheelermanufacturing
4-wEVmanufacturing2-wEVmanufacturing
150
100
50
0
200156.87
00
+781.3%
45
-98%
(Undisclosed)17.80(Undisclosed)
2.50
20222023H12024
EVbatterymanufacturing
2.52.01.51.00.50.0
2.50
2.10
+19.05%
-100%
0(Undisclosed)
20222023H12024
25
20
15
10
5
0
EVbatteryrecycling
20.50
11.60
+76.7%
-100%
0
(Undisclosed)
20222023H12024
8
Year-Over-Yearmobilityinvestmentvolumechangeby
segmentInSoutheastAsia
50
40
30
20
10
0
Electricvehiclecharging
40.40
+180%
10.80
6.60
+64%
20222023H12024
8
6
4
2
0
Ride-hailing
8
+100%
4
0(Undisclosed)
20222023H12024
25
20
15
10
5
0
Vehiclerental
21
+162.5%
87.65
-63.6%
20222023H12024
9
Year-Over-Yearmobilityinvestmentvolumechangeby
segmentInSoutheastAsia
Automotivemarketplaces
500429.60
400
227.50
300
(Undisclosed)
-47.04%
0
200
100
0
20222023H12024
Aftermarketinspection&maintenance
5
4.37
4
-100%
2
1
0
3
1
0
(Undisclosed)
20222023H12024
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
On-demandpublictransportation
7.20
(Undisclosed)(Undisclosed)
00
20222023H12024
10
ElectricVehicle
Manufacturing
GovernmentinitiativesandconsumerinterestinSoutheastAsiathusfarhave
beenreceptivetowardstheElectricVehicle(EV)movement.CountrieslikeThailand,Singapore,andIndonesiaaimtoachievetheirboldEVadoptiontargetsbycraftingmoreconduciveregulatoryenvironmentsforEVmanufacturingandcharginginfrastructure.Forexample,Thailandaimsforaminimumof30%oftotalautomotive
productiontobezero-emissionvehiclesby2030,Singaporeaimsfor100%commercialEVsalesshareby2040,andIndonesiaaimsfor100%ofnewmotorcyclesandcarstocomefromEVsby2050.AsgovernmentscontinuetoannouncenewtargetsandsolidifytheirEVroadmaps,thefutureofelectricmobilityinSEAiscomingintofocus.Whiletheoutlookisgenerallypositive,eachcountryisprogressingattheirownpace,facingnew,uniquechallengesastheEVindustrymaturesintheregion.
SEAEVpassengercarsales
(inThousandsofUnits)
Plug-inHybridElectricVehicleBatteryElectricVehicle
11.96113.30
11.92114.70
1305
620
8.65
.
16.11
1.282.01
.
2.28
4.75
201920202021202220232024F
Source:StatistaMarketInsights-July2024
EVtransitionsby2050inSoutheastAsia
Sector
2023
2050
RoadTransport-Passenger
~2%
ofregistered2W/3Wareelectric
~2%
ofregisteredcarsareelectric
~40-95%
ofregistered2W/3Wareelectric
~75-95%
ofregisteredcarsareelectric
RoadTransport-Commercial
~1%
ofbusesareelectric
~30-80%
ofbusesareelectric
Source:Taylor2023
11
Thailand
DespitesluggishsalesinH12024,ThailandremainstheleaderinEVsalesinSoutheastAsia,contributinghalfofEVandHybridElectricVehicle(HEV)salesintheregion.
Thailand'sdomesticEVproduction,particularlyBatteryElectricVehicles(BEVs),remainsinitsearlystage.ManyinternationalcarmakersinThailandhave
heavilyinvestedinexistinginternalcombustionengine(ICE)technologiesandarestillplanningtotransitionintoBEVproduction.Whilesomecompaniesofferhydrogenfuelcellvehicles,theseareproducedoutsideofThailandduetoacontinuedfocusonutilizingcurrentICE-basedfacilities.
However,certainproducerslikeNissanhavedirectlytransitionedtoBEVproductioninThailand,promptingtheThaigovernmenttoadoptEVpromotionstrategiesswiftly.Interestingly,MitsubishiMotorshastakenahybridapproach,aimingtoproduce39,000vehiclesannually,including9,500BEVsand29,500hybridvehicles,forboththelocalmarketandexportstoASEANmembers(Source:BOI).
TheThaiCabinethasapprovedandlaunchedanElectricVehiclePromotion
PolicyandtheEasternEconomicCorridor(EEC)totargetnewindustries,includingnext-generationautomobiles.TheBoardof
Investment(BOI)hasofferedspecialtaxincentivesforEVinvestmentsince2016toencouragedemand.TheexcisetaxforBOI-approvedBEVpassengercarsissetat2%,asignificantlylowerratethanthe25-35%forstandardpassengercarsunder3000cc.From2017to2023,theBOIhasapprovedandexecutedover100EV-relatedprojectsunderpromotionsinitiatedbytheBOI.Thailand'sdominantpositionintheworldwideelectricvehiclesupplychainhasresultedinnumerousbenefitsforthecountry,drawinginaconsiderableinfluxofsuppliersandbusinesses.Mostnotably,ThailandhasbecomethemaintargetforexpandingEVmanufacturingandexport
productivityamongChineseinvestors,who
accountedforan80%shareofThailand’sEV
,,
marketasof2023,withsomecompaniesfromJapanaswell,includingTakanoAutomobiles(anestablishedJapanesebusproducer)andFomm(aJapaneseventurespecializinginsmallEVpassengercars),havecommencedproductioninThailand.Notably,Thai-ownedstartupslikeEtranKRAFFEdisonMotorsandSLEEKEVare
emergingintheelectricmotorcyclemarket,withSLEEKEVreceivingearly-stageinvestmentfromKrungsriFinnovatein2023.ThisevolvingEVmarketfinallypresentsawindowofopportunityforlocalfirms.
ThailandholdsthemorethanhalftheshareoftotalregisteredEVsand
hybridsintheregionupuntilH12024
g
n
i
S
e
r
o
5.8%
ap
a
T
i
a
d
l
i
n
M
h
I
P
s
e
a
a
i
i
n
s
s
i
a
7.3%
65.4%
lay
8.9%
pp
hilnd
one
11.2%
t
O
s
r
he
1.4%
Source:Statista;DatafromrespectiveTransportministries;NationalAutomotiveAssociations
Thailand'sEVproductiontargets
(inThousandsofUnits)
800
600
400
200
0
Motorcycle
Bus&truck
Passengercar
725
675
225
360
1833
20252030
Source:EVMagazine,BangkokPost
TargetinvestmentvalueofEVMakersinThailand
AutomotiveManufacturerInvestmentValue
GreatWallMotorsUS$640million
BYDUS$1billion
ChanganAutomobileUS$550million
GACAionUS$64million
Source:companyannouncements
ICE
Pickup
BEV
Van
MotorvehicleassemblersInThailand
PassengerCar
BEV
Bus&Truck
ICE
Company
AutoAlliance(Thailand)Mazda
BMWManufacturing
(Thailand)
FordMotorCompany
(Thailand)
FOMM(Asia)
IsuzuMotorThailand
GreatWallMotorManufacturing
HondaAutomobile
(Thailand)
IsuzuMotorThailand
MercedezBenzManufacturing
MineMobility
MitsubishiMotors(Thailand)
NissanMotor(Thailand)
SAICMotorCP
SuzukiMotor(Thailand)
Note:Inoperation令BoardofInvestmentapprovedBEVprojectnotstartedproductionyet
Source:VynnCapital12
13
Indonesia
Theelectricvehiclesupplychainbuild-upinIndonesiaplaysacrucialroleinthecountry’sbroadernationalindustrialpolicyinabidtobeahigh-incomenationby2045,asoutlinedintheMakingIndonesia4.0roadmap.TheframeworksetbythenPresidentJokoWidodounderPresidential
RegulationNo.55in2019wantstoaccelerateEVdevelopment,specifyingtimelinesforEVadoptioninpublicandprivatetransportation.
Outsideofrangeanxiety,affordabilityhas
beenamainconsumerconcerninIndonesiaregardingEVadoption,asrecordedinaconsumersurveyconductedbyPwCin2023.Toaddresstheseconcerns,thegovernmenthasprovidedaVATtaxreductionfrom11%to1%forEVssinceearly2023andisapplicableuntilDecember2024.
Thetaxexemptionissteadilyshowingresults,withEVsalesinthecountryhavingsteadilygrownfrom8,562unitsof4-wheelEVssoldin2022to11,943unitsforonlythefirsthalfof2024.Anotherfascinatinginsighthasbeenthegrowingadoptionof
two-wheelerelectricvehiclesinthenationwhichsawa300%increasein2023to60,000unitsfromjust17,000unitsin2022.
type,byunit
SalesofEVinIndonesiabyvehicle
PassengercarMotorcycle
62409
,
30,083
8562
17,198
12,248
,
11943
,
20222023H12024
,
Source:StarOnlineIndonesianAutomotive
ManufacturersAssociation(Gaikindo),TheDiplomatNote:includesBEVsandhybrids
Inacountrywheremorethan75%vehiclesregisteredaremotorbikes,thissignalsamoremassmarketchangeinpreferencetowardsEVs.
RegardingEVmanufacturing,oneofthecrucialpointsofthepresidentialregulationinvolvestheamendmenttoArticle8,whichregulatestheminimumlocalcontentrequirement(TKDN)withinspecifictimeframes.Underthelatestregulations,thegovernmenthassetaminimumTKDNforEVsat40percentuntil2026.Inthepreviousrules,the40percentTKDNwastobeachievedby2024,followedbya60percentTKDNrequirementbefore2030andmandating80percentlocalcontentafterwards.
ThisuniqueapproachhasreceivedtractionwithHyundai,Mitsubishi,Wuling,Chery,andDFSK,whichhavealreadystartedproductionofEVsinIndonesia.China’sBYDhopestobeginproductionthisyear,andStellantis’sCitroenandGWMwillfollowsuit.
Thecountryisalsohometoseveralnotabletwo-wheelEVstartups,includingiMoto,Electrum,Alva,andMAKA.Notably,MAKAraisedanimpressiveUS$37millioninaseedround,oneofthelargestseedroundsinSoutheastAsiain2023.Thecompanylauncheditsfirstpilotelectricvehiclesin2023andaimstomass-producetwo-wheeledEVsbytheendof2024.AccordingtoMAKAMotors,existingplayersinIndonesiahaveonlyprovideda
fleetof43,000registeredelectricmotorcycles,fallingshortoflocaldemand.MAKAplanstoproduce600,000EVsby2030.
Moreover,inJuly2024,iMotointroduced
,
itsnewestmotorbikeVISION.ev.This
electricmotorbikeisclaimedtobethe
firstinIndonesiawithaDomesticComponentLevel(TKDN)targetofover75percentandissettohitthemarketin2025.
14
Incentives/subsidiesinIndonesiatopromoteEVadoption
Taxholidayincentives
Taxholidayincentivesareextendedforadurationofupto10yearstoelectricvehicle(EV)manufacturerswhocommittoinvestingaminimumofIDR5trillion(equivalenttoUS$346.2million)withinthenation.
Subsidies
Newbattery-electricvehiclepurchasesareeligibleforasubsidyofIDR80million(approxi
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